Dill
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| Dill | |
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| 19th-century botanical illustration[1] | |
Scientific classification
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Apiales |
| Family: | Apiaceae |
| Genus: | Anethum |
| Species: | A. graveolens
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| Binomial name | |
| Anethum graveolens | |
| Synonyms | |
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Synonymy
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Dill(Anethum graveolens) is anannualherbin the celery familyApiaceae.[2]It is native to North Africa, Iran, and the Arabian Peninsula;[3]it is grown widely inEurasia,where its leaves and seeds are used as a herb or spice for flavouring food.
Etymology
[edit]The worddilland its close relatives are found in most of the Germanic languages; its ultimate origin is unknown.[4]
Taxonomy
[edit]The genus nameAnethumis theLatinform ofGreekἄνῑσον / ἄνησον / ἄνηθον / ἄνητον, which meant both "dill"[5]and "anise".The form 'anīsum' came to be used for anise, and 'anēthum' for dill. The Latin word is the origin of dill's names in theWestern Romance languages('anet', 'aneldo' etc.), and also of the obsolete English 'anet'.[6]
Botany
[edit] | This sectionneeds additional citations forverification.(January 2023) |
Dill grows up to 1.5–5 feet (0.46–1.52 m) from ataprootlike a carrot.[7][8]Its stems are slender and hollow with finely divided, softly delicate leaves; the leaves are alternately arranged, 10–20 cm (4–8 in) long with ultimate leaf divisions are1–2 mm (1⁄32–3⁄32in) broad, slightly broader than the similar leaves offennel,which are threadlike, less than1 mm (1⁄16in) broad, but harder in texture.
-
Yellow dill umbels -
Closeup of a dill umbel
In hot or dry weather, small white to yellow scentedflowersform in smallumbels1–3+1⁄2in (2.5–8.9 cm) diameter from one long stalk. Theseedscome fromdried up fruit[7]4–5 mm (3⁄16–3⁄16in) long and1 mm (1⁄16in) thick, and straight to slightly curved with a longitudinally ridged surface.
Cultivation
[edit]Successful cultivation requires warm to hot summers with high sunshine levels; even partial shade will reduce the yield substantially.[9]It also prefers rich, well-drained soil. The seed is harvested by cutting the flower heads off the stalks when the seed is beginning to ripen. The seed heads are placed upside down in a paper bag and left in a warm, dry place for a week. The seeds then separate from the stems easily for storage in an airtight container.[10]
These plants, like their fennel and parsley relatives, often are eaten byblack swallowtail caterpillarsin areas where that species occurs.[11]For this reason, they may be included in somebutterfly gardens.[12]
History
[edit]Dill has been found in the tomb of Egyptian PharaohAmenhotep II,dating to around 1400 BC.[13]It was also later found in the Greek city ofSamos,around the 7th century BC, and mentioned in the writings ofTheophrastus(371–287 BC).[13]InGreek mythology,the dill was originally a young man namedAnethuswho was transformed into the plant.[14]
Uses
[edit]Culinary
[edit]
| This sectionneeds additional citations forverification.(February 2021) |
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy | 180 kJ (43 kcal) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
7 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dietary fiber | 2.1 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1.1 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3.5 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other constituents | Quantity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Copper667 | 0.14 mg (7%) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| †Percentages estimated usingUS recommendationsfor adults,[15]except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation fromthe National Academies.[16] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Aroma profile
[edit]
Fresh and dried dill leaves (sometimes called "dill weed" or "dillweed" to distinguish it from dill seed) are widely used asherbsin Europe and in central and south-eastern Asia.
Likecaraway,the fern-like leaves of dill are aromatic and are used to flavour many foods such asgravlax(cured salmon) and other fish dishes,borscht,and other soups, as well as pickles (where the dill flower is sometimes used). Dill is best when used fresh, as it loses its flavor rapidly if dried. However,freeze-drieddill leaves retain their flavour relatively well for a few months.
Dill oilis extracted from the leaves, stems, and seeds of the plant. The oil from the seeds is distilled and used in the manufacturing of soaps.[22]
Dill is theeponymousingredient in dillpickles.[23]
Central and eastern Europe
[edit]In central and eastern Europe, theNordic countries,the Baltic states, Ukraine, and Russia, dill is a stapleculinary herbalong withchivesandparsley.Fresh, finely cut dill leaves are used as a topping in soups, especially the hot red borsht and the cold borsht mixed with curds,kefir,yogurt, or sour cream, which is served during hot summer weather and is called 'okroshka'. It also is popular in summer to drink fermented milk (curds, kefir, yogurt, or buttermilk) mixed with dill (and sometimes other herbs).
In the same way, dill is used as a topping for boiled potatoes covered with fresh butter – especially in summer when there are so-called new, or young, potatoes. The dill leaves may be mixed with butter, making a dill butter, to serve the same purpose. Dill leaves mixed withtvorogform one of the traditional cheese spreads used for sandwiches. Fresh dill leaves are used throughout the year as an ingredient in salads,e.g.,one made of lettuce, fresh cucumbers, and tomatoes, asbasilleaves are used in Italy and Greece.
Russian cuisineis noted for liberal use of dill,[24]where it is known asукроп.It is supposed to haveantiflatulentproperties; some Russian cosmonauts recommended its use inhuman spaceflightdue to such properties being beneficial in confined quarters with a closed air supply.[25]
InPolish cuisine,fresh dill leaves mixed with sour cream are the basis for dressings. It is especially popular to use this kind of sauce with freshly cut cucumbers, which are almost wholly immersed in the sauce, making a salad called 'mizeria'. Dill sauce is used hot for baked freshwater fish and for chicken or turkey breast, or used hot or cold for hard-boiled eggs. A dill-based soup, (zupa koperkowa), served with potatoes and hard-boiled eggs, is popular in Poland. Whole stems including roots and flower buds are used traditionally to prepare Polish-style pickled cucumbers (ogórki kiszone), especially the so-called low-salt cucumbers (ogórki małosolne). Whole stems of dill (often including the roots) also are cooked with potatoes, especially the potatoes of autumn and winter, so they resemble the flavour of the newer potatoes found in summer. Some kinds of fish, especially trout and salmon, traditionally are baked with the stems and leaves of dill.
In the Czech Republic, white dill sauce made of cream (or milk), butter, flour, vinegar, and dill is called 'koprová omáčka' (also 'koprovka' or 'kopračka') and is served either with boiled eggs and potatoes, or with dumplings and boiled beef. Another Czech dish with dill is a soup called 'kulajda' that contains mushrooms (traditionally wild ones).
In Germany, dill is popular as a seasoning for fish and many other dishes, chopped as a garnish on potatoes, and as a flavouring in pickles.
In the UK, dill may be used infish pie.
In Bulgaria dill is widely used in traditional vegetable salads, and most notably the yogurt-based cold soupTarator.It is also used in the preparation of sour pickles, cabbage, and other dishes.
In Romania dill (mărar) is widely used as an ingredient for soups such as 'borş' (pronounced "borsh" ), pickles, and other dishes, especially those based on peas, beans, and cabbage. It is popular for dishes based on potatoes and mushrooms and may be found in many summer salads (especially cucumber salad, cabbage salad and lettuce salad). During springtime, it is used inomeletswith spring onions. It often complements sauces based on sour cream or yogurt and is mixed with salted cheese and used as a filling. Another popular dish with dill as a main ingredient is dill sauce, which is served with eggs and fried sausages.
In Hungary, dill is very widely used. It is popular as a sauce or filling, and mixed with a type of cottage cheese. Dill is also used forpicklingand in salads. The Hungarian name for dill is 'kapor'.
In Serbia, dill is known as 'mirodjija' and is used as an addition to soups, potato and cucumber salads, and French fries. It features in the Serbian proverb, "бити мирођија у свакој чорби" /biti mirodjija u svakoj čorbi/ (to be a dill in every soup), which corresponds to the English proverb "to have a finger in every pie".
InGreece,dill is known as 'άνηθος' (anithos). In antiquity it was used as an ingredient in wines that were called "anithites oinos" (wine with anithos-dill). In modern days, dill is used in salads, soups, sauces, and fish and vegetable dishes.
InSanta Maria,Azores, dill (endro) is the most important ingredient of the traditional Holy Ghost soup (sopa do Espírito Santo). Dill is found ubiquitously in Santa Maria, yet, is rare in the other Azorean Islands.
In Sweden, dill is a common spice or herb. The flowers of fully grown dill are called 'krondill' (crown dill) and used when cookingcrayfish.The krondill is put into the water after the crayfish is boiled, but still in hot and salt water. Then the entire dish is refrigerated for at least 24 hours before being served (with toasted bread and butter). Krondill is also used to flavor pickles and vodka. After a month or two of fermentation, the cucumber pickles are ready to eat, for instance, with pork, brown sauce, and potatoes, as a sweetener. The thinner part of dill and young plants may be used with boiled fresh potatoes (especially the first potatoes of the year, new potatoes, which usually are small and have a very thin skin). In salads it is used together with, or instead, of other green herbs, such as parsley, chives, and basil. It is often paired up with chives when used in food. Dill is often used to flavour fish and seafood in Sweden, for example, gravlax and various herring pickles, among them the traditional, 'sill i dill' (literally 'herring in dill'). In contrast to the various fish dishes flavoured with dill, there is also a traditional Swedish dish called, 'dillkött', which is a meaty stew flavoured with dill. The dish commonly contains pieces of veal or lamb that are boiled until tender and then served together with a vinegary dill sauce. Dill seeds may be used in breads or 'akvavit'. A newer, non-traditional use of dill is to pair it with chives as a flavouring for potato chips. These are called 'dillchips' and are quite popular in Sweden.
In Finland, the uses of dill are very similar to those in Sweden, including flavouring potato chips and, comparably less popularly, in a dish comparable to 'dillkött' ('tilliliha'). Generally, the use of dill in Finland, however, is not as extensive as in large parts of central and eastern Europe, particularly Russia but including even the ethnolinguistically closeEstonia.
Asia and Middle East
[edit]| Nation/region | Language | Local name of dill | Dishes commonly used in |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arab world | Arabic | شبت، شبث(shabat, shabath) | As flavouring in various dishes |
| Bangladesh | Bangla | শলুক, শুলফা(Śaluka, śulaphā) | মসলা |
| China | Chinese | shíluó(Thì la) or colloquiallyhuíxiāng(Hồi hương) | baozi,jiaozi,xianbing |
| India | Bengali | Sholpa | |
| India | Gujarati | Suva | Suvaa ni Bhaji(with potato) |
| India | Hindi | Soa / Soya(सोआ) | Soa Sabzi(with potato). As a flavour in: GreenKheema,Kheemasamosa |
| India | Kannada | sabbasige soppu(ಸಬ್ಬಸಿಗೆ ಸೊಪ್ಪು) | Curry |
| India | Konkani | sheppi bhaji(ಶೇಪ್ಪಿ ಭಾಜಿ) (शेप्पी भाजी) | |
| India | Malayalam | Chatakuppa(ചതകുപ്പ) | |
| India | Marathi | Shepu(शेपू) | Shepuchi Bhaji,Shepu Pulao,Ashe Mast |
| India | Tamil | Sadakuppi(சதகுப்பி) | Curry |
| India | Telugu | Soa-Kura(శత పుష్పం) | |
| India | Punjabi | Pahadi Saunf / Kaudi Saunf | |
| Israel/Jewish Diaspora | Hebrew | שֶבֶת (shevet,sheves,sheveth)
שָׁמִיר (shamir) | |
| Iran | Persian | Shevid | 'Aash', 'Baghali Polo', 'Shevid Polo', 'Mast O Khiar' |
| Thailand | Thai | phak chee Lao(ผักชีลาว) | Gaeng om(แกงอ่อม) |
| Vietnam | Vietnamese | Thì là | Many fish dishes in northern Vietnam |
In Iran, dill is known as 'shevid' and sometimes, is used with rice and called 'shevid-polo'. It also is used in Iranian 'aash' recipes, and similarly, is calledshevedinPersian.
In India, dill is known as 'Sholpa' in Bengali,shepu(शेपू) in Marathi, sheppi (शेप्पी) in Konkani,savaain Hindi, orsoain Punjabi. In Telugu, it is called 'Soa-kura' (herb greens). It also is calledsabbasige soppu(ಸಬ್ಬಸಿಗೆ ಸೊಪ್ಪು) inKannada.InTamilit is known assada kuppi(சதகுப்பி). InMalayalam,it is ചതകുപ്പ (chathakuppa) orശതകുപ്പ(sathakuppa). In Sanskrit, this herb is calledshatapushpa.In Gujarati, it is known assuva(સૂવા). In India, dill is prepared in the manner of yellow 'moong dal', as a main-course dish. It is considered to have very good antiflatulent properties, so it is used as 'mukhwas', or an after-meal digestive. Traditionally, it is given to mothers immediately after childbirth. In the state of Uttar Pradesh in India, a small amount of fresh dill is cooked along with cut potatoes and fresh fenugreek leaves (Hindi आलू-मेथी-सोया).
InManipur,dill, locally known aspakhon,is an essential ingredient ofchagem pomba– a traditional Manipuri dish made with fermented soybean and rice.
In Laos and parts of northern Thailand, dill is known in English as Lao coriander (Lao:ຜັກຊີorThai:ผักชีลาว),[26]and served as a side with salad yum or papaya salad. In theLao language,it is called 'phak see', and inThai,it is known as 'phak chee Lao'.[27][28]InLao cuisine,Lao coriander is used extensively in traditional Lao dishes such as 'mok pa' (steamed fish in banana leaf) and several coconut milk curries that contain fish orprawns.
In China dill is called colloquially, 'huíxiāng' (Hồi hương,perfume of Hui people), or more properly 'shíluó' (Thì la / thì la). It is a common filling in 'baozi', 'jiaozi' and 'xianbing' and may be used as vegetarian with rice vermicelli, or combined with either meat or eggs. Vegetarian dill baozi are a common part of a Beijing breakfast. In baozi and xianbing, it often is interchangeable with non-bulbingfenneland the termHồi hươngalso may refer to fennel, similarly to caraway and coriander leaf, sharing a name in Chinese as well. Dill also may bestir friedas a potherb, often with egg, in the same manner asChinese chives.In Northern China,Beijing,Inner-Mongolia,Ningxia,Gansu,andXinjiang,dill seeds commonly are called 'zīrán' (Tư nhiên), but also 'kūmíng' (Khô mính), 'kūmíngzi' (Khô mính tử), 'shíluózi' (Thì la tử / thì la tử), 'xiǎohuíxiāngzi' (Tiểu hồi hương tử) and are used with pepper for lamb meat. In the whole of China, 'yángchuàn' (Dương xuyến) or 'yángròu chuàn' (Dương nhục xuyến), lambbrochette,a speciality fromUyghurs,uses cumin and pepper.
InTaiwan,it is also commonly used as a filling in steamed buns (baozi) and dumplings (jiaozi).
In Vietnam, the use of dill in cooking is regional. It is used mainly in northern Vietnamese cuisine.
Middle East
[edit]In Arab countries, dill seed, calledain jaradeh(grasshopper's eye), is used as a spice in cold dishes such as 'fattoush' and pickles. In Arab countries of thePersian Gulf,dill is called 'shibint' and is used mostly in fish dishes. In Egypt, dillweed is commonly used to flavour cabbage dishes, including 'mahshi koronb' (stuffed cabbage leaves).[29]InIsrael,dill weed is used in salads and also to flavour omelettes, often alongsideparsley.
Companion planting
[edit]
When used as acompanion plant,dill attracts many beneficial insects as the umbrella flower heads go to seed. It makes a good companion plant forcucumbersandbroccoli.
Tomatoplants benefit from dill when it is young because it repels harmful pests while attracting pollinators. But the dill must be pruned before it flowers, otherwise it can slow or stop the growth of the tomatoes.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^Thomé, Otto Wilhelm(1888).Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz(in German). Vol. 3. Gera, Germany. p. 142 – via BioDiversity Heritage Library.
{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ab"Anethum graveolensL. "World Flora Online.World Flora Consortium. 2023.Retrieved22 January2023.
- ^ab"Anethum graveolensL. "Plants of the World Online.Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2023.Retrieved22 January2023.
- ^Oxford English Dictionary,1896,s.v.(subscription)
- ^Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879)."ănēthum".A Latin Dictionary.Perseus Digital Library.
- ^"s.v.'anise'".
- ^ab"Dill,Anethum graveolens".Wisconsin Horticulture.University of Wisconsin-Madison. n.d.Retrieved22 January2023.
- ^"Anethum graveolens".Plant Finder.Missouri Botanical Garden. n.d.Retrieved22 January2023.
- ^Almanac, Old Farmer's."Dill".Old Farmer's Almanac.Retrieved17 May2020.
- ^ghorbani (1 March 2020)."Dill".Ghorbani Trading Company.Archived fromthe originalon 21 July 2021.Retrieved21 July2021.
- ^Hall, Donald (23 October 2017)."Eastern Black Swallowtail:Papilio polyxenes asterius(Stoll) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) ".AskIFAS.University of Florida.Retrieved12 November2017.
- ^Albornoz, Sari (7 March 2014)."Plant Dill for You and Your Butterflies".Sustainable Food Center.
- ^abPickersgill, Barbara(2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.).The Cultural History of Plants.Routledge. p. 163.ISBN0415927463.
- ^Forbes Irving, Paul M. C. (1990).Metamorphosis in Greek Myths.Oxford, New York, Toronto:Oxford University Press,Clarendon Press.p. 280.ISBN0-19-814730-9.
- ^United States Food and Drug Administration(2024)."Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels".FDA.Archivedfrom the original on 27 March 2024.Retrieved28 March2024.
- ^National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium.The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).ISBN978-0-309-48834-1.PMID30844154.Archivedfrom the original on 9 May 2024.Retrieved21 June2024.
- ^ Bailer, J.; Aichinger, T.; Hackl, G.; de Hueber, K.; Dachler, M. (2001). "Essential oil content and composition in commercially available dill cultivars in comparison to caraway".Industrial Crops and Products.14(3): 229–239.doi:10.1016/S0926-6690(01)00088-7.
- ^ Santos, P. A. G.; Figueiredo, A. C.; Lourenço, P. M. L.; Barroso, J. G.; Pedro, L. G.; Oliveira, M. M.; Schripsema, J.; Deans, S. G.; Scheffer, J. J. C. (2002). "Hairy root cultures of Anethum graveolens (dill): establishment, growth, time-course study of their essential oil and its comparison with parent plant oils".Biotechnology Letters.24(12): 1031–1036.doi:10.1023/A:1015653701265.S2CID10120732.
- ^abc Dhalwal, K.; Shinde, V. M.; Mahadik, K. R. (2008). "Efficient and Sensitive Method for Quantitative Determination and Validation of Umbelliferone, Carvone and Myristicin inAnethum graveolensandCarum carviSeed ".Chromatographia.67(1–2): 163–167.doi:10.1365/s10337-007-0473-6.S2CID96393401.
- ^Huopalahti, Rainer; Linko, Reino R. (March 1983). "Composition and content of aroma compounds in dill, Anethum graveolens L., at three different growth stages".Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.31(2): 331–333.doi:10.1021/jf00116a036.ISSN0021-8561.
- ^ Blank, I.; Grosch, W. (1991). "Evaluation of Potent Odorants in Dill Seed and Dill Herb (Anethum graveolensL.) by Aroma Extract Dilution Analysis ".Journal of Food Science.56(1): 63–67.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1991.tb07976.x.
- ^M. G. Kains (1912). American Agriculturist (ed.).Culinary Herbs: Their Cultivation Harvesting Curing and Uses(English).Orange Judd Company.
- ^The Cultural History of Plants(Routledge, 2005: eds. SirGhillean Prance& Mark Nesbitt), pp. 102–03.
- ^Walker, Shaun (10 August 2015)."Dill with it: Russia's obsession with the spindly herb menace".The Guardian.Retrieved15 June2023.
- ^Kelly, Scott (October 2017).Endurance: A Year in Space, a Lifetime of Discovery.Alfred A. Knopf.ISBN978-1524731595.
- ^Davidson, A. (2003).Seafood of South-East Asia(2nd ed.). Ten Speed Press. p. 216.ISBN978-1-58008-452-9.
- ^"Thai names".ediblyasian.info.
- ^Ling, K. F. (2002).The Food of Asia.Singapore: Periplus editions (HK). p. 155.ISBN978-0-7946-0146-1.
- ^"Egyptian Style Stuffed Cabbage Leaves (Mashy Crump)".Retrieved1 February2015.
External links
[edit]
- .Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. VII (9th ed.). 1878. p. 240.
- Plants for a Future:Anethum graveolens