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Dollar sign

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"$" redirects here. For the unit of currency, seeDollar.For other uses, see$ (disambiguation).
"Peso sign" redirects here. For the Philippine peso sign "₱", seePhilippine peso sign.
Fortechnical reasons,"$#*! My Dad Says" redirects here. For the television show, see$h*! My Dad Says.
Fortechnical reasons,":$" redirects here. For the keyboard symbol, seeList of emoticons.

$
Dollar sign
Other namesPeso sign
InUnicodeU+0024$DOLLAR SIGN($)
Currency
CurrencyMany (seedollar,peso)
Graphical variants
Category

Thedollar sign,also known as thepeso sign,is acurrency symbolconsisting of acapital⟨S⟩crossed with one or two vertical strokes ($orDollar sign with two vertical linesdepending ontypeface), used to indicate the unit of variouscurrenciesaround the world, including most currencies denominated "dollar"or"peso".The explicitly double-barredDollar sign with two vertical linessign is calledcifrãoin thePortuguese language.

The sign is also used in several compound currency symbols, such as theBrazilian real(R$), theNicaraguan Córdoba(C$) and theUnited States dollar(US$): in local use, the nationality prefix is usually omitted. In countries that have othercurrency symbols,the US dollar is often assumed and the "US" prefix omitted.

The one- and two-stroke versions are often considered mere stylistic (typeface) variants, although in some places and epochs one of them may have been specifically assigned, by law or custom, to a specific currency. TheUnicodecomputer encoding standard defines a single code for both.

In mostEnglish-speaking countries that use that symbol, it is placed to the left of the amount specified, e.g. "$1", read as "one dollar".

History

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The symbol appears in business correspondence in the 1770s fromSpanish America,the early independent U.S., British America and Britain, referring to the Spanish American peso,[1][2]also known as "Spanish dollar"or" piece of eight "in British America. Those coins provided the model for the currency that the United States adopted in 1792, and for the larger coins of the new Spanish American republics, such as theMexican peso,Argentine peso,Peruvian real,andBolivian solcoins.

With theCoinage Act of 1792,the United States Congress created the U.S. dollar, defining it to have "the value of a Spanish milled dollar as the same is now current"[3][4]but a variety of foreign coins were deemed to belegal tenderuntil theCoinage Act of 1857ended this status.[5]

The earliest U.S. dollar coins did not have any dollar symbol. The first occurrence in print is claimed to be from 1790s, by a Philadelphia printerArchibald Binny,creator of theMonticello typeface.[6]The $1United States Noteissued by the United States in 1869 included a large symbol consisting of a "U" with the right bar overlapping an "S" like a single-bar dollar sign, as well as a very small double-stroke dollar sign in the legal warning against forgery.[7]

Earlier history of the symbol

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A piece of eight from thePotosímint, showing the Pillars of Hercules with "S" ribbons, and two "PTSI" monograms at about 4 and 8 o'clock around the edge

It is still uncertain, however, how the dollar sign came to represent the Spanish American peso. There are currently several competing hypotheses:

Iconic representation of the Pillars of Hercules with ribbonPlus Ultra( "further beyond" ), inSeville(16th century).
  • The most widely accepted theory holds that the sign grew out of the Spanish and Spanish Americanscribal abbreviation"ps"for pesos. A study of late 18th- and early 19th-centurymanuscriptsshows that thesgradually came to be written over thep,developing into a close equivalent to the "$" mark.[8][9][10][11][12]Oliver Pollock,a wealthyIrishtrader and early supporter of the American Revolution, used the abbreviation "ps", sometimes run together in a way that almost exactly resembled the dollar sign, in a letter dated 1778.[6][13]There are documents showing the common use of the two-stroke version in Portugal already by 1775.[14]
  • Another hypothesis derives the sign from a depiction of thePillars of Hercules,a classical symbol for two sides of theStrait of Gibraltar,with aribbonwrapped around each pillar (or both pillars) in the form of an "S". This device is a support element of theSpanish coat of arms,and appeared on the most commonreal de ochocoins circulating at the time in the Americas and Europe; namely, those minted at thePotosímint inBolivia,which operated from 1573 to 1825.[15][10]Indeed, one of the names used for Spanish dollars inQing DynastyChina wasSong trụ;Shuāngzhù;'double-pillar'.[16]
The Pillars of Hercules wrapped by a cloth band, on an 18th century Spanish coin.
Dollar symbol evolution
Development of the dollar sign, according to two hypotheses.
  • A variant of the above theory claims that the sign comes from themarkof the mint atPotosí,where a large portion of the Spanish Empire's silver was mined. A feature on these coins were the letters "P T S I" superimposed. The core of thismonogramis a (single-stroked) "$" sign.[17]
Sample ledger with a sign for dollar from John Collins 1686
  • Yet another hypothesis notes that the English word "dollar" for the Spanish piece of eight originally came (throughDutchdaalder) fromJoachimsthalerorthaler,a similar large German silver coin that was widely used in Europe. It is therefore conjectured that the dollar sign derived from a symbol consisting of a superimposing S and I or J that was used to denote the German silver coin. Such symbol appears in the 1686 edition ofAn Introduction to Merchants' AccountsbyJohn Collins.[18]Alternatively, the symbol could have come from a snake and cross emblem on the thaler coins.[6]

Less likely theories

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The following theories seem to have been discredited or contradicted by documentary evidence:

  • In 1937, historianJames Alton Jamesclaimed that the symbol with two strokes was an adapted design of patriotRobert Morrisin 1778, in letters written to Pollock.[19][20][13]
  • In 1939, H. M. Larson suggested that the sign could derive from a combination of the Greek character"psi" (ψ)and "S".[21]
  • A theory claims that the sign started off as a monogram of "US", with a narrow "U" superimposed on the "S"; the bottom part of the "U" would have been lost, producing the dollar sign with two vertical lines. This theory was mentioned in letters toNotes and Queriesin 1876.[8]Henry Townebegins his classic 1886 essay on management with this theory.[22]This was also claimed byAyn Randin her 1957 novelAtlas Shrugged;in her version of the theory the monogram "US" would have been used on money bags issued by theUnited States Mint.[23][6]
  • Authors T. Seijas and J. Frederick noted that the captors of slaves in Spanish territories sometimes branded enslaved people with a symbol very similar to a one-barred dollar sign.Esclavois Spanish for "slave," andclavomeans nail. A dollar sign would then be S +clavo.[15]
  • A theory often cited inPortuguesespeaking countries is that the "S" part of the doubly-stroked sign is a schematic representation of the path followed by theUmayyad CaliphategeneralTariq Ibn Ziyadin his conquest of theVisigothkingdom in 711CE,and the two strokes represent the Pillars of Hercules that he would have crossed along that path. That symbol would have been engraved in coins commemorating his victory, and then became symbolic of currency in general.[24]

Currencies that use the dollar sign

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As symbol of the currency

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The numerous currencies called "dollar"use the dollar sign to express money amounts. The sign is also generally used for the many currencies called"peso"(except thePhilippine peso,which uses the symbol "₱"). Within a country the dollar/peso sign may be used alone. In other cases, and to avoid ambiguity in international usage, it is usually combined with other glyphs, e.g. CA$ or Can$ forCanadian dollar.Particularly in professional contexts, the unambiguousISO 4217 three letter code(AUD, MXN, USD, etc.) is preferred.

The dollar sign, alone or in combination with other glyphs, is or was used to denote several currencies with other names, including:

Prefix or suffix

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In the United States, Mexico, Australia, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Pacific Island nations, and English-speaking Canada, the sign is written before the number ( "$5" ), even though the word is written or spoken after it ( "five dollars", "cinco pesos"). In French-speaking Canada, exceptionally, the dollar symbol usually appears after the number,[25]e.g., "5$". (Thecent symbolis written after the number in most countries that use it, e.g., "5¢".)

Use in the Portuguese Empire

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Car for sale in Cape Verde, showing use of thecifrãoas decimals separator

In Portugal, Brazil, and other parts of thePortuguese Empire,the two-stroke variant of the sign (with the namecifrão;(Portuguese pronunciation:[siˈfɾɐ̃w]ⓘ) was used as the thousands separator of amounts in the national currency, thereal(plural "réis", abbreviated "Rs." ):123Dollar sign with two vertical lines500 meant "123500réis".This usage is attested in 1775, but may be older by a century or more.[14]It is always written with two vertical lines:.It is the official sign of theCape Verdean escudo(ISO 4217:CVE).

In 1911, Portugal redefined the national currency as theescudo,worth1000 réis,and divided into 100centavos;but thecifrãocontinued to be used as thedecimal separator,[26]so that123Dollar sign with two vertical lines50 meant123.50 escudosor 123 escudos and 50 centavos. This usage ended in 2002 when the country switched to theeuro.(A similar scheme to use a letter symbol instead of a decimal point is used by theRKM codein electrical engineering since 1952.)

Cape Verde,a republic and former Portuguese colony, similarly switched from the real to their localescudoand centavos in 1914, and retains thecifrãousage as decimals separator as of 2021. Local versions of the Portuguese escudo were for a time created also for other overseas colonies, includingEast Timor(1958–1975),Portuguese India(1958–1961),Angola(1914–1928 and 1958–1977),Mozambique(1914–1980),Portuguese Guinea(1914–1975), andSão Tomé and Príncipe(1914–1977); all using thecifrãoas decimals separator.[citation needed]

Brazilretained the real and thecifrãoas thousands separator until 1942, when it switched to theBrazilian cruzeiro,with comma as the decimals separator. The dollar sign, officially with one stroke but often rendered with two, was retained as part of the currency symbol"Cr$",so one would writeCr$13,50for 13 cruzeiros and 50 centavos.[27]

Thecifrãowas formerly used by thePortuguese escudo(ISO: PTE) before its replacement by theeuroand by thePortuguese Timor escudo(ISO: TPE) before its replacement by theIndonesian rupiahand theUS dollar.[28]In Portuguese and Cape Verdean usage, thecifrãois placed as a decimal point between the escudo andcentavovalues.[29]The name originates in theArabicṣifr(‏صِفْر‎), meaning 'zero'.[30]

Outside the Portuguese cultural sphere, theSouth Vietnamese đồngbefore 1975 used a method similar to thecifrãoto separate values of đồng from its decimal subunitxu.For example,7Dollar sign with two vertical lines50 meant 7 đồng and 50 xu.

One stroke vs. two strokes

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Double-barred dollar orCifrãosign
See also:Pound sign § Double bar style

In some places and at some times, the one- and two-stroke variants have been used in the same contexts to distinguish between the U.S. dollar and other local currency, such as the formerPortuguese escudo.[26]

However, such usage is not standardized, and theUnicodespecification considers the two versions asgraphic variants of the same symbol—atypeface designchoice.[31]Computer and typewriter keyboards usually have a single key for that sign, and many character encodings (includingASCIIandUnicode) reserve a single numeric code for it. Indeed, dollar signs in the same digital document may be rendered with one or two strokes, if differentcomputer fontsare used, but the underlyingcodepointU+0024 (ASCII 3610) remains unchanged.

When a specific variant is not mandated by law or custom, the choice is usually a matter of expediency or aesthetic preference. Both versions were used in the US in the 18th century. (An 1861Civil War-era advertisement depicts the two-stroked symbol as a snake.[13]) The two-stroke version seems to be generally less popular today, though used in some "old-style" fonts likeBaskerville.

Use in computer software

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Because of its use in early American computer applications such as business accounting, the dollar sign is almost universally present in computercharacter sets,and thus has been appropriated for many purposes unrelated to money inprogramming languagesandcommand languages.

Encoding

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The dollar sign "$" has Unicode code point U+0024 (inherited fromASCIIviaLatin-1).[31]

  • U+0024$DOLLAR SIGN($)[a]

There are no separate encodings for one- and two-line variants. The choice is typeface-dependent, they areallographs.However, there are three other code points that originate from other East Asian standards: the Taiwanesesmall form variant,the CJKfullwidth form,and the Japaneseemoji.The glyphs for these code points are typically larger or smaller than the primary code point, but the difference is mostly aesthetic or typographic, and the meanings of the symbols are the same.

  • U+FE69﹩SMALL DOLLAR SIGN
  • U+FF04＄FULLWIDTH DOLLAR SIGN
  • U+1F4B2💲HEAVY DOLLAR SIGN

However, for usage as the special character in various computing applications (see following sections), U+0024 is typically the only code that is recognized.

Support for the two-line variant varies. As of 2019,theUnicodestandard considers the distinction between one- and two-bar dollar signs astylistic distinction between fonts,and has no separatecode pointfor thecifrão.The symbol is not in the October 2019 "pipeline",[34]though it has been requested formally.[26]

Among others, the following fonts display a double-bar dollar sign for code point 0024:[citation needed]regular-weightBaskerville,Big Caslon,Bodoni MT,Garamond:($)

InLaTeX,with the textcomp package installed, thecifrão(Dollar sign with two vertical lines) can be input using the command\textdollaroldstyle.However, because offont substitutionand the lack of a dedicated code point, the author of an electronic document who uses one of these fonts intending to represent acifrãocannot be sure that every reader will see a double-bar glyph rather than the single barred version. Because of the continued lack of support in Unicode, a single bar dollar sign is frequently employed in its place even for official purposes.[29][35]Where there is any risk of misunderstanding, the ISO 4217three-letter acronymis used.

Programming languages

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  • InBASIC,$is appended to avariablename to define that variable’sdata typeas acharacter string,for example,H$= "Hello, world!".In discussion, the variableH$would be referred to as “H string.”
  • $is prefixed to names to definevariablesin thePHPlanguage and theAutoItautomation script language,scalarvariables in thePerllanguage (seesigil (computer programming)), and global variables in theRubylanguage. In Perl programming this includes scalar elements ofarrays$array[7]andhashes$hash{foo}.
  • InUnix shells,and later in other programming languages,$introduces an expression that should be evaluated to yield text. Languages that have adopted this convention includePerl,JavaScript,C#,Scala,GroovyandKotlin.Other languages, includingJavaandPython,use it to mark the place where the result of an expression elsewhere should be inserted into text.
  • $is used for defining hexadecimal constants inPascal-like languages such asDelphi,and in some variants ofassembly language,most notably, in the Motorola 6800 and 68000, and MOS Technology 6502 assembly languages.
  • $is used in theALGOL 68language to delimittransput formatregions.
  • $is used in theTeXtypesettinglanguage to delimit mathematical regions.
  • In many versions ofFORTRAN 66,$could be used as an alternative to a quotation mark for delimiting strings.
  • InPL/M,$can be used to put a visible separation between words in compound identifiers. For example,Some$Namerefers to the same thing as 'SomeName'.
  • InHaskell,$is used as a function application operator.
  • In anAutoHotkeyscript, a hotkey declared with$is not triggered by a 'Send' command elsewhere in the script.
  • ThejQuerylibrary defines$as its main symbol, primarily as a function that queries a web page for one or moreHTML elements,but also with other utilities attached to it as properties like$.ajax.ThePrototype.jslibrary defines it similarly for querying.
  • InASP.NET,the dollar sign used in a tag in the web page indicates an expression will follow it. The expression that follows is.NETlanguage-agnostic,as it will work with C#,VB.NET,or any CLR supported language.
  • InErlang,the dollar sign precedes character literals. The dollar sign as a character can be written$$.
  • InCOBOLthe$sign is used in thePicture clauseto depict a floating currency symbol as the left most character. The default symbol is$;however, if theCURRENCY=orCURRENCY SIGNclause is specified, many other symbols can be used.
  • In someassembly languages,such asMIPS,the$sign is used to represent registers.
  • InHoneywell 6000 seriesassembler, the$sign, when used as an address, meant the address of the instruction in which it appeared.
  • InCMS-2,the$sign is used as a statement terminator.
  • InR,the$sign is used as a subsetting operator.
  • InQ (programming language from Kx Systems),the$sign is used as a casting/padding/enumeration/conditional operator.
  • InSass,the$sign is prefixed to define a variable.
  • InSvelte,the$sign can be used to markreactivestatements.

Operating systems

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  • InCP/Mand subsequently in all versions ofDOS(86-DOS,MS-DOS,PC DOS,more) and derivatives,$marks the end of text displayed with system function 9. CP/M developerGary Kildallnever explained the choice and once pointedly remarked that he knew the reason whileBill Gatesdid not.[36]Prior uses of$for the "end of line" or "end of text" includeJOVIAL,CMS-2,theQED editorandDECsystem-10(a known influence on CP/M), which displayed the character to confirm that the user pressed theescape keyto complete a line of input.
  • InMicrosoft Windows,$is appended to the share name to hide a shared folder or resource. For example,\\server\sharewill be visible to other computers on a network, while\\server\share$will be accessible only by explicit reference. Hiding a shared folder or resource will not alter its access permissions but may render it inaccessible to programs or other functions which rely on its visibility. Mostadministrative sharesare hidden in this way.
  • In theLDAPdirectory access protocol,$is used as a line separator in various standard entry attributes such aspostalAddress.
  • In theUNIVAC EXEC 8operating system,$means "system". It is appended to entities such as the names of system files, the "sender" name in messages sent by the operator, and the default names of system-created files (like compiler output) when no specific name is specified (e.g.,TPF$,NAME$,etc.)
  • InRISC OS,$is used in system variables to separate the application name from the variables specific to that application. For exampleDraw$Dirspecifies the directory where the!Drawapplication is located. It is also used to refer to theroot directoryof afile system.

Applications

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Other uses

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The symbol is sometimes used derisively, in place of the letter S, to indicate greed or excess money such as in "Micro$oft","Di$ney","Chel$ea"and"GW$";or supposed overt Americanisation as in"$ky".The dollar sign is also used intentionally to stylize names such asA$AP Rocky,Ke$ha,andTy Dolla $ignor words such as¥€$.In 1872,Ambrose Biercereferred to California governorLeland Stanfordas $tealand Landford.[38]

InScrabblenotation, a dollar sign is placed after a word to indicate that it is valid according to theNorth American word lists,but not according to the British word lists.[39]

A dollar symbol is used asunit of reactivityfor a nuclear reactor,0$being the threshold of slow criticality, meaning a steady reaction rate, while1 $is the threshold ofprompt criticality,which means a nuclear excursion or explosion.[40][41]

In the 1993 version of theTurkmen Latin alphabet$ was used as a transliteration of the Cyrillic letter Ш, in 1999 was replaced by the letter Ş.

See also

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Explanatory notes

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  1. ^As of April 2022,HTML5 is the only version of HTML that has a named entity for the dollar sign.[32][33]

References

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Citations

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  1. ^Kinnaird, Lawrence (July 1976). "The Western Fringe of Revolution".The Western Historical Quarterly.7(3): 259.doi:10.2307/967081.JSTOR967081.
  2. ^Popular Science(February 1930)."Origin of Dollar Sign is Traced to Mexico".Popular Science:59.ISSN0161-7370.
  3. ^"Section 9 of the Coinage Act of 1792".Memory.loc.gov.Archivedfrom the original on 29 July 2020.Retrieved24 August2010.
  4. ^Meredith, Stephanie (6 April 2017)."Coinage Act of April 2, 1792 | U.S. Mint".United States Mint.p. 3.Retrieved12 August2024.
  5. ^Martin, David A. (1977)."The Changing Role of Foreign Money in the United States, 1782-1857".The Journal of Economic History.37(4): 1009.ISSN0022-0507.
  6. ^abcdHephzibah Anderson (2019): "The curious origins of the dollar symbolArchived12 August 2021 at theWayback Machine".Online article at theBBCwebsite, dated 29 May 2019. Accessed on 2021-08-12.
  7. ^Reverse of $1 United States Note (Greenback), series of 1869
  8. ^abCajori, Florian(1993) [1929].A History of Mathematical Notations.Vol. 2. Courier Corporation. pp. 15–29.ISBN9780486677668.
  9. ^Aiton, Arthur S.; Wheeler, Benjamin W. (May 1931)."The First American Mint".The Hispanic American Historical Review.11(2): 198.doi:10.1215/00182168-11.2.198.JSTOR2506275.
  10. ^abNussbaum, Arthur(1957).A History of the Dollar.New York: Columbia University Press. p.56.The foreign coins remained in circulation [in the United States], and the more important among them, especially the Spanish (including the Mexican) dollars, were declared by Congress on February 9, 1793, to be legal tender. The dollar sign, $, is connected with the peso, contrary to popular belief, which considers it to be an abbreviation of 'U.S.' The twoparallel linesrepresented one of the many abbreviations of 'P,' and the 'S' indicated the plural. The abbreviation '$.' was also used for the peso, and is still used in Argentina.
  11. ^Riesco Terrero, Ángel (1983).Diccionario de abreviaturas hispanas de los siglos XIII al XVIII: Con un apendice de expresiones y formulas juridico-diplomaticas de uso corriente.Salamanca: Imprenta Varona. p.350.ISBN84-300-9090-8.
  12. ^Bureau of Engraving and Printing."What is the origin of the $ sign?".Resources: FAQs.Archivedfrom the original on 9 April 2016.Retrieved8 April2016.
  13. ^abcJoshua D. Rothman (2018): "The Curious Origins of the Dollar SignArchived12 August 2021 at theWayback Machine"Online article on theWe're Historywebsite, dated 2018-04-01. Accessed on 2021-08-12.
  14. ^abJoão Joseph Du Beux (1775):Receipt of 270$000 Rs.Archived12 August 2021 at theWayback Machinefor purchase by of 50 volumes of theActa Santorumby the College of the Carmo of Coimbra. Quote: "Recebemos [...] a quantia de Duzentos Settenta mil reis[...] por Clareza passamos este Coimbra 15 de Março de 1775. São270Dollar sign with two vertical lines000 Rs ". Cartório do Colégio do Carmo, Maço 35, n.o 17. apud ALMEIDA, Manuel Lopes in" Livro, livreiros, impressores em documentos da Universidade ", Arquivo de Bibliografia Portuguesa, ano X–XII, Atlântida, Coimbra, 1964–66, n o 37–48.
  15. ^abSeijas, Tatiana and Jake Frederick (2017).Spanish Dollars and Sister Republics: The Money That Made Mexico and the United States.Lanham:Rowman & Littlefield.pp. 3–4.ISBN9781538100462.
  16. ^Ulrich Theobald (2016): "Qing Period Money: Foreign Silver 'Dollars'Archived9 April 2021 at theWayback Machine".Online article in the websiteChinaKnowledge.de - An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art,dated Apr 13, 2016. Accessed on 2021-08-14.
  17. ^Sandra Choron and Harry Choron (2011):Money Everything You Never Knew About Your Favorite Thing to Find, Save, Spend & CovetArchived5 April 2023 at theWayback Machinepage 68.ISBN9781452105598
  18. ^Florence Edler de Roover. Concerning the Ancestry of the Dollar Sign. - Bulletin of the Business Historical Society. Vol. 19, No. 2 (Apr., 1945), pp. 63-64Archived26 September 2018 at theWayback Machine
  19. ^James, James Alton (1970) [1937].Robert Morris: The Life and Times of an Unknown Patriot.Freeport: Books for Libraries Press. p. 356.ISBN978-0-8369-5527-9.
  20. ^James, James Alton (1929). "'Robert Morris, Financier of the Revolution in the West'".The Mississippi Valley Historical Review.
  21. ^Larson, Henrietta M. (October 1939). "Note on Our Dollar Sign".Bulletin of the Business Historical Society.13(4): 57–58.doi:10.2307/3111350.JSTOR3111350.
  22. ^Towne, Henry R. (1886)."Engineer as an Economist".in Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York City: American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
  23. ^(2018): "Where did the dollar sign come from?Archived12 August 2021 at theWayback Machine"Online article of theHistorychannel website, dated 2018-08-22. Accessed on 2021-08-12.
  24. ^(2015): "Origem do Cifrão". Note on the website of the Casa da Moeda do Brasil (Brazilian Mint). Accessed on 2021-08-12.
  25. ^"Banque de dépannage linguistique - Somme d'argent".Office québécois de la langue française.Archivedfrom the original on 29 September 2022.Retrieved31 October2022.
  26. ^abcEduardo Marín Silva (22 July 2019)."Currency signs missing in Unicode"(PDF).Unicode Consortium.Archived(PDF)from the original on 31 August 2021.Retrieved12 August2021.
  27. ^(1960): Price"Cr$ 15,00"on thefront coverArchived14 August 2021 at theWayback Machineof the 1960-05-07 issue ofO Cruzeiromagazine, reproduced on theMuzeezwebsite on 2016-12-105. Accessed on 2021-08-14.
  28. ^Lisbon-tourist-guide.com. "Portuguese EscudoArchived2 October 2022 at theWayback Machine."2008.
  29. ^abBanco de Cabo Verde. "MoedasArchived2011-01-22 at theWayback Machine."Accessed 25 Feb 2011.
  30. ^Casa da Moeda."Origem do Cifrão"(in Portuguese). Casadamoeda.gov.br.Archivedfrom the original on 12 March 2018.Retrieved11 March2018.
  31. ^ab"C0 Controls and Basic Latin | Range: 0000–007F"(PDF).The Unicode Standard, Version 15.1.Unicode Consortium.
  32. ^"24 Character entity references in HTML 4".www.w3.org.Archivedfrom the original on 1 April 2018.Retrieved7 April2018.The following sections present the complete lists of character entity references
  33. ^"8.5 Named character references".Archivedfrom the original on 5 August 2017.Retrieved7 April2018.dollar;U+00024$
  34. ^"Proposed New Characters: The Pipeline".Unicode Consortium.11 October 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 31 March 2017.Retrieved26 December2019.
  35. ^Banco Central do Brasil. "Currency table.Archived14 May 2017 at theWayback Machine"Accessed 24 Feb 2011.
  36. ^Kildall, Gary.Computer Connections.
  37. ^"Relative & Absolute Cell References in Excel".Archivedfrom the original on 17 March 2015.Retrieved23 April2015.
  38. ^Roy Morris (1995).Ambrose Bierce: Alone in Bad Company.Oxford University Press. p. 176.ISBN9780195126280.
  39. ^"Scrabble Glossary".Tucson Scrabble Club. Archived fromthe originalon 30 August 2011.Retrieved6 February2012.
  40. ^Weinberg, Alvin M.; Wigner, Eugene P. (1958).The Physical Theory of Neutron Chain Reactors.Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 595.
  41. ^"DOE Fundamentals: Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory: Module 4: Reactor Theory (Reactor Operations)"(PDF).U. S. Department of Energy. n.d. p. 16.Archived(PDF)from the original on 27 May 2022.Retrieved25 July2022.

General and cited sources

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