Multiple exposure

"Double exposure" redirects here. For other uses, seeDouble exposure (disambiguation).

A multi-exposurecompositeimage of theOctober 2004 lunar eclipsetaken fromHayward, California

Inphotographyandcinematography,amultiple exposureis thesuperimpositionof two or moreexposuresto create a single image, anddouble exposurehas a corresponding meaning in respect of two images. Theexposure valuesmay or may not be identical to each other.

Overview

Ordinarily, cameras have a sensitivity to light that is a function of time. For example, a one-second exposure is an exposure in which the camera image is equally responsive to light over the exposure time of one second. The criterion for determining that something is a double exposure is that the sensitivity goes up and then back down. The simplest example of a multiple exposure is a double exposure without flash, i.e. two partial exposures are made and then combined into one complete exposure. Some single exposures, such as "flash and blur" use a combination of electronic flash and ambient exposure. This effect can be approximated by aDirac delta measure(flash) and a constant finite rectangular window, in combination. For example, a sensitivity window comprising aDirac combcombined with a rectangular pulse, is considered a multiple exposure, even though the sensitivity never goes to zero during the exposure.

Historical multiple exposure photography

Main article:Chronophotography

An 1886 chronophotographic study of horse motion, byEtienne-Jules Marey

In the historical technique of chronophotography, dating back to theVictorian era,a series of instantaneous photographs were taken at short and equal intervals of time.These photographs could be overlayed for a single multiple exposure print.

Multiple exposure techniques

Analogue

Triple exposure photograph from 1915

Inphotographyandcinematography,multiple exposure is a technique in which the camera shutter is opened more than once to expose the film multiple times, usually to different images. The resulting image contains the subsequent image/s superimposed over the original. The technique is sometimes used as an artistic visual effect and can be used to create ghostly images or to add people and objects to a scene that were not originally there. It is frequently used in photographichoaxes.

It is considered easiest to have a manual winding camera for double exposures. On automatic winding cameras, as soon as a picture is taken the film is typically wound to the next frame. Some more advanced automatic winding cameras have the option for multiple exposures but it must be set before making each exposure. Manual winding cameras with a multiple exposure feature can be set to double-expose after making the first exposure.

Since shooting multiple exposures will expose the same frame multiple times, negativeexposure compensationmust first be set to avoid overexposure. For example, to expose the frame twice with correct exposure, a −1 EV compensation have to be done, and −2 EV for exposing four times. This may not be necessary when photographing a lit subject in two (or more) different positions against a perfectly dark background, as the background area will be essentially unexposed.

Medium to low light is ideal for double exposures. A tripod may not be necessary if combining different scenes in one shot. In some conditions, for example, recording the whole progress of a lunar eclipse in multiple exposures, a stable tripod is essential.

More than two exposures can be combined, with care not to overexpose the film.

Digital

Digital technology enables images to be superimposed over each other by using a softwarephoto editor,such asAdobe Photoshopor theGIMP.These enable the opacity of the images to be altered and for an image to be overlaid over another. They also can set the layers to multiply mode, which 'adds' the colors together rather than making the colors of either image pale and translucent.

Many digital SLR cameras allow multiple exposures to be made on the same image within the camera without the need for any external software. And somebridge camerascan take successive multiple exposures (sometimes up to nine) in one frame and in one shot. It is the same withhigh-dynamic-range imaging,which takes multiple shots in one burst captures, then combines all the proper shots into one frame.

Adoption in fine art

In addition to direct photographic usage of the technique,fine artists' work has been inspired by the multiple exposure effect. Examples includeJoan Semmel's oil on canvas "Transitions" from 2012,andIan Hornak's acrylic on canvas "Hanna Tillich's Mirror: Rembrandt's Three Trees Transformed Into The Expulsion From Eden", from 1978 (depicted below).

Long exposures

Main article:Long-exposure photography

With traditional film cameras, a long exposure is a single exposure, whereas with electronic cameras a long exposure can be obtained by integrating together many exposures. This averaging also permits there to be a time-windowing function, such as a Gaussian, that weights time periods near the center of the exposure time more strongly. Another possibility for synthesizing long exposure from a multiple exposure is to use anexponential decayin which the current frame has the strongest weight, and previous frames are faded out with a sliding exponential window.

Scanning film with multiple exposure

Multiple exposure technique can also be used when scanning transparencies like slides, film or negatives using afilm scannerforincreasing dynamic range.With multiple exposure the original gets scanned several times with different exposure intensities. An overexposed scan lights the shadow areas of the image and enables the scanner to capture more image information here. Afterwards the data can be calculated into a singleHDRimage with increased dynamic range.

Among the scanning software solutions which implement multiple exposure areVueScanandSilverFast.

Gallery

• 
  Ian Hornak.Hannah Tillich's Mirror: Rembrandt's Three Trees Transformed Into The Expulsion From Eden,acrylic on canvas, 60 in × 120 in (1.5 m × 3.0 m), 1978.
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  Multiple exposure image made using a digital camera and Adobe Photoshop
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  Multiple exposure film photo made in the darkroom
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  Multiple exposure image made in 1910
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  Multiple exposure made using aLomographyLC-A camera andcross-processedFujichromeslide film
• 
  ComposerKarlheinz Stockhausen,double exposure made using a film camera, 1980
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  Double exposure image made atNew Chitose Airport
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  Double exposure image made atNew Chitose Airport
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  Double exposure image made atSapporo Station
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  Double exposure image made atSapporo Station
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  Double exposure image made in Sapporo
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  Double exposure image

See also

• Autobracketing
• Bracketing
• Chroma key
• Sandwich printing

External links

• Lothar Schiffler's official Iskiography web page
• AIRLINES · Bird Tracks in the Air, Iskiographies by Lothar Schiffler: Making-of “AIRLINES XI-1”– Video onVimeo