Diclazepam
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| Routes of administration | Oral, sublingual |
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| Bioavailability | ? |
| Metabolism | Hepatic |
| Eliminationhalf-life | ~42 hours[2] |
| Excretion | Renal |
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| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C16H12Cl2N2O |
| Molar mass | 319.19g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
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Diclazepam(Ro5-3448), also known aschlorodiazepamand2'-chloro-diazepam,is abenzodiazepineandfunctional analogofdiazepam.It was first synthesized byLeo Sternbachand his team at Hoffman-La Roche in 1960.[3]It is not currently approved for use as a medication, but rather sold as an unscheduled substance.[4][5][6][7]Efficacy and safety have not been tested in humans.
In animal models, its effects are similar to diazepam, possessing long-actinganxiolytic,anticonvulsant,hypnotic,sedative,skeletal muscle relaxant,andamnesticproperties.[citation needed]
Metabolism[edit]
Metabolism of this compound has been assessed,[2]revealing diclazepam has an approximate elimination half-life of 42 hours and undergoesN-demethylation todelorazepam,which can be detected in urine for 6 days following administration of the parent compound.[8]Other metabolites detected werelorazepamandlormetazepamwhich were detectable in urine for 19 and 11 days, respectively, indicatinghydroxylationbycytochrome P450enzymes occurring concurrently withN-demethylation.
Legal status[edit]
United Kingdom[edit]
In the UK, diclazepam has been classified as aClass C drugby the May 2017 amendment toThe Misuse of Drugs Act 1971along with several other benzodiazepine drugs.[9]
United States[edit]
On December 23, 2022, the DEA announced it had begun consideration on the matter of placing Diclazepam under temporary Schedule I status.[10]
Later on July 25, 2023, the DEA published a pre-print notice that Diclazepam would become temporarily scheduled as a Schedule I controlled substance from 07/26/2023 to 07/26/2025.[11]
See also[edit]
- Diazepam
- Difludiazepam
- Delorazepam(Nordiclazepam)
- Lorazepam
- Phenazepam
- Ro09-9212
- Ro5-4864(4'-Chlorodiazepam)
- Ro07-5220(6'-Chlorodiclazepam)
References[edit]
- ^Anvisa(2023-03-31)."RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial"[Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese).Diário Oficial da União(published 2023-04-04).Archivedfrom the original on 2023-08-03.Retrieved2023-08-16.
- ^abMoosmann B, Bisel P, Auwärter V (July–August 2014). "Characterization of the designer benzodiazepine diclazepam and preliminary data on its metabolism and pharmacokinetics".Drug Testing and Analysis.6(7–8): 757–763.doi:10.1002/dta.1628.PMID24604775.
- ^US 3136815,"Amino substituted benzophenone oximes and derivatives thereof"
- ^Pettersson Bergstrand M, Helander A, Hansson T, Beck O (April 2017). "Detectability of designer benzodiazepines in CEDIA, EMIT II Plus, HEIA, and KIMS II immunochemical screening assays".Drug Testing and Analysis.9(4): 640–645.doi:10.1002/dta.2003.PMID27366870.
- ^Høiseth G, Tuv SS, Karinen R (November 2016). "Blood concentrations of new designer benzodiazepines in forensic cases".Forensic Science International.268:35–38.doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.09.006.PMID27685473.
- ^Manchester KR, Maskell PD, Waters L (March 2018)."Experimental versus theoretical log D7.4,pKaand plasma protein binding values for benzodiazepines appearing as new psychoactive substances ".Drug Testing and Analysis.10(8): 1258–1269.doi:10.1002/dta.2387.PMID29582576.
- ^Manchester KR, Waters L, Haider S, Maskell PD (July 2022)."The blood-to-plasma ratio and predicted GABAA-binding affinity of designer benzodiazepines ".Forensic Toxicology.40(2): 349–356.doi:10.1007/s11419-022-00616-y.PMC9715504.PMID36454409.S2CID247455284.
- ^Bareggi SR, Truci G, Leva S, Zecca L, Pirola R, Smirne S (1988). "Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of intravenous and oral chlordesmethyldiazepam in humans".European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.34(1): 109–112.doi:10.1007/bf01061430.PMID2896126.S2CID1574555.
- ^"The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2017".
- ^"(Proposed Rule) Schedules of Controlled Substances: Temporary Placement of Etizolam, Flualprazolam, Clonazolam, Flubromazolam, and Diclazepam in Schedule I".Federal Register.DEA.December 23, 2022.
- ^"Schedules of Controlled Substances: Temporary Placement of Etizolam, Flualprazolam, Clonazolam, Flubromazolam, and Diclazepam in Schedule I"(PDF).Federal Register.DEA.July 25, 2023.Retrieved2023-07-25.