Domingo Jironza Petriz de Cruzate
Domingo Jironza Pétriz de Cruzate | |
|---|---|
| 27th and 29thSpanish Governor of New Mexico | |
| In office 1683–1686 | |
| Preceded by | Antonio de Otermin |
| Succeeded by | Pedro Reneros de Posada |
| In office 1689–1691 | |
| Preceded by | Pedro Reneros de Posada |
| Succeeded by | Diego de Vargas |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1640 Huesca,Aragon, Spain |
Domingo Jironza Pétriz de Cruzate(orDomingo Gironza) (born c. 1640) was a Spanish soldier who wasGovernor of New Mexicofrom 1683 to 1686, and again from 1689 to 1691.[1] He came to office at a time a large part of the province ofSanta Fe de Nuevo Méxicowas independent of Spanish rule due to thePueblo Revolt. With limited resources, he was unable to reconquer the province.
Early career[edit]
Domingo Jironza Pétriz de Cruzate was born around 1640 in the province ofHuescain Aragon, Spain. Possibly he was the Domingo Xironza who married Sebastiana de Oquendo in Mexico City on 30 April 1663. If so, he was the son of Antonio Xironza and Ana Mangues Pérez.[2] He joined the Spanish armed forces and served in the wars between Spain and Portugal.[3] On 10 April 1680 Jironza sailed from Cadiz as Captain in command of fifty soldiers, bound forNew Spain. On his arrival the viceroy,Payo Enríquez de Rivera,made him mayor ofMetztitlán,an office that he held until 1682.[2]
New Mexico governor[edit]
The Spanish were driven out of New Mexico in 1680 after thePueblo Revolt.In 1683 Jironza was appointed Captain General and Governor of the New Mexico frontier, with the mandate of fighting theApachesand attempting to re-conquer the territory. His headquarters were atEl Paso del Norte.[3]
On 15 October 1683 a party of sevenJumano Indiansfrom La Junta de los Ríos, at the junction of theRio ConchosandRio Grandenear modern-dayPresidio, Texas,came to El Paso, asking for the Spanish to send missionaries to their country and beyond. Their spokesman,Juan Sabeata,talked of the great wealth of these lands, and those of the great kingdom of Texas that lay beyond.[4]Jironza sentJuan Domínguez de Mendoza,an experienced militia leader, and Fray Nicolás López to explore the Jumano country and establish missions. The expedition left El Paso on 15 December 1683, going down the Rio Grande to La Junta, then on to theEdwards Plateau.They spent six weeks there, building a fort as defense against Apaches near the location of modernSan Angelo, Texas,and hunting buffalo for hides and food. They fed and baptized many of the friendly local people who visited their camp.[5]On their return, Domínguez and López made a strong case for sending soldiers and missionaries to the Jumano country.[6]However, Governor Jironza was unable to help since his forces were tied up fighting the Pueblos.[5]
On March 14, 1684, friendly Tiwas and Piros told Jironza of aMansoplot to kill all the Spaniards in El Paso. The Mansos were "tired of everything having to do with God and with the church, which is why they wanted to do what the Indians of New Mexico had done."[7]The Spanish imprisoned the ringleaders of the plot, who included anApacheand aQuiviraIndian (probably aWichita). Ten of them were executed.[8]Later, in November, the Spanish garrison of 60 men plus friendly Indians attacked a gathering of hostile Indians who apparently intended to carry out the plot.[9]
Jironza led an expedition against the Apaches in 1684. He was not given sufficient soldiers to effect the reconquest of New Mexico, because resources were held back due to rumours that the French were conducting an expedition in Texas, and preventing this would be the higher priority.[10]This was the invasion of eastern Texas byRené-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Sallein 1685.[5]
In 1685 Jironza made an effort to collect the refugees from New Mexico who had disobeyed royal orders and left the El Paso area.[2]
Jironza was temporarily removed from office in 1686 since his activities in theNueva Vizcayaregion had caused conflict with both the church and the civil authorities.[3]
Jironza's successorPedro Reneros de Posadaproved ineffective and Jironza was reinstated in 1688 or 1689. His first action was to march north, where he sacked and burnedZia Pueblo.[3]This was the bloodiest engagement during the Pueblo Revolt, causing the Indians to abandon their settlements and retreat into the mountains.[11]Six hundred Indians were killed, but the Spanish again did not have sufficient resources to follow through, and Jironza was forced to retire to El Paso.[10]On this expedition he was accompanied by seventy Franciscan Friars.[12]
He was planning to make another effort to reconquer New Mexico in 1691, but had to cancel the expedition while he dealt with uprisings by theSuma Indiansto the south of El Paso.
He was succeeded as governor that year byDiego de Vargas.[2]
Documents apparently signed by Jironza in 1689 granted land to eleven Pueblos. However, two centuries later these were found to be forgeries.[13]
His successor, Captain General Diego de Vargas Zapata Lujan Ponce de León y Contreras, set out from El Paso around the end of August 1692, and took possession of Santa Fe on 14 September 1692 without having to fight.[14]
Later career[edit]
Jironza was made captain of the mobilePresidio de las Fronteras de Sonoraforce in 1691, operating from various temporary bases on the northern frontier, the last being the mining camp ofSan Juan Bautista de Sonora.He fought against the Apaches, Janos, Jocomes, Upper Pimas, and Sumas.[2]His nephewJuan Mateo Mangeleft Spain to join his uncle in 1692. He was appointed lieutenant, alcalde mayor andcapitan á guerra,and was given the duty of accompanying the missionaries inSonoraand recording their discoveries. These reports provide an excellent source of information on the exploration of northern Sonora.[15]
In 1701 Domingo Jironza Pétriz de Cruzate was replaced as captain by General Jacinto de Fuensaldaña. He remained in San Juan Bautista after his retirement. The last record that mentions him is dated September 1708, when he was mayordomo of the community church.[2]
References[edit]
Citations
- ^New Mexico Governors.
- ^abcdefHendricks 2012.
- ^abcdRoeder 2004.
- ^Horgan 1991,p. 298-299.
- ^abcWeddle 2012.
- ^Chipman & Joseph 2010,p. 64.
- ^Polt 2008,p. 66.
- ^Polt 2008,p. 88.
- ^Polt 2008,p. 95-99.
- ^abBannon 1974,p. 86.
- ^Twitchell 1925,p. 90.
- ^Prince 1883,p. 204.
- ^Clark 1987,p. 19.
- ^Jenkins & Schroeder 1974,p. 22.
- ^Bancroft et al. 1883,p. 256.
Sources
- Bancroft, Hubert Howe; Nemos, William; Oak, Henry Lebbeus; Victor, Frances Fuller; Alfred Bates (1883).North American states. 1883.A. L. Bancroft & company. p.256.Retrieved2012-07-24.
- Bannon, John Francis (1974).The Spanish Borderlands Frontier, 1513-1821.UNM Press.ISBN978-0-8263-0309-7.Retrieved2012-07-24.
- Chipman, Donald E.; Joseph, Harriett Denise (2010-01-15).Spanish Texas, 1519-1821.University of Texas Press.ISBN978-0-292-72180-7.Retrieved2012-07-22.
- Clark, Ira G. (1987).Water in New Mexico: A History of Its Management and Use.UNM Press.ISBN978-0-8263-0923-5.Retrieved2012-07-24.
- Hendricks, Rick (2012)."Domingo Jironza Pétriz de Cruzate, 1683-1686, 1689-1691".Archived fromthe originalon 2013-04-15.Retrieved2012-07-24.
- Horgan, Paul (1991-10-01).Great River: The Rio Grande in North American History.Wesleyan University Press.ISBN978-0-8195-6251-7.Retrieved2012-07-24.
- Jenkins, Myra Ellen; Schroeder, Albert H. (1974).A Brief History of New Mexico.UNM Press.ISBN978-0-8263-0370-7.Retrieved2012-07-24.
- "New Mexico Governors Under the Administration of the Spanish Crown".State of New Mexico - Commission of Public Records ~ State Records Center and Archives. 2005. Archived fromthe originalon 2011-09-30.Retrieved2012-07-24.
- Polt, John H. R. (18 April 2008)."Investigation of the Rebellion of the Manso Indians and their Allies, carried out by Domingo Jironza Pétriz de Cruzate, Governor of New Mexico (1683-1686, 1689-1691), from 15 March to 3 November 1684".University of California, Berkeley.Retrieved2012-07-24.
- Prince, Le Baron Bradford (1883).Historical sketches of New Mexico: from the earliest records to the American occupation.Leggat brothers. p.204.Retrieved2012-07-24.
- Roeder, Fred (30 June 2004)."Fabric of Surveying: The Indian Pueblos of New Mexico and the Cruzate Grants".The American Surveyor.Archived fromthe originalon 24 April 2015.Retrieved2012-07-24.
- Twitchell, Ralph Emerson (1925).Old Santa Fe.Sunstone Press.ISBN978-0-86534-574-4.Retrieved2012-07-24.
- Weddle, Robert S. (2012)."DOMINGUEZ DE MENDOZA, JUAN".Handbook of Texas Online.Texas State Historical Association.RetrievedJuly 22,2012.