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Donald A. Wollheim

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Donald A. Wollheim
BornDonald Allen Wollheim
(1914-10-01)October 1, 1914
New York City,New York,U.S.
DiedNovember 2, 1990(1990-11-02)(aged 76)
New York City, New York, U.S.
Pen nameDavid Grinnell
Arthur Cooke
Millard Verne Gordon
Martin Pearson
Braxton Wells
Graham Conway
Lawrence Woods
Darrell G. Raynor
Occupation
  • Publisher
  • editor
  • writer
  • critic
Period1934–1990[1]
GenreScience fiction,fantasy
SpouseElsie Balter
ChildrenElizabeth Rosalind 'Betsy' Wollheim
Wollheim's "Pogo Planet", the first installment of his "Alex Calkins" series, was the cover story for the October 1941 issue ofFuture.It appeared under Wollheim's "Martin Pearson" pseudonym and was illustrated byHannes Bok.

Donald Allen Wollheim(October 1, 1914 – November 2, 1990) was anAmericanscience fictioneditor,publisher,writer,andfan.As an author, he published under his own name as well as under pseudonyms, includingDavid Grinnell,[2]Martin Pearson,andDarrell G. Raynor.A founding member of theFuturians,he was a leading influence on science fiction development and fandom in the 20th-century United States.[2]Ursula K. Le Guincalled Wollheim "the tough, reliable editor ofAce Books,in the LatePulpaligneanEra, 1966 and '67 ", which is when he published her first two novels inAce Doubleeditions.[3]

Profile

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Involvement in science fiction fandom

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The 1979 first edition ofThe Encyclopedia of Science Fictioncalls Wollheim "one of the first and most vociferous SF fans."[4]He published numerous fanzines and co-edited the earlyFanciful Tales of Time and Space.His importance to early fandom is chronicled in the 1974 bookThe Immortal Stormby Sam Moskowitz[5]and in the 1977 bookThe Futuriansby Damon Knight.[6]

With Frederik Pohl and John Michel, 1938

Wollheim organized an event later considered the first American science fiction convention, when a group from New York met with a group from Philadelphia on October 22, 1936, in Philadelphia. The modernPhilconconvention claims descent from this event. Out of this meeting, plans were formed for regional and national meetings, including the first-everWorldcon.[7]

Wollheim was a member of the New York Science Fiction League, one of the clubs established byHugo Gernsbackto promote science fiction.[6]When payment was not forthcoming for the first story he sold to Gernsback, Wollheim formed a group with several other authors, and successfully sued for payment. He was expelled from the Science Fiction League as "a disruptive influence"[7]but was later reinstated. From the September 1935 issue of Gernsback'sWonder Stories:

THREE MEMBERS EXPELLED

It grieves us to announce that we have found the first disloyalty in our organization... These members we expelled on June 12th. Their names are Donald A. Wollheim, John B. Michel, and William S. Sykora—three active fans who just got themselves onto the wrong road.

In 1937 Wollheim founded theFantasy Amateur Press Association,whose first mailing (July 1937) included this statement from him: "There are many fans desiring to put out a voice who dare not, for fear of being obliged to keep it up, and for the worry and time taken by subscriptions and advertising. It is for them and for the fan who admits it is his hobby and not his business that we formed the FAPA." In 1938, with several friends, he formed theFuturians—arguably the best-known of the science fiction clubs. At one time or another, the membership includedIsaac Asimov,Frederik Pohl,Cyril Kornbluth,James Blish,John Michel,Judith Merril,Robert A. W. Lowndes,Richard Wilson,Damon Knight,Virginia Kidd,andLarry T. Shaw.[7]In 1943 Wollheim married fellow Futurian Elsie Balter (1910–1996). It proved to be a lasting marriage and publishing partnership.

The Futurians became less fan-oriented and more professional after 1940. Its conferences and workshops focused on writing, editing, and publishing, with many of its members interested in all three.[7]

Work as author

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Wollheim's first story, "The Man from Ariel", was published in the January 1934 issue ofWonder Stories[1][8]when he was nineteen.

Don Wollheim and his daughter Elizabeth (1954).

He was not paid for the story, and when he learned that other authors had not been paid either, he said so in theBulletinof the Terrestrial Fantascience Guild.[9]PublisherHugo Gernsbackeventually settled with Wollheim and the other authors out of court for $75. However, when Wollheim submitted another story ( "The Space Lens" ) under the pseudonym Millard Verne Gordon,[1]he was once again cheated by Gernsback who published it in the September 1935 issue.[10]His third known story was published inFanciful Tales of Time and Space,Fall 1936, a fanzine that he edited himself.[1]That year he also published and edited another short-lived fanzine,Phantagraph.[1]

Wollheim's stories were published regularly from 1940; at the same time he was becoming an important editor. In the 1950s and 60s he wrote chiefly novels. He usually used pseudonyms for works aimed at grownups, and wrote children's novels under his own name. Notable and popular were the eight "Mike Mars" books for children, which explored different facets of theNASAspace program.[4]Also well-received were the "Secret" books for young readers:The Secret of Saturn's Rings(1954),Secret of the Martian Moons(1955), andThe Secret of the Ninth Planet(1959). As Martin Pearson he published the "Ajax Calkins" series, which became the basis for his novelDestiny's Orbit(1962).[4]A sequel,Destination: Saturnwas published in 1967 in collaboration withLin Carter.The Universe Makers(1971) is a discussion of themes and philosophy in science fiction.

One of Wollheim's short stories, "Mimic", was made into thefilm of the same nameby director and co-writerGuillermo del Toro,released in 1997.[11]

His daughterBetsydeclared: "In true editorial fashion, he was honest about the quality of his own writing. He felt it was fair to middling at best. He always knew that his great talent was as an editor."[12]

Career as editor and publisher

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Robert Silverbergsaid that Wollheim was "one of the most significant figures in 20th century American science fiction publishing," adding, "A plausible case could be made that he wasthemost significant figure—responsible in large measure for the development of the science fiction paperback, the science fiction anthology, and the whole post-Tolkien boom in fantasy fiction. "[7]

In late 1940, Wollheim noticed a new magazine titledStirring Detective and Western Storieson the newsstands. He wrote to the publishers, Albing Publications, to see if they were interested in adding a science fiction title to their list, and he was invited to meet them. They did not have capital, however, and only guaranteed him a salary if the magazines were successful. He approached some of his fellow Futurians for free stories (some published under pseudonyms to protect their reputations with paying editors).[13][14]It resulted in Wollheim's editing two of the earliest periodicals devoted to science fiction, theCosmic StoriesandStirring Science Storiesmagazines starting in February 1941. After the magazines were cancelled later in 1941, Wollheim was able to find another publisher, Manhattan Fiction Publications, and a fourth issue ofStirringappeared, dated March 1942. Wartime constraints prevented ongoing publication, and there were no more issues of either title.[15][16][17]

Wollheim edited the first science fiction anthology to be mass-marketed,The Pocket Book of Science Fiction(1943).[7]It was also the first book containing the words "science fiction" in the title.[12]It included works byRobert A. Heinlein,Theodore Sturgeon,T. S. Stribling,Stephen Vincent Benét,Ambrose Bierce,andH. G. Wells.In 1945 Wollheim edited the first hardcover anthology from a major publisher and the first omnibus,The Viking Portable Novels of Science.He also edited the first anthology of original science fiction,The Girl With the Hungry Eyes(1947), although there is evidence that this last was originally intended to be the first issue of a new magazine.[7]

Ace Double,The Brain Stealers/Atta(1954).
Avon Fantasy ReaderNo. 10, edited by Wollheim.

Between 1947 and 1951 he was editor at the pioneering paperback publisherAvon Books,where he made available highly affordable editions of the works ofA. Merritt,H. P. Lovecraft,andC. S. Lewis'Silent Planetspace trilogy, bringing these previously little known authors a wide readership.[18]During this period he also edited eighteen issues of the influentialAvon Fantasy Readeras well as three of theAvon Science Fiction Reader.These periodicals contained mostly reprints and a few original stories.

In 1952 Wollheim left Avon to work forA. A. Wynat the Ace Magazine Company and spearheaded a new paperback book list,Ace Books.In 1953 he introduced science fiction to the Ace lineup,[2]and for 20 years as editor-in-chief was responsible for their multi-genre list and, most important to him, their renowned sf list.[4]Wollheim invented theAce Doublesseries which consisted of pairs of books, usually by different authors, bound back-to-back with two "front" covers.[18]Because these paired books had to fit a fixed total page length, one or both were usually abridged to fit, and Wollheim often made other editorial alterations—as witness the differences betweenPoul Anderson's Ace novelWar of the Wing-Menand its definitive revised edition,The Man Who Counts.Among the authors who made their paperback debuts in Ace Doubles werePhilip K. Dick,Samuel R. Delany,Leigh Brackett,Ursula K. Le Guin,andJohn Brunner.[18]William S. Burroughs' first book,Junkie,was published as an Ace Double.[18]Wollheim also helped developMarion Zimmer Bradley,Robert Silverberg,Avram Davidson,Fritz Leiber,Andre Norton,Thomas Burnett Swann,Jack Vance,andRoger Zelazny,among others. While at Ace, he and co-editorTerry Carrbegan an annual anthology series,The World's Best Science Fiction,the first collection of what they considered the best of the prior year's short stories, from magazines, hardcovers, paperback collections and other anthologies.[7]

In the early 1960s Ace reintroduced Edgar Rice Burroughs' work, which had long been out of print, and in 1965, Ace bought the paperback rights toDune[7](Herbert's title worried Wollheim, who feared it would be mistaken for a western).[12]Eventually, Ace introduced single paperback books and became one of the preeminent genre publishers. Ace and Ballantine dominated sf in the 1960s and built the genre by publishing original material as well as reprints.[7]

Tolkien controversy

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TheAce Bookseditions ofThe Lord of the Rings,with cover artwork byJack Gaughan,who had produced many science fiction book covers for Wollheim.

Prior to the 1960s, no large American paperback publisher would publish fantasy. It was believed that there was no public demand for it and that it would not sell. Wollheim published an unauthorized paperback edition ofJ. R. R. Tolkien'sThe Lord of the Ringsin three volumes. It was the first mass-market paperback edition of Tolkien's epic.[18]Wollheim did not consider himself a fantasy fan. In a 2006 interview his daughter, Betsy Wollheim, said:[19]

When he called up Professor Tolkien in 1964 and asked if he could publishLord of the Ringsas Ace paperbacks, Tolkien said he wouldneverallow his great works to appear in so 'degenerate a form' as the paperback book. Don was one of the fathers of the entire paperback industry, since before he spearheaded the Ace line he was the originating editor-in-chief of the Avon paperback list in 1945, so he took this personally. He was very offended. He did a little research and discovered a loophole in the copyright. Houghton Mifflin, Tolkien's American hardcover publisher, had neglected to protect the work in the United States. So, incensed by Tolkien's response, he realized that he could legally publish them and did. This brash action (which ultimately benefited his primary competitors) was really the Big Bang that founded the modern fantasy field, and only someone like my father could have done that. Hedidpay Tolkien, and he was responsible for making not only Tolkien butBallantine Booksextremely wealthy. He was bitter about that, and frankly that's probably why he never got theHugohe wanted. But if he hadn't done it, who knows when — or if — those books would have been published in paperback?

This account was disputed by Tolkien, who claimed that he never received any communication from Ace prior to publication of their version.[20]In any case, Tolkien had previously authorized paperback editions ofThe HobbitandTree and Leaf.[21][22]The authorized Ballantine paperback edition ofThe Lord of the Ringswas then published in November, 1965. Ace subsequently agreed to cease publishing the unauthorized edition and to pay Tolkien for their sales following agrassrootscampaign by Tolkien's U.S. fans.[23][24]A 1993 court determined that the copyright loophole suggested by Ace Books was invalid and its paperback edition was found to have been a violation of copyright underU.S. law[25](at this time, the U.S. had yet to join theInternational Copyright Convention,and most laws on the books existed to protect domestic creations from foreign infringement.Houghton Mifflinwas technically in violation of the law when they exceeded their import limits and failed to renew their interim copyright). In theLocusobituary for Donald Wollheim, however, more details emerge:

Houghton-Mifflin had imported sheets instead of printing their own edition, but they didn't want to sell paperback rights. Ace printed the first paperback edition and caused such a furor that Tolkien rewrote the books enough to get a new copyright, then sold them to Ballantine. The rest is history. Although Ace and Wollheim have become the villains in the Tolkien publishing gospel, it's probable that the whole Tolkien boom would not have happened if Ace hadn't published them.[7]

Foundation of DAW Books

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See also:DAW Books

Wollheim left Ace in 1971.Frederik Pohldescribes the circumstances:

Unfortunately, when Wyn died [in 1968] the company was sold to a consortium headed by a bank.... Few of them had any publishing experience before they found themselves running Ace. It showed. Before long, bills weren't being paid, authors' advances and royalties were delayed, budgets were cut back, and most of Donald's time was spent trying to soothe authors and agents who were indignant, and had every right to be, at the way they were treated.[7]

DAW Books logo used from 1972 to 1984

Upon leaving Ace, he and his wife, Elsie Balter Wollheim, foundedDAW Books,which he named for his initials. DAW can claim to be the first mass market specialist science fiction andfantasy fictionpublishing house.[2]DAW issued its first four titles in April 1972. Most of the writers whom he had developed at Ace went with him to DAW: Marion Zimmer Bradley, Andre Norton, Philip K. Dick, John Brunner,A. Bertram Chandler,Kenneth Bulmer,Gordon R. Dickson,A. E. van Vogt,andJack Vance.In later years, when his distributor,New American Library,threatened to withholdThomas Burnett Swann's Biblicalhistorical fantasyHow Are the Mighty Fallen(1974), owing to its homosexual content, Wollheim fought vigorously against their decision, and they relented.

His later author discoveries includedTanith Lee,Jennifer Roberson,Michael Shea,Tad Williams,Celia S. Friedman,andC. J. Cherryh,whoseDownbelow Station(1982) was the first DAW book to win the Hugo Award for best novel. He was also able to give a number of British writers, includingE. C. Tubb,Brian Stableford,Barrington Bayley,andMichael Coney,a new American audience. He published translations of international sf as well as anthologies of translated stories,Best From the Rest of the World.With the help ofArthur W. Saha,Wollheim also edited and published the popular "Annual World's Best Science Fiction" anthology from 1971 until his death.

Recognition

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Algis Budrysin 1966 gave Wollheim a Galaxy Bookshelf award "for doing his job".[26]Upon Wollheim's death in 1990, the prolific editor Robert Silverberg argued (above) that he may have been "themost significant figure "in American SF publishing.[7]

Robert Jordancredited Wollheim for helping to launch Jordan's career. Wollheim made an offer for Jordan's first novel,Warriors of the Ataii,though he withdrew the offer when Jordan requested some minor changes to the contract. Jordan claimed that Wollheim's first, 'laudatory' letter convinced him that he could write, and so he chose to remember the first letter and forget about the second.[27][28]The novel was never published, but Jordan went on to write the immensely successfulThe Wheel of Timeseries for a different publisher.

Marion Zimmer Bradley referred to him as "a second father", Frederick Pohl called him "a founder",[7]and Robert Silverberg says he was "seriously underrated" and "one of the great shapers of science-fiction publishing in the United States".[18]In 1977 scholarRobert Scholesnamed Wollheim "one of the most important editors and publishers of science fiction."[29]

From 1975 on, Wollheim received several special awards for his contributions to science fiction and to fantasy,[30]including one at the 1975 World SF Convention and runner-up to Ian & Betty Ballantine at the 1975 World Fantasy Convention.

TheScience Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fameinducted him in 2002, its seventh class of two deceased and two living persons.[31]He is the third person inducted primarily for his work as editor or publisher, after the inaugural 1996 pairHugo GernsbackandJohn W. Campbell.

Selected works

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As editor

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World's Best Science Fiction(with Terry Carr)

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The Annual World's Best SF(with Arthur W. Saha)

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As writer

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Novels

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Mike Mars series

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Source:[32]

  • Mike Mars, Astronaut(1961)
  • Mike Mars Flies the X-15(1961)
  • Mike Mars at Cape Canaveral(renamedMike Mars at Cape Kennedywhen published in paperback in 1966) (1961)
  • Mike Mars in Orbit(1961)
  • Mike Mars Flies the Dyna-Soar(1962)
  • Mike Mars, South Pole Spaceman(1962)
  • Mike Mars and the Mystery Satellite(1963)
  • Mike Mars Around the Moon(1964)

Nonfiction

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  • A Year Among the Girls(as Darrell G. Raynor) (1966) (concerning hiscrossdressingexperiences andCasa Susanna)[33]
  • The Universe Makers: Science Fiction Today(1971): a "survey and behind-the-scenes look" at science fiction from theGolden Ageonward)[29])

Personal life

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Wollheim also actively practicedcross-dressingas awomanthroughout his life, and he regularly attended events atCasa Susannain theCatskillsofupstate New York.[34][35]

See also

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References

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  1. ^abcde Donald A. Wollheimat theInternet Speculative Fiction Database(ISFDB). Retrieved April 18, 2013.
  2. ^abcdSmith, Curtis C.(1981).Twentieth-Century Science-Fiction Writers.New York: St. Martin's. pp.596–598.ISBN0-312-82420-3.
  3. ^Guin, Ursula K. Le (August 30, 2017).""Introduction" from Ursula K. Le Guin: The Hainish Novels & Stories, Volume One ".Tor.com.
  4. ^abcdNicholls, Peter (1979).The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction.London: Granada. pp. 660–61.
  5. ^Moskowitz, Sam (1974).The Immortal Storm.Westport, CT: Hyperion Press.ISBN9780883551318.
  6. ^abKnight, Damon(1977).The Futurians.New York: John Day.ISBN0-381-98288-2.
  7. ^abcdefghijklmnLOCUS,December 1990, Donald A. Wollheim: Obituaries and Appreciations, pp. 68–70.
  8. ^Silver, Steven H."Debut Science Fiction".RetrievedSeptember 21,2007.
  9. ^Speer, Jack(1939).Up to Now.Full-Length Articles.
  10. ^Davin, Eric Leif(1999).Pioneers of Wonder.New York: Prometheus Books.ISBN1-57392-702-3.
  11. ^Donald A. WollheimatIMDb.
  12. ^abcPersonal interview with Elizabeth Wollheim. April 27, 2009.
  13. ^Asimov, Isaac (1972).The early Asimov; or, Eleven years of trying.Garden City NY: Doubleday. pp. 166–169.
  14. ^Knight, Damon (1977).The Futurians.New York: John Day. pp. 60–83.
  15. ^Thompson, Raymond H. (1985a). "Cosmic Stories".In Tymn, Marshall B.; Ashley, Mike (eds.).Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Weird Fiction Magazines.Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 168–170.ISBN0-313-21221-X.
  16. ^Thompson, Raymond H. (1985b). "Stirring Science Stories".In Tymn, Marshall B.; Ashley, Mike (eds.).Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Weird Fiction Magazines.Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. pp. 679–681.ISBN0-313-21221-X.
  17. ^The New York Times,November 3, 1990, Section 1, p. 18.
  18. ^abcdefSilverberg, Robert (1997).Reflections & Refractions: Thoughts on Science Fiction, Science, and Other Matters.Grass Valley, Calif: Underwood. pp. 253–256.
  19. ^"Locus Online: Betsy Wollheim interview excerpts".Locus.June 2006.RetrievedDecember 6,2017.
  20. ^Carpenter 2023,#276
  21. ^"The First Paperback Edition of The Hobbit".RetrievedApril 27,2009.
  22. ^Carpenter 2023,#248
  23. ^Reynolds, Pat (2004)."The Lord of the Rings: The Tale of a Text".Archived fromthe originalon September 8, 2006.
  24. ^Carpenter 2023,especially #270, #273 and #277
  25. ^Eisen, Durwood & Co. v. Christopher R. Tolkien et al., 794 F. Supp. 85, 23 U.S.P.Q.2d 1150 (S.D.N.Y. 1992), affirmed without opinion, 990 F.2d 623 (2nd Cir. 1993)
  26. ^Budrys, Algis (February 1966)."Galaxy Bookshelf".Galaxy Science Fiction.pp. 131–139.
  27. ^McAlpine, Rachel."New Zealand interview with Robert Jordan".Archived from the original on June 24, 2002.RetrievedSeptember 26,2011.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link).
  28. ^Kleffel, Rick.Fine Print interview with Robert Jordan.
  29. ^abScholes, Robert;Rabkin, Eric S. (1977). "Bibliography I: History and Criticism of Science Fiction".Science Fiction: History, Science, Vision.London: Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0-19-502174-5.
  30. ^ "Wollheim, Donald A."ArchivedOctober 16, 2012, at theWayback Machine.The Locus Index to SF Awards: Index of Literary Nominees.Locus Publications.Retrieved March 26, 2013.
  31. ^ "Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame"ArchivedMay 21, 2013, at theWayback Machine.Mid American Science Fiction and Fantasy Conventions, Inc. Retrieved March 26, 2013. This was the official website of the hall of fame to 2004.
  32. ^"Mike Mars: Astronaut - A critical analysis of te 1960s books written by Donald Wollheim in the 1960s".thethunderchild.com.
  33. ^Kleinmann, James (November 11, 2022)."DOC NYC 2022 Film Review: Casa Susanna".The Queer Review.RetrievedJune 27,2023.
  34. ^Casa Susanna.American Experience by PBS.
  35. ^Raynor, Daniel (1966).A Year Among the Girls.Lyle Stuart.

Sources

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Carpenter, Humphrey,ed. (2023) [1981].The Letters of J. R. R. TolkienRevised and Expanded Edition.New York:Harper Collins.ISBN978-0-35-865298-4.

[edit]
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