Domestic canary

This article is about the pet variety of the bird. For the wild bird that inhabits islands off western Europe, seeAtlantic canary.

Domestic canary
Domestic canary
Conservation status
Domesticated
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Fringillidae
Subfamily:	Carduelinae
Genus:	Serinus
Species:	S. canaria
Subspecies:	S. c. domestica
Trinomial name
Serinus canaria domestica (Linnaeus,1758)
Synonyms
Serinus canarius domesticusLinnaeus 1758,I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1861

Thedomestic canary,often simply known as thecanary(Serinus canariaformadomestica), is adomesticatedform of the wildcanary,a smallsongbirdin thefinchfamilyoriginating from theMacaronesian Islandsof theAzores,Madeiraand theCanary Islands.

Canaries were first bred incaptivityin the 17th century, having been brought to Europe by Spanish sailors. Monks started breeding them and only sold the males (which sing). This kept the birds in short supply and drove the price up. Eventually, Italians obtained hens and were able to breed the birds. This made them very popular, resulting in many breeds arising, and the birds being bred all over Europe.

The same occurred in England. First the birds were only owned by the rich, but eventually the local citizens started to breed them and, again, they became very popular. Many breeds arose through selective breeding, and they are still very popular today for their voices.

From the 18th up to the 20th centuries, canaries andfincheswere used in the UK, Canada and the US in thecoal miningindustry to detectcarbon monoxide.In the UK, this practice ceased in 1986.

Typically, the domestic canary is kept as a popularcageandaviarybird. Given proper housing and care, a canary's lifespan ranges from 10 to 15 years.

Etymology

The birds are named afterSpain'sCanary Islands,which derive their name from the LatinInsula Canaria(after one of the larger islands,Gran Canaria), meaning 'island of dogs', due to its "vast multitudes of dogs of very large size".

Varieties

A white canary nesting

Feral yellow canary at Midway Atoll

Red factor canary

Sleeping canary

Domestic canaries are generally divided into three main groups:

• Colour-bred canaries (bred for their many colourmutations– Ino, Eumo, Satinette, Bronze, Ivory, Onyx, Mosaic, Brown,red factor,Green (Wild Type): darkest black and brown melanin shade in yellow ground birds, Yellow Melanin: mutation showing yellow ground colour with brown and black pigment, Yellow Lipochrome: mutation creating the loss of brown and black pigment, leaving yellow ground colouretc.)
• Type canaries (bred for their shape and conformation –Australian plainhead,Berner, Border, Fife, Gibber Italicus, Gloster, Lancashire, Raza Española, Yorkshire, etc.)
• Song canaries (bred for their unique and specific song patterns – Spanish Timbrado, German Roller (also known asHarz Roller), Waterslager (also known as "Malinois" ), American Singer, Russian Singer, Persian Singer).

While wild canaries are a yellowish-green colour, domestic canaries have been selectively bred for a wide variety of colours, such as yellow, orange, brown, black, white, and red (the colour red was introduced to the domestic canary throughhybridisationwith thered siskin(Spinus cucullatus), a species of South American finch).Evidence of hybridization has also been found between the domestic canary (S. canaria domestica) and theblack-chinned siskin(Spinus barbatus) in captivity.

Midway Atollis home to a colony of feral yellow canaries, descended from pet birds introduced in 1909 by employees of theCommercial Pacific Cable Company.An estimated 500 canaries, which have retained their bright yellow plumage, are resident on Sand Island.

Competitions

Canaries are judged in competitions following the annualmoltin the summer.This means that in the Northern Hemisphere the show season generally begins in October or November and runs through December or January. Birds can only be shown by the persons who raised them. A show bird must have a unique band on its leg indicating the year of birth, the band number, and the club to which the breeder belongs.

There are many canary shows all over the world. The world show (C.O.M. - Confederation Ornithologique Mondiale) is held in Europe each year and attracts thousands of breeders. As many as 20,000 birds are brought together for this competition.

Miner's canary

Mining foreman R. Thornburg shows a small cage with a canary used for testing carbon monoxide gas in 1928.

Resuscitation cage with an oxygen cylinder serving as a handle used to revive a canary for multiple uses in detecting carbon monoxide pockets within mines

Mice were used assentinel speciesfor use in detecting carbon monoxide in Britishcoal miningfrom around 1896,after the idea had been suggested in 1895 byJohn Scott Haldane.Toxicgasessuch ascarbon monoxideorasphyxiant gasessuch asmethanein the mine would affect small warm-blooded animals before affecting the miners, since their respiratory exchange is more rapid than in humans. A mouse will be affected by carbon monoxide within a few minutes, while a human will have an interval of 20 times as long.Later, canaries were found to be more sensitive and a more effective indicator as they showed more visible signs of distress. Their use in mining is documented from around 1900.The birds were sometimes kept in carriers which had small oxygen bottles attached to revive them.The use of miners' canaries inBritishmines was phased out in 1986.

The phrase "canary in a coal mine"is frequently used to refer to a person or thing which serves as an early warning of a coming crisis. By analogy, the term" climate canary "is used to refer to a species (called anindicator species) that is affected by an environmental danger prior to other species, thus serving as an early warning system for the other species with regard to the danger.

Use in research

Canaries have been extensively used in research to studyneurogenesis,or the birth of new neurons in the adult brain, and also for basic research in order to understand how songbirds encode and produce song. Thus, canaries have served as model species for discovering how thevertebrate brainlearns, consolidates memories, and recalls coordinated motor movements.

Fernando Nottebohm,a professor at theRockefeller UniversityinNew York City,detailed theavian brainstructures and pathways that are involved in the production of bird song.

Canaries are sometimes used to avoid hazardous human testing. Wasicky et al. 1949 used them in early testing ofinsect repellents.Human testing could only provide limitedsample sizeand the inherentvarianceof the host ⇔ repellent ⇔ insect interaction is too high. Canaries, among othertest animals,provided larger sample sizes cheaply.

In culture

In organized crime, the canary symbolizes aninformantwho "sings" to the police.

Canaries have been depicted incartoonsfrom the mid-20th century as being harassed by domesticcats;the most famous cartoon canary isWarner Bros.' "Tweety".

Norwich City,an Englishfootballteam, is nicknamed "the Canaries" due to the city once being a famous centre for breeding and export of the birds. The club adopted the colours of yellow and green in homage. Jacob Mackley, of Norwich, won many prizes with birds of the local variety and shipped about 10,000 from Norwich to New York every year.A number of other sports teams worldwide use variations of the name "Canaries", such asAtlético Morelia(Mexico),Botev Plovdiv(Bulgaria),Frosinone(Italy),Koper(Slovenia),FC Novi Sad(Serbia),Fenerbahçe(Turkey),Lillestrøm SK(Norway),Kedah FA(Malaysia),IAPE(Maranhão, Brazil), theBrazil national football teamand theBrazil women's national football team.

See also

• Atlantic canary(wild canary)
• Australian plainhead
• Harz Roller
• Red factor canary
• Birdcage
• John Scott Haldane
• Warrant canary
• Sentinel species

Further reading

• McDonald, Robirda,Brats in Feathers, Keeping CanariesISBN0-9730434-4-X
• Miley-Russell, Marie,The Practical Canary Handbook, A Guide to Breeding and Keeping Canaries.ISBN1-59113-851-5.Especially useful to American Singer canary owners.
• Linda Hogan,Canary Tales
• GB Walker,Colour, Type, and Song Canaries
• David Alderton,Birds Care,You and your pet bird
• Author unknown,The Canary Handbook,Canaries,Barrons
• Tim Hawcroft,Health Care for Birds
• James Blake,Fife Canaries

External links

• The Canary FAQ
• The Rockefeller University
• Canary SoundonYouTube
• Domestic canaryatCurlie