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Doonesbury

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Doonesbury
Author(s)Garry Trudeau
Websitedoonesbury.com
Current status/scheduleSunday only
(repeat strips through the week)
Launch dateOctober 26, 1970;53 years ago(October 26, 1970)
Syndicate(s)Universal Press Syndicate/Andrews McMeel Syndication
Genre(s)Humor, politics, satire
Preceded byBull Tales

Doonesburyis acomic stripby AmericancartoonistGarry Trudeauthat chronicles the adventures and lives of an array of characters of various ages, professions, and backgrounds, from thePresident of the United Statesto the title character,Michael Doonesbury,who has progressed over the decades from a college student to a youthful senior citizen.

Created in "the throes of'60sand'70scounterculture",[1]and frequently political in nature,Doonesburyfeaturescharactersrepresenting a range of affiliations, but the cartoon is noted for aliberalviewpoint. The name "Doonesbury" is a combination of the worddoone(Americanprep schoolslang for someone who is clueless, inattentive, or careless) and thesurnameofCharles Pillsbury,Trudeau's roommate atYale University.[2]

Doonesburyis written and penciled by Garry Trudeau, then inked and lettered by an assistant, Don Carlton,[3] then Todd Pound. Sunday strips are colored by George Corsillo.[4]Doonesburywas a daily strip through most of its existence, but since February 2014 it has run repeat strips Monday through Saturday, and new strips on Sunday.

History

[edit]
The firstDoonesburycartoon, from October 26, 1970

Doonesburybegan as a continuation ofBull Tales,which appeared in theYale Universitystudent newspaper, theYale Daily News,from 1968 to 1970. It focused on local campus events at Yale.[5]

Doonesburyproper debuted as adaily stripin twenty-eight newspapers on October 26, 1970[6](it being the first strip fromUniversal Press Syndicate).[7][failed verification]ASunday stripbegan on March 21, 1971.[8]Many of the early strips were reprints of theBull Talescartoons, with some changes to the drawings and plots.B. D.'s helmet changed from having a "Y" (for Yale) to a star (for the fictional Walden College). Mike and B. D. startedDoonesburyas roommates; they were not roommates inBull Tales.

Doonesburybecame known for its social and political commentary. By the 2010s, it was syndicated in approximately 1,400 newspapers worldwide.[9]

In May 1975,Doonesburybecame the first daily comic strip to win aPulitzer Prize,taking the award forEditorial Cartooning.[5]That year, U.S. PresidentGerald Fordtold theRadio and Television Correspondents' Associationat their annual dinner, "There are only three major vehicles to keep us informed as to what is going on inWashington:the electronic media, the print media, andDoonesbury,not necessarily in that order. "[10]

A panel from the aDoonesbury"Stonewall" strip, referring to theWatergate scandal,from August 12, 1974; awarded thePulitzer Prize

1983–1984 hiatus

[edit]

Trudeau took a 22-month hiatus, from January 2, 1983, to September 30, 1984. Before the break in the strip, the characters were eternal college students, living in acommunetogether near Walden College, which was modeled after Trudeau's alma mater, Yale. During the break, Trudeau helped create aBroadway musical of the strip,showing the graduation of the main characters. The Broadway adaptation opened at theBiltmore Theatreon November 21, 1983, and played 104 performances.Elizabeth Swadoscomposed the music for Trudeau's book and lyrics.

After the hiatus

[edit]

The strip resumed some time after the events in the musical, with further changes having taken place after the end of the musical's plot. Mike, Mark, Zonker, B.D., and Boopsie were all now graduates; B.D. and Boopsie were living inMalibu,California,where B.D. was a third-string quarterback for theLos Angeles Rams,and Boopsie was making a living from walk-on and cameo roles. Mark was living in Washington, D.C., working forNational Public Radio.Michael and J.J. had gotten married, and Mike had dropped out of business school to start work in an advertising agency in New York City. Zonker, still not ready for the "real world", was living with Mike and J.J. until he was accepted as a medical student at his Uncle Duke's "Baby DocCollege "inHaiti.

Prior to the hiatus, the strip's characters had aged only slightly. But when Trudeau returned toDoonesbury,the characters began to age in something close to real time, as inGasoline AlleyandFor Better or for Worse,Since then, the main characters' ages and career developments have tracked those of standard media portrayals ofbaby boomers,with jobs in advertising, law enforcement, and thedot-com boom.Current events are mirrored through the original characters, their offspring (the "second generation" ), and occasional new characters.

Garry Trudeau received theNational Cartoonist SocietyNewspaper Comic Strip Award for 1994, and theirReuben Awardfor 1995 for his work on the strip.

Alpha Houseand hiatuses: 2013

[edit]

Doonesbury'ssyndicate,Universal Uclick,announced on May 29, 2013, that the comic strip would go on hiatus from June 10 toLabor Dayof that year while Garry Trudeau worked on his streaming video comedyAlpha House,which was picked up by Amazon Studios.[11]"Doonesbury Flashbacks" were offered during those weeks, but due to the unusually long hiatus, some newspapers opted to run different comic strips instead.[12]Sunday strips returned as scheduled, but the daily strip's hiatus was extended until November 2013.[13]

AfterAlpha Housewas renewed for a second season in February 2014, Trudeau announced that he would now produce only Sunday strips for the foreseeable future.[14]Since March 3, 2014, the strip has offered reruns starting from the very beginning of its history as opposed to the recent ones that re-run when Trudeau is on vacation.Alpha Housewas cancelled in 2016,[15]but Trudeau did not return to drawing Monday-to-Saturday strips, and continued his Sunday-only schedule.

In a 2018 interview withRolling Stone,Trudeau said that whileDonald Trumpappears in only a limited number of strips, "for the last two years, he's been subtext in almost all of them."[16]

TV special

[edit]

In 1977, Trudeau wrote a script for a 26-minute animated special,A Doonesbury Special,which was produced and directed by Trudeau along withJohn Hubley(who died during the storyboarding stage)[17]andFaith Hubley.The special was first broadcast byNBCon November 27, 1977.[18]It won a Special Jury Award at theCannes International Film Festivalfor best short film, and received anOscarnomination (for best animated short film), both in 1978.[17]Voice actors for the special includedBarbara Harris,William Sloane Coffin, Jr.,Jack GilfordandWill Jordan.Also included were "Stop in the Middle" and "I Do Believe", two songs "sung" by the character Jimmy Thudpucker (actually actor/singer/songwriter/producer James Allen "Jimmy" Brewer), also part of the "Special". While the compositions and performances were credited to "Jimmy Thudpucker", they were in fact co-written and sung by Brewer, who also co-wrote and provided the vocals for "Ginny's Song", a 1976 single on theWarner Bros.label, andJimmy Thudpucker's Greatest Hits,an LP released by Windsong Records,John Denver's subsidiary of RCA Records.

Style

[edit]

With the exception of Walden College, Trudeau has frequently used real-life settings, based on real scenarios, but with fictional results. Because of lead times, real-world events have rendered some of Trudeau's comics unusable, such as a 1973 series featuringJohn Ehrlichman,a 1989 series set inTiananmen Squarein Beijing, China, a 1993 series involvingZoë Baird,and a 2005 series involvingHarriet Miers.Trudeau has also displayed fluency in various forms ofjargon,including those of real estate agents,flight attendants,computer scientists, journalists, presidential aides, and soldiers in Iraq.

Walden College

[edit]

The unnamed college attended by the main characters was later given the name "Walden College", revealed to be inConnecticut(the same state as Yale), and depicted as devolving into a third-rate institution under the weight ofgrade inflation,slipping academic standards, and the end oftenure,issues that Trudeau has consistently revisited since the original characters graduated. Some of the second generation ofDoonesburycharacters have attended Walden, a venue Trudeau uses to advance his concerns about academic standards in the United States.

President King, the leader of Walden College, was originally intended as a parody ofKingman Brewster,President of Yale, but all that remains of that is a certain physical resemblance.[clarification needed]

Use of real-life politicians as characters

[edit]

Even thoughDoonesburyfrequently features real-life U.S. politicians, they are rarely depicted with their real faces. Originally, strips featuring the President of the United States would show an external view of theWhite House,with dialogue emerging from inside. During theGerald Fordadministration, characters would be shown speaking to Ford at press conferences, and fictional dialogue supposedly spoken by Ford would be written as coming "off-panel". Similarly, while having several characters as students in a class taught byHenry Kissinger,the dialogue made up for Kissinger would also come from "off-panel" (although Kissinger had earlier appeared as a character with his face shown in a 1972 series of strips in which he met Mark Slackmeyer while the latter was on a trip to Washington). Sometimes hands, or in rare cases, the back of heads would also be seen.

Later, personal symbols reflecting some aspect of their character came into use. These included:

The long career of the series and continual use of real-life political figures, analysts note, have led to some uncanny cases of the cartoon foreshadowing a national shift in the politicians' political fortunes. Tina Gianoulis inSt. James Encyclopedia of Popular Cultureobserves that "In 1971, well before theconservative Reagan years,a forward-looking B.D. called Ronald Reagan his 'hero'. In 1984, almost ten years before Congressman Newt Gingrich becameSpeaker of the House,another character worried that he would 'wake up someday in a country run byNewt Gingrich.'"[19]In its 2003 series "John Kerry:A Candidate in the Making "on the2004 presidential race,The Boston Globereprinted and discussed 1971Doonesburycartoons ofthe young Kerry's Vietnam War protest speeches.[20]

Characters

[edit]
Main article:List of Doonesbury characters

Doonesburyhas a large group of recurring characters, with 24 currently listed at the strip's website.[21]There, it notes that "readers new toDoonesburysometimes experience a temporary bout of character shock ", as the sheer number of characters (and the historical connections among them) can be overwhelming.

The main characters are a group who attended the fictional Walden College during the strip's first 12 years, and moved into a commune together in April 1972. Most of the other characters first appeared as family members, friends, or other acquaintances. The original Walden Commune residents wereMike Doonesbury,Zonker Harris,Mark Slackmeyer,Nichole, Bernie, and DiDi. In September 1972,Joanie Caucusjoined the comic, meeting Mike and Mark in Colorado and eventually moving into the commune. They were later joined byB.D.and his girlfriend (later wife)Boopsie,upon B.D.'s return fromVietnam.Nichole, DiDi, and Bernie were mostly phased out in subsequent years, and Zonker'sUncle Dukewas introduced as the most prominent character outside the Walden group, and the main link to many secondary characters.

The Walden students graduated in 1983, after which the strip began to progress in something closer to real time. Their spouses and developing families became more important after this: Joanie's daughterJ.J. Caucusmarried Mike and they had a daughter,Alex Doonesbury.They divorced, Mike marriedKim Rosenthal,a Vietnamese refugee (who had appeared in the strip as a baby adopted by a Jewish family just after thefall of Saigon;seeOperation Babylift), and J.J. married Zeke Brenner, her former boyfriend and Uncle Duke's former groundskeeper. Joanie marriedRick Redfern,and they had a son,Jeff.Uncle DukeandRoland Hedleyhave also appeared often, frequently in more topical settings unconnected to the main characters. In more recent years the second generation has taken prominence as they have grown to college age: Jeff Redfern, Alex Doonesbury, Zonker's nephewZipper Harris,and Uncle Duke's son Earl.

Controversial strips and groundbreaking moments

[edit]

Doonesburyhas covered numerous political and social issues, some of which were pioneering and others that drew criticism:

1970s

[edit]
  • A November 1972 Sunday strip depicting Zonker telling a little boy in a sandbox a fairy tale ending in the protagonist being awarded "his weight in fine, uncut Turkishhashish"raised an uproar.[22]
  • During theWatergate scandal,a strip showed Mark on the radio with a "Watergate profile" ofJohn Mitchell,declaring him "Guilty! Guilty, guilty, guilty!!" A number of newspapers removed the strip and one,The Washington Post,ran an editorial criticizing the cartoon. FollowingRichard Nixon's death in 1994, the strip was rerun with all the instances of the word "guilty" crossed out and replaced with "flawed".[23]
  • In June 1973, the military newspaperStars and StripesdroppedDoonesburyfor being too political.[24]The strip was quickly reinstated after hundreds of protests by military readers.
  • September 1973:TheLincoln Journalbecame the first newspaper to moveDoonesburyto its editorial page.[25]
  • In February 1976, a storyline included the characterAndy Lippincottsaying that he was gay. Dozens of papers opted not to publish the storyline, withMiami Heraldeditor Larry Jinks saying, "We just decided we weren't ready for homosexuality in a comic strip."[26]
  • In November 1976, when the storyline included the blossoming romance of Rick Redfern and Joanie Caucus, four days of strips were devoted to a transition from one apartment to another, ending with a view of the two together in bed, marking the first time any nationally run comic strip portrayedpremarital sexin this fashion.[27]The strip was removed from the comics pages of a number of newspapers, although some newspapers opted to simply repeat the opening frame of that day's strip.
  • In June 1978, a strip included a coupon listing various politicians and dollar amounts allegedly taken from Koreanlobbyists,to be clipped and glued to a postcard to be sent to theSpeaker of the HouseTip O'Neill,resulting in an overflow of mail to the Speaker's office.[28]

1980s

[edit]
  • In 1985, a series of Doonesbury strips helped to repeal a 60-year-old discriminatory law inPalm Springs,inOrange CountyinFlorida.[29]
  • In June 1985, a strip featuringAniello DellacroceandFrank Sinatratogether, which referred to Dellacroce as an "alleged human" who has been charged with murder led to several papers dropping the strip and a statement from Sinatra.[30]
  • In December 1988, theWinston-Salem Journaldropped a Sunday strip featuring theR.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company(in which a prospective executive cannot deny the link between smoking and cancer without bursting out laughing) because "it would be personally offensive to its employees." It was the first time the strip had been pulled in deference to a corporation.[31]
  • In June 1989, several days' comics (which had already been drawn and written) had to be replaced with repeats, because the humor of the strips was considered in bad taste in light of the violent crackdown on protesters inTiananmen Squarein Beijing. Trudeau himself asked for the recall,[32]despite an interview published with Universal Press Syndicate Editorial DirectorLee Salemin the May 28, 1989,San Jose Mercury News,in which Salem stated his hopes the strips could still be used.

1990s

[edit]
  • In November 1991, a series of strips appeared to give credibility to a real-life prison inmate who falsely stated that former Vice PresidentDan Quaylehad connections with drug dealers. The strip sequence was dropped by some two dozen newspapers, in part because the allegations had been investigated and dispelled previously.[33]Six years later, the reporter who broke the Quayle story, some weeks after theDoonesburycartoons, later published a book saying he no longer believed the story had been true.[34]
  • In November 1993, a storyline dealing with California wildfires was dropped from several California newspapers, including theLos Angeles Times,The Orange County Register,andThe San Diego Union-Tribune.[35]
  • In June 1994, the Roman Catholic Church took issue with a series of strips dealing with the bookSame-Sex Unions in Pre-Modern EuropebyJohn Boswell.A few newspapers dropped single strips from the series, and the Bloomington, Illinois,Pantagraphrefused to run the entire series.
  • In March 1995,John McCaindenounced Trudeau on the floor of the Senate: "Suffice it to say that I hold Trudeau in utter contempt." This was in response to a strip aboutBob Dole's strategy of exploiting his war record during hispresidential campaign.The quotation was used on the cover of Trudeau's bookDoonesbury Nation.McCain and Trudeau later made peace: McCain wrote the foreword toThe Long Road Home,Trudeau's collection of comic strips dealing with character B.D.'s leg amputation during the second Iraq war.
  • In February 1998, a strip dealing withBill Clinton'ssex scandalwas removed from the comics pages of a number of newspapers because it included the phrases "oral sex" and "semen-streaked dress".

2000s

[edit]
  • In November 2000, a strip was not run in some newspapers when Duke said of presidential candidateGeorge W. Bush:"He's got a history of alcohol abuse andcocaine."
  • In September 2001, a strip perpetuated theInternet hoax[36]that claimed George W. Bush had the lowest IQ of any president in the last 50 years, half that ofBill Clinton.[37]When caught repeating the hoax, Trudeau apologized "with a trademark barb – he said he deeply apologized for unsettling anyone who thought the president quite intelligent."[38]
  • In 2003, a cartoon that publicized the recent medical research suggesting a connection between masturbation and a reduced risk of prostate cancer, with one character alluding to the practice as "self-dating", was not run in many papers; pre-publication sources indicated that as many as half of the 700 papers to which it was syndicated were planning not to run the strip.[39]
  • In February 2004, Trudeau used his strip to make the apparently genuine offer of $10,000 (to theUSOin the winner's name[40]) for anyone who could personally confirm that George W. Bush was actually present during any part of his service in theNational Guard.Reuters and CNN reported by the end of that week that despite 1,300 responses, no credible evidence had been offered.[41]An FAQ posted on theDoonesburysite in September of that year noted that the submissions, while "surreally entertaining", had failed to provide a single definitive corroborator, adding that Trudeau had donated the $10,000 to the USO anyway.[42]
  • April 2004: On April 21, after nearly 34 years, readers finally saw B.D.'s head without some sort of helmet. In the same strip, it was revealed that he had lost a leg in theIraq War.Two days later, on April 23, after awakening and discovering his situation, B.D. exclaims "SON OF ABITCH!!!"The single strip was removed from many papers—includingThe Boston Globe[43]—although in others, such asNewsday,the offending word was replaced by a line.The Dallas Morning Newsran the cartoon uncensored, with a footnote that the editor believed profanity was appropriate, given the subject matter. An image of B.D. with an amputated leg also appeared on the cover ofRolling Stonethat summer (issue 954).
  • In June 2005, Trudeau publishedThe Long Road Home,a book devoted to B.D.'s recovery from his loss of a leg in Iraq. Although Trudeau opposed the Iraq War, the foreword was written by SenatorJohn McCain,a supporter of the war. McCain was impressed by Trudeau's desire to highlight the struggle of seriously wounded veterans, and his desire to assist them. Proceeds from the book, and its sequelThe War WithinbenefitedFisher House.[44]
  • July 2005: Several newspapers declined to run two strips in whichGeorge W. Bushrefers to his adviserKarl Roveas "Turd Blossom",a nickname Bush has been reported to use for Rove.[45]
  • In September 2005 whenThe Guardianrelaunched in a smaller format,Doonesburywas dropped for reasons of space. After a flood of protests, the strip was reinstated with an omnibus covering the issues missed and a full apology.[46]
  • The strips scheduled to run from October 31 to November 5, 2005, and a Sunday strip scheduled for November 13 about the nomination ofHarriet Miersto the Supreme Court were withdrawn after her nomination was withdrawn. The strips have been posted on the official website,[47]and were replaced by re-runs by the syndicate.
  • Trudeau sought input from readers as to where Alex Doonesbury should attend college in a May 15, 2006, straw poll at Doonesbury.com. Voters chose amongMIT,Rensselaer,andCornell.Students from Rensselaer and then MIT hacked the system, which was designed to limit each computer to one vote. In the end, voters logged 175,000 votes, with MIT grabbing 48% of the total. The Doonesbury Town Hall FAQ stated that given that the rules of the poll had not ruled out such methods, "the will, chutzpah, and bodacious craft of the voting public will be respected", declaring that Alex will be attending MIT.
  • Before the 2008 presidential election, Trudeau sent out strips to run in the days after the election in whichBarack Obamawas portrayed as the winner. Newspapers were also provided with old strips as an alternative.[48][9]When asked whether he created the original strip with complete confidence in an Obama victory, Trudeau replied: "Nope, more like rational risk assessment.Nate SilveratFivethirtyeight.comis now giving McCain a 3.7% chance of winning – pretty comfortable odds. Here's the way I look at it: If Obama wins, I'm in the flow and commenting on a phenomenon. If he loses, it'll be a massive upset, and the goofy misprediction of a comic strip will be pretty much lost in the uproar. I figure I can survive a little egg on my face. "[49]In response, McCain spokesmanTucker Boundssaid, "We hope the strip proves to be as predictive as it is consistently lame."[9]

2010s

[edit]
  • The sequence for the week of March 12–17, 2012, lampooning the changes in abortion law in several states was pulled or moved to the editorial page by a number of newspapers.[50]
  • In 2014, the site at doonesbury.com moved under washingtonpost.com,[51]and now itredirectsto the latter.

Criticism

[edit]

Charles M. SchulzofPeanutscalled Trudeau "unprofessional" for taking a long sabbatical.[52](See also, similar comments by Schulz about sabbaticals taken byBill Watterson.[53]) Nor was the return of the strip itself greeted with universal acclaim; in 1985,Saturday Reviewlisted Trudeau as one of the country's "Most Overrated People in American Arts and Letters", commenting that the "most publicized return sinceMacArthur's has produced a strip that is predictable, mean-spirited, and not as funny as before. "[54]

Doonesburyhas angered, irritated, or been rebuked by many of the political figures that have appeared or been referred to in the strip over the years. A 1984 series of strips showing Vice PresidentGeorge H. W. Bushplacing his manhood in ablind trust—in parody of Bush's use of that financial instrument to fend off concerns that his governmental decisions would be influenced by his investment holdings—brought the politician to complain, "Doonesbury'scarrying water for the opposition. Trudeau is coming out of deep left field. "[55]

Someconservativeshave intensely criticizedDoonesbury.Several examples are cited in theMilestonessection of the strip's website. The strip has also met criticism from its readers almost since it began syndicated publication. For example, when Lacey Davenport's husband Dick, in the last moments before his death, calls on God, several conservative pundits called the strip blasphemous. The sequence of Dick Davenport's final bird-watching and fatal heart attack was run in November 1986.[56]

Liberalpoliticians skewered by Trudeau in the strip have also complained, includingDemocratssuch as former U.S. House SpeakerTip O'Neilland California GovernorJerry Brown.[57]

Strips about post-World War II American wars have also generated controversy, includingVietnam,Grenada,Panamaand bothGulf Wars.[58]

After many letter-writing campaigns demanding the removal of the strip were unsuccessful, conservatives changed their tactics, and instead of writing to newspaper editors, they began writing to one of the printers who prints the color Sunday comics. In 2005, Continental Features refused to continue printing the SundayDoonesbury,causing it to disappear from the 38 Sunday papers that Continental Features printed. Of the 38, only one newspaper,The Anniston StarinAnniston, Alabama,continued to carry the SundayDoonesbury,though of necessity in black and white.[59]

Some newspapers have dealt with the criticism by moving the strip from the comics page to the editorial page, because many people believe that a politically based comic strip likeDoonesburydoes not belong in a traditionally child-friendly comics section. TheLincoln Journalstarted the trend in 1973. In some papers (such as theTulsa WorldandOrlando Sentinel)Doonesburyappears on the opinions page alongsideMallard Fillmore,a politically conservative comic strip.[60]

Awards and honors

[edit]
  • In 1975, the strip won Trudeau aPulitzer PrizeforEditorial Cartooning,the first strip cartoon to be so honored. The Editorial Cartoonists' Society subsequently passed a resolution condemning the Pulitzer Committee. (After being assured that the award was irrevocable, Trudeau supported the resolution.)[61]Doonesburywas also a Nominated Pulitzer Finalist in 1990, 2004, and 2005.
  • In 1977, the short filmA Doonesbury Specialwon the Grand Jury Prize from the Cannes Film Festival. It was nominated for the Palme d'Or for "Best Short Film". It was also nominated for an Academy Award.
  • Trudeau received Certificates of Achievement from theUS Army4th Battalion 67th Armor Regiment and the Ready First Brigade in 1991 for his comic strips dealing with the first Gulf War. The texts of these citations are quoted on the back of the comic strip collectionWelcome to Club Scud!
  • Trudeau won the Reuben Award from the National Cartoonists Society in 1995.[62]
  • Trudeau was awarded theUS Army'sCommander's Award for Public Servicein 2006 for his series of strips about B.D.'s recovery following the loss of his leg in Iraq.[63]
  • In 2008, Trudeau received the Mental Health Research Advocacy Award from theYale School of Medicinefor his depiction of the mental-health issues facing soldiers upon returning home from the Afghanistan and Iraq wars.[64]
  • In 2020, Trudeau was inducted into the New York State Writers Hall of Fame.[65]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^"Trudeau Reflects On Four Decades Of 'Doonesbury'".npr.org.NPR Morning Edition. October 26, 2010.Archivedfrom the original on November 19, 2018.RetrievedJune 2,2014.
  2. ^"Doonesbury: Drawing and Quartering for Fun and Profit".Time.February 9, 1976.Archivedfrom the original on May 22, 2022.RetrievedMay 1,2010.
  3. ^Tomorrow, Tom (November–December 2010)."Garry Trudeau, Artist".Yale Alumni Magazine.Archivedfrom the original on February 1, 2014.RetrievedJanuary 19,2014.
  4. ^Trudeau, Garry."45 Years of Doonesbury: A Letter from Garry Trudeau".GoComics.Archived fromthe originalon October 28, 2015.RetrievedNovember 3,2015.
  5. ^abDoonesburyatDon Markstein's Toonopedia.Archivedfrom the original on April 22, 2016.
  6. ^Harvey, R.C. (1994).The Art of the Funnies: An Aesthetic History.Press of Mississippi. pp.226.ISBN0878056742.
  7. ^"Doonesbury Comic Strips by Garry Trudeau".doonesbury.washingtonpost.com.Archivedfrom the original on August 4, 2015.RetrievedFebruary 7,2018.
  8. ^Booker, M. Keith, ed. (October 28, 2014).Comics through Time: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas.Abc-Clio. p. 832.ISBN9780313397516.Archivedfrom the original on March 11, 2021.RetrievedOctober 17,2020.
  9. ^abcVillareal, Yvonne (November 1, 2008)."Comic strip 'Doonesbury' predicts Obama win".Los Angeles Times.Archivedfrom the original on November 6, 2008.
  10. ^Blair, Walter and Hamlin Hill (1980).America's Humor: From Poor Richard to Doonesbury(First paperback ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 511.ISBN978-0-19-502756-3.
  11. ^Cavna, Michael (May 29, 2013)."This Just in: 'Doonesbury' to go on sabbatical as Amazon Studios officially picks up Trudeau's Capitol Hill comedy, 'Alpha House'".The Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on March 11, 2021.RetrievedJune 16,2013.
  12. ^Cavna, Michael (June 9, 2013)."POST PICKS UP 'FORT KNOX': Military strip will replace 'Doonesbury Flashbacks' for the summer".The Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on June 14, 2013.RetrievedJune 16,2013.
  13. ^Canva, Michael (September 10, 2013)."Trudeau extends 'Doonesbury' hiatus to finish TV series".The Washington Post.The Buffalo News. Archived fromthe originalon September 27, 2013.
  14. ^"Trudeau puts daily 'Doonesbury' on long-term hiatus".The Washington Post.February 11, 2014.Archivedfrom the original on March 20, 2018.
  15. ^Heil, Emily (August 8, 2016)."Amazon's 'Alpha House' gets the ax".Washington Post.RetrievedMarch 12,2020.
  16. ^Woods, Sean (September 25, 2018)."Garry Trudeau on Trump, Satire and 'Doonesbury' at 50".Rolling Stone.Archivedfrom the original on April 4, 2019.RetrievedApril 4,2019.
  17. ^abSolomon, Charles (1989).Enchanted Drawings: The History of Animation.Alfred A. Knopf.p. 51.ISBN978-0-394-54684-1.
  18. ^Lenburg, Jeff (1999).The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons.Checkmark Books. pp. 253–254.ISBN0-8160-3831-7.RetrievedJune 6,2020.
  19. ^Tina Gianoulis,"Doonesbury",St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture,2002
  20. ^Michael Kranish,"Part 3: With Antiwar Role, High Visibility"ArchivedDecember 5, 2006, at theWayback Machine,The Boston Globe,June 17, 2003
  21. ^The CastArchivedSeptember 2, 2011, at theWayback Machine,official list at Doonesbury.com
  22. ^Jesse Walker,Doonesburied: The Decline of Garry Trudeau—and of Baby Boom LiberalismArchivedDecember 27, 2006, at theWayback Machine,ReasonOnline, July 2002
  23. ^""Big Deals: Comics' Highest-Profile Moments,"Hogan's Alley#7, 1999 ".Archived fromthe originalon June 30, 2013.RetrievedJanuary 16,2013.
  24. ^"Doonesbury's Timeline – June 4, 1973".The Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on November 24, 2010.
  25. ^Bode, Ken (August 19, 2005)."'Doonesbury' Belongs on the Editorial Page, Declares Prof. Ken Bode ".Indianapolis Star.Archived fromthe originalon March 18, 2012.RetrievedSeptember 3,2011.
  26. ^Glazer, Aaron (March 16, 2000)."Doonesbury Delivers Satirical Satisfaction".The Johns Hopkins News-Letter.Archived fromthe originalon July 20, 2003.RetrievedSeptember 3,2011.
  27. ^Glazer 2006
  28. ^Trudeau, Garry."Doonesbury Comic Strips by Garry Trudeau".doonesbury.washingtonpost.com.Archivedfrom the original on December 31, 2013.RetrievedDecember 30,2013.
  29. ^https://www.cbr.com/doonesbury-trivia-facts-comic-strip/#the-doonesbury-comic-strip-played-a-role-in-forcing-palm-springs-officials-to-change-a-discriminatory-law[bare URL]
  30. ^"Newspaper cancels 'Doonesbury' comic strip".UPI.June 11, 1985.Archivedfrom the original on March 11, 2021.RetrievedMarch 11,2021.
  31. ^"Doonesbury's Timeline".Archived fromthe originalon December 31, 2013.RetrievedJuly 30,2013.
  32. ^"Trudeau Recalls Doonesbury China Strips".The Comics Journal(130): 22. July 1989.
  33. ^"Two Dozen Newspapers Omit 'Doonesbury' Quayle Series".The New York Times.November 12, 1991.Archivedfrom the original on December 5, 2008.
  34. ^Marro, Anthony (March–April 1997)."The Art of the Con".Columbia Journalism Review.Archivedfrom the original on October 2, 2006.
  35. ^Astor, David (November 13, 1993). "Major Southern California Dailies Drop 'Doonesbury'"".Editor & Publisher.
  36. ^"President Bush Has Lowest IQ of all Presidents of past 50 Years".Snopes.com.July 15, 2004.RetrievedSeptember 11,2006.
  37. ^DoonesburyDaily Doseas retrieved via web.archive.org
  38. ^"Doonesbury Creator Falls for Hoax".BBC News.September 7, 2001.Archivedfrom the original on May 26, 2006.
  39. ^Avni, Sheerly (September 5, 2003)."'Doonesbury': Jerked Off the Funny Pages ".Salon.Archived fromthe originalon June 6, 2011.
  40. ^"Bush National Guard Offer".Doonesbury.com.Archived fromthe originalon February 27, 2004.
  41. ^"No Winner Yet in 'Doonesbury' Bush Search".CNN.February 27, 2004.Archivedfrom the original on January 21, 2008.
  42. ^"GBT's FAQs - Story Lines".October 13, 2004. Archived fromthe originalon October 13, 2004.RetrievedOctober 1,2020.
  43. ^Joseph P. Kahn,"'Doonesbury' Language Gets Some Edits "ArchivedJuly 12, 2006, at theWayback Machine,The Boston Globe,November 2, 2004
  44. ^"Fisher House -- Helping Military Families".September 26, 2006. Archived fromthe originalon September 26, 2006.RetrievedNovember 18,2017.
  45. ^Papers Pull 'Doonesbury' Over Potty Put-Down,CBC,July 26, 2005
  46. ^Katz, Ian (October 14, 2005)."My Doonesbury hell".The Guardian.London.Archivedfrom the original on March 7, 2016.RetrievedDecember 14,2016.
  47. ^"Doonesbury@Slate Miers' Strips".Archived fromthe originalon November 5, 2005.RetrievedNovember 19,2005.
  48. ^"'Doonesbury' strip assumes Obama will win ".Houston Chronicle.November 6, 2008. Archived from the original on November 6, 2008.RetrievedNovember 18,2017.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  49. ^Cavna, Michael (October 31, 2008)."Obama Wins? Yes, 'Doonesbury' Calls the Election".The Washington Post.Archived fromthe originalon November 1, 2010.
  50. ^"Doonesbury strip on Texas abortion law dropped by some US newspapers".The Guardian.March 11, 2012.Archivedfrom the original on May 9, 2016.
  51. ^"Doonesbury website moves to The Washington Post".Andrews McMeel Syndication.April 28, 2014.RetrievedJune 18,2023.
  52. ^Soper, Kerry (October 1, 2008).Garry Trudeau: Doonesbury and the Aesthetics of Satire.University Press of Mississippi.
  53. ^"Selling Out the Newspaper Comic Strip".Los Angeles Review of Books.August 15, 2015.Archivedfrom the original on December 20, 2016.RetrievedNovember 18,2017.
  54. ^"The 42 Most Underrated/Overrated People in American Arts and Letters".Saturday Review.April 1985. pp. 31–35.
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  57. ^"Doonesbury At 20: Postcards From The Edge Of The Envelope".Chicago Tribune.Archivedfrom the original on November 27, 2022.RetrievedNovember 18,2017.
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  59. ^"Continental: Complaints Led to Drop-'Doonesbury' Poll – Editor & Publisher".Editor and Publisher.Archivedfrom the original on September 16, 2017.RetrievedNovember 18,2017.
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  62. ^"The Reuben".National Cartoonists Society.Archived fromthe originalon December 20, 2008.
  63. ^"U.S. Army Honors 'Doonesbury' Cartoonist".Editor & Publisher.January 27, 2006. Archived fromthe originalon February 15, 2006.RetrievedSeptember 3,2011.
  64. ^"Doonesbury" Cartoonist Garry Trudeau to Receive Yale Award for Raising Awareness about War-Related Mental Health ".March 20, 2008.Archivedfrom the original on July 30, 2020.RetrievedDecember 2,2018.
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References

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