Dey
Dey(Arabic:داي),[1][2]from the Turkish[3]honorific titledayı,literally meaning uncle, was the title given to the rulers of theRegency of Algiers(Algeria),Tripoli,[4]andTunisunder theOttoman Empirefrom 1671 onwards. Twenty-ninedeysheld office from the establishment of the deylicate in Algeria until the French conquest in 1830.[5]
The dey was chosen by local civilian, military, and religious leaders to govern for life and ruled with a high degree of autonomy from the Ottomansultan.The main sources of his revenues were taxes on the agricultural population, religious tributes, and protection payments rendered byCorsairs,regarded as pirates who preyed onMediterraneanshipping. In the European part of the Ottoman Empire, in particular during its decline, leaders of the outlawed janissary andyamak troopssometimes acquired title of Dahi or Dahia, which is derived from Dey.[6]
The dey was assisted in governing made up of the Chiefs of the Army and Navy, the Director of Shipping, the Treasurer-General and the Collector of Tributes.
The realm of the dey of Alger (Algiers) was divided into three provinces (Constantine,Titteri andMascara), each of which was administered by abey(باي) whom he appointed.[7]
The rule of the deys of Alger came to an end on 5 July 1830, whenHussein Dey(1765–1838) surrendered to invadingFrenchforces.[8]
The last Dey of Tripoli was killed byAhmed Karamanli,who established the eponymousKaramanli dynastyin 1711.[9]
Investiture of the deys of Algiers
[edit]According to Ottoman Algerian dignitary and scholarHamdan khodja,The Dey or Pasha can only be invested with this dignity by the members of the Divan in their presence, and even when thekaftanand thefirmanof the Ottoman Porte arrives, it is they who, after having made the election, designate the person of the sovereign to the envoy of theSublime Portewho comes to bring the nomination of whom they have already nominated.
At eachbairam(or feast), this ceremony is renewed in the following way: a meeting is held in a room; the Dey, the one who was appointed, places himself in the middle of the Divan; his re-election is proposed, and when this re-election is made, his diploma is returned to him; but if there is any difference of opinion, another dey is appointed in his place.[10]
In the 18th century, following the coup of Baba Ali Chaouche, the Divan was weakened, as the Deys became stronger.[11]By the 19th century, the Divan was mostly ignored, especially the private Janissary Divan. The dey's council, (also called Cabinet by William Shaler) became more and more powerful. DeyAli Khodjaweakened the Janissary Divan to the point where they held no power. This angered the Janissaries, who launched a coup against the Dey. The coup failed, since the Dey successfully raised an army of KabyleZwawacavalry, Arab infantry and Kouloughli troops. Many of the Janissaries were executed, while the rest fled, and the Divan moved to the citadel of theCasbah.
See also
[edit]Sources
[edit]- Bertarelli, L.V. (1929).Guida d'Italia, Vol. XVII(in Italian). Milano: Consociazione Turistica Italiana.
References
[edit]- ^Merriam-Webster Online - Dey
- ^Dictionary.com - Dey
- ^"Nişanyan Sözlük - Türkçe Etimolojik Sözlük".
- ^Bertarelli (1929), p. 203.
- ^"dey | Ottoman leader".Encyclopedia Britannica.Retrieved2017-09-14.
- ^Eleanor Hulda (1910).The Servian People: Their Past Glory and Their Destiny.Charles Scibner's Sons. p. 333.
...Janissaries, who began to rule the provinces. Their agas and commanders took the title "Dahi," probably from "Dey," Dey being the title of the princes of the Barbary States of North Africa. The Janissaries...
- ^Belmessous, Saliha (2013-03-21).Assimilation and Empire: Uniformity in French and British Colonies, 1541-1954.OUP Oxford.ISBN9780199579167.
- ^"Algiers Falls to the French · Conquest of Algiers, 1827-1830 · Settler Colonialism Uncovered".settlercolonialism.matrix.msu.edu.Archived fromthe originalon 2017-05-18.Retrieved2017-09-14.
- ^Bertarelli (1929), p. 204.
- ^Hamdan-Ben-Othman-Khoja (July 2016) [1833].Aperçu Historique Et Statistique Sur La Régence d'Alger, Intitulé En Arabe: Le Miroir(in French). Hachette Livre. p. 79.ISBN978-2-01-371914-8.
- ^Boyer, Pierre (1973)."La révolution dite des" Aghas "dans la régence d'Alger (1659-1671)".Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée.13(1): 159–170.doi:10.3406/remmm.1973.1200.
External links
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Media related toDeyat Wikimedia Commons
