Diastasis recti
| Diastasis recti | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Abdominal separation |
 | |
| Diastasis recti in an infant | |
| Specialty | Pediatrics |
Diastasis recti,orrectus abdominis diastasis,is anincreased gapbetween the right and leftrectus abdominis muscles.[1]The increased distance between the muscles is created by the stretching of thelinea alba,a connective collagen sheath created by theaponeurosisinsertions of thetransverse abdominis,internal oblique,andexternal oblique.[2]This condition has no associated morbidity or mortality. Physical therapy is often required to repair this separation and surgery is an option for more severe cases. Standard exercise rarely results in complete healing of the separated muscles.[3]
Diastasis of the rectus abdominis muscle most frequently occurs innewbornsandpregnant women;however, it may occur in any adult woman or man. In the newborn, the rectus abdominis is not fully developed and may not be sealed together at midline. Diastasis recti is more common inprematurenewborns. In pregnant orpostpartumwomen, the condition is caused by the stretching of the rectus abdominis by the growing uterus. It is more common inmultiparouswomen (women who have had multiple pregnancies) owing to repeated episodes of stretching. When the defect occurs during pregnancy, the uterus can sometimes be seen bulging through the abdominal wall beneath the skin. Non-pregnant women are more susceptible to develop diastasis recti when over the age of 35 or with high birth weight of child, multiple birth pregnancy, or multiple pregnancies. Additional causes can be attributed to excessive abdominal exercises after the first trimester of pregnancy.[4]
Strength training of all the core muscles, including the abdominis recti muscle, may reduce the size of the gap in pregnant or postpartum women.Crunchesmay increase the diastasis recti separation. All corrective exercises should be in the form of pulling in the abdominal muscles rather than pushing them outwards. In extreme cases diastasis recti is corrected with acosmetic surgeryprocedure known as anabdominoplastyby creating a plication, or folding, of the linea alba and suturing it together, which results in a tighter abdominal wall.
Presentation
[edit]A diastasis recti may appear as a ridge running down the midline of the abdomen, anywhere from thexiphoid processto theumbilicus.It becomes more prominent with straining and may disappear when the abdominal muscles are relaxed. The medial borders of the right and left halves of the muscle may be palpated during contraction of the rectus abdominis.[5]The condition can be diagnosed by physical exam, and must be differentiated from anepigastric herniaorincisional hernia,if the patient has had abdominal surgery.[3]Hernias may be ruled out using ultrasound.[6]
In infants, they typically result from a minor defect of the linea alba between the rectus abdominis muscles. This allows tissue from inside the abdomen to herniate anteriorly. On infants, this may manifest as an apparent 'bubble' under the skin of the belly between theumbilicusandxiphisternum(bottom of the breastbone).[7]
Examination is performed with the subject lying on the back, knees bent at 90° with feet flat, head slightly lifted placing chin on chest. With muscles tense, the examiner then places fingers in the ridge that is presented. Measurement of the width of separation is determined by the number of fingertips that can fit within the space between the left and rightrectus abdominismuscles. Separation consisting of a width of 2 fingertips (approximately 1 1/2 centimeters) or more is the determining factor for diagnosing diastasis recti.[8]
Diagnosis
[edit]
Diastasis recti can be diagnosed byphysical examination,which may include measuring the distance between therectus abdominis musclesat rest and during contraction at several levels along thelinea alba.[9]Diastasis recti is defined as a gap of about 2.7 cm or greater between the two sides of therectus abdominis muscle.[1]Abdominal ultrasonographyprovides objective evidence for the diagnosis, and also confirms that the bulge is not ahernia.[9]Anabdominal CT scanmay also visualise diastasis recti.[9]
Treatment
[edit]- During pregnancy - No treatment is necessary for women while they are still pregnant.
- After delivery - Typically the separation of the abdominal muscles will lessen in the mother within the first 8 weeks after childbirth; however, the connective tissue remains stretched for many. The weakening of the musculature may also cause lower back pain, weakened pelvic alignment, and altered posture. For many, diastasis recti is a condition which they have to live with for many years later.[10][8]
- In children - Complications include development of anumbilicalor ventral hernia, which is rare and can be corrected with surgery.[11]
Strength training
[edit]A 2014 systematic review found that the width of the gap in diastasis recti may be reduced by exercising during and after pregnancy.[1]
A 2018 review mentions other techniques in addition to strengthening exercises: postural training; education and training for proper lifting mechanisms; manual therapy (which includes soft tissue mobilization);myofascial release;Noble technique (i.e., manual approximation of abdominal muscles during partial sit-up); and abdominal bracing and taping. Other techniques to strengthen abdominal muscles are usingPilatesand functional training.[12]
Surgery
[edit]In extreme cases, diastasis recti is corrected with acosmetic surgeryprocedure known as anabdominoplastyby creating a plication or folding of the linea alba and suturing together. This creates a tighter abdominal wall. There are two surgical methods: one more common through plication of the anterior rectus sheath; and the other throughhernia repair,considering suture closure of the hernia sac combined with mesh reinforcement. Two studies showed few post-operative complications.[13]
References
[edit]- ^abcBenjamin, D.R.; Van de Water, A.T.M; Peiris, C.L. (March 2014)."Effects of exercise on diastasis of the rectus abdominis muscle in the antenatal and postnatal periods: a systematic review".Physiotherapy.100(1): 1–8.doi:10.1016/j.physio.2013.08.005.PMID24268942.
- ^Brauman, Daniel (November 2008). "Diastasis Recti: Clinical Anatomy".Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.122(5): 1564–1569.doi:10.1097/prs.0b013e3181882493.PMID18971741.S2CID26635878.
- ^abNorton, Jeffrey A. (2003).Essential practice of surgery: basic science and clinical evidence.Berlin: Springer. pp.350.ISBN0-387-95510-0.
- ^Harms, M.D., Roger W."Why do abdominal muscles sometimes separate during pregnancy?".
- ^"University of Pennsylvania Health System | Penn Medicine".www.pennmedicine.org.
- ^Lassandro, Francesco; Iasiello, Francesca; Pizza, Nunzia Luisa; Valente, Tullio; Stefano, Maria Luisa; Grassi, Roberto; Muto, Roberto; di Santo Stefano, Mangoni (2011)."Abdominal hernias: Radiological features".World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.3(6): 110–117.doi:10.4253/wjge.v3.i6.110.PMC3158902.PMID21860678.
- ^"Diastasis recti: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia".medlineplus.gov.Retrieved2020-10-29.
- ^abEngelhardt, Laura (1988).Comparison of two abdominal exercises on the reduction of the diastasis recti abdominis of postpartum women(Thesis).OCLC60754579.ProQuest303651963.
- ^abcMaurice Nahabedian, David C Brooks."Rectus abdominis diastasis".UpToDate.Retrieved2018-01-26.Topic 100494 Version 5.0
- ^"How to fix diastasis recti years later".www.toningforwomen.com.19 July 2022.Retrieved2022-11-02.
- ^"Diastasis recti: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia".medlineplus.gov.
- ^Michalska, Agata; Rokita, Wojciech; Wolder, Daniel; Pogorzelska, Justyna; Kaczmarczyk, Krzysztof (2018)."Diastasis recti abdominis — a review of treatment methods".Ginekologia Polska.89(2): 97–101.doi:10.5603/GP.a2018.0016.PMID29512814.
- ^Mommers, Elwin H. H.; Ponten, Jeroen E. H.; Al Omar, Aminah K.; de Vries Reilingh, Tammo S.; Bouvy, Nicole D.; Nienhuijs, Simon W. (December 2017)."The general surgeon's perspective of rectus diastasis. A systematic review of treatment options".Surgical Endoscopy.31(12): 4934–4949.doi:10.1007/s00464-017-5607-9.PMC5715079.PMID28597282.