Denominal verb
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Ingrammar,denominal verbsareverbsderived fromnouns.[1]Many languages have regularmorphological indicatorsto create denominal verbs.
English
[edit]Englishexamples areto school,fromschool,meaning to instruct;to shelve,fromshelf,meaning to put on shelves; andto symbolize,fromsymbol,meaning to be a symbol for.
Some common denominalizingaffixesin English are-ize/-ise(e.g.,summarize),-ify(e.g.,classify),-ate(e.g.,granulate),en-(e.g.,enslave),be-(e.g.,behead), andzeroor-∅(e.g.,school).[2]
A variety of semantic relations are expressed between the base noun X and the derived verb. Although there is no simple relationship between the affix and the semantic relation,[2]there are semantic regularities that can define certain subclasses.[3]Such subclasses include:[1][4][5]
- resultative:to make something into an X, e.g.,victimize,cash
- locative:to put something in X, e.g.,box,hospitalize
- instrumental:to use X, e.g.,sponge,hammer
- ablative:to remove something from X, e.g.,deplane,unsaddle
- privative:to remove X from something, e.g.,pit (olives),behead,bone, defrost
- ornative:to add X to something or to cover something with X, e.g.,rubberize,salt
- similative:to act like or resemble X, e.g.,tyrannize,guard
- performative:to do or perform X, e.g.,botanize,tango
Rgyalrong
[edit]InRgyalrong languages,denominal derivations are extremely developed and have given rise toincorporatingandantipassiveconstructions.[6][7]
Latin
[edit]Many Latin verbs are denominal.[8]For example, the firstconjugationverbnominare(to name) is derived fromnomen(a name),[8]and the fourth conjugation verbmollire(to soften) derives from the adjectivemollis(soft).[9]
Hebrew
[edit]Denominal verb derivation is highly productive in Hebrew. They are derived from denominal roots and mostly get a set ofpi'el,pu'alandhitpa'elbinyans,but can accept others as well. Only activepi'elbinyanis shown here:
- מַחְשֵׁב(makhshev- computer) ->מִחְשֵׁב(mikhshev- computerize);
- סִפְרָתִי/סִפְרָה(sifra/sifrati- digit/digital) ->סִפְרֵת(sifret- digitize);
- תַּמְצִית(tamtzit- extract, summary) ->תִּמְצֵת(timtzet- summarize);
- מַפָּה(mapa- map) ->מַפָּה(mipa- map).
Some roots derive verbs from more than onebinyanset:
- מָקוֹם(makom- place) ->מִקֵּם(mikem- place, locate),הִמְקִים(himkim- localize).
See also
[edit]- Deverbal noun,where the noun is formed from the verb.
References
[edit]- ^abClark, Eve V.; Clark, Herbert H. (December 1979)."When Nouns Surface as Verbs".Language.55(4): 767–811.doi:10.2307/412745.JSTOR412745.
- ^abCarolyn A. Gottfurcht,Denominal Verb Formation in English,Ph.D. dissertation, Northwestern University, 2008full text
- ^Rimell, Laura D. (2012).Nominal Roots as Event Predicates in English Denominal Conversion Verbs.
- ^Kastovsky, Dieter (1973)."Causatives".Foundations of Language.10(2): 255–315.ISSN0015-900X.JSTOR25000716.
- ^Plag, Ingo (1999).Morphological Productivity: Structural Constraints in English Derivation.De Gruyter Mouton.doi:10.1515/9783110802863.ISBN978-3-11-080286-3.S2CID260644701.
- ^Jacques, Guillaume (2012)."From denominal derivation to incorporation".Lingua.122(11): 1207–1231.doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2012.05.010.ISSN0024-3841.
- ^Jacques, Guillaume (2014)."Denominal affixes as sources of antipassive markers in Japhug Rgyalrong".Lingua.138:1–22.doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2013.09.011.ISSN0024-3841.
- ^abMoreland, Floyd L.; Fleischer, Rita M. (1990).Latin: An Intensive Course.London, England: University of California Press. p.29.ISBN0520031830.
- ^Fortson, Benjamin W. IV (2004). "13.13".Indo-European Languages and Culture.Blackwell.ISBN978-1-4051-0315-2.
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