Dub music

For the process of transferring or copying audio material, seeDubbing (music).For the UK garage subgenre, seeDubstep.

Dub
Stylistic origins	Reggae electronic ska rocksteady
Cultural origins	Late 1960s,Jamaica
Derivative forms	Ambient big beat dancehall dembow drum and bass dubstep grime hip hop house jungle post-disco post-punk post-rock techno trip hop
Subgenres
Dub poetry
Fusion genres
Dubtronica dub techno psydub
Other topics
List of dub artists

Dubis anelectronicmusical style that grew out ofreggaein the late 1960s and early 1970s. It is commonly considered a subgenre of reggae, though it has developed to extend beyond that style.Generally, dub consists ofremixesof existing recordingscreated by significantly manipulating the original, usually through the removal of vocal parts, emphasis of therhythm section(the stripped-down drum-and-bass track is sometimes referred to as ariddim), the application of studio effects such asechoandreverb,and the occasionaldubbingof vocal or instrumental snippets from the original version or other works.

Dub was pioneered byrecording engineersand producers such asOsbourne "King Tubby" Ruddock,Hopeton "Scientist" Brown,Lee "Scratch" Perry,Errol Thompsonand othersbeginning in the late 1960s.Augustus Pablo,who collaborated with many of these producers, is credited with bringing the distinct-soundingmelodicato dub, and is also among the pioneers and creators of the genre. Similar experiments with recordings at the mixing desk outside the dancehall scene were also done by producersClive ChinandHerman Chin Loy.These producers, especially Ruddock and Perry, looked upon themixing consoleas an instrument, manipulating tracks to come up with something new and different. TheRoland Space Echowas widely used by dub producers in the 1970s to produce echo and delay effects.

Dub has influenced many genres of music, includingrock,most significantly the subgenre ofpost-punkand other kinds ofpunk,pop,hip hop,post-disco,and laterhouse,techno,ambient,electronic dance music,andtrip hop.Dub was a basis for the genres ofjungleanddrum and bass,as well as a major influence ondubstep,with its orientation around bass and utilization of audio effects.Traditional dub has survived, and some of the originators such asMad Professorcontinue to produce new material.

Name

The use of the worddubin a recording context originated in the late 1920s with the advent of"talking pictures"and referred to adding a soundtrack to a film; it is an informal abbreviation of the worddouble.Over the next 40 years or so the term found its way into audio recording in general, often in the context of making a copy of a recording on another tape or disc.

It was in this sense that the term was first used in the Jamaican recording industry: new recordings were often initially copied onto one-offacetate discs,known colloquially assoft waxorduband later asdubplates,for exclusive use bysound systemoperators; playing a song as an exclusive recording on a sound system was a good way for a producer to test the potential popularity of a recording before committing to the pressing of hundreds or thousands of copies ofsinglesfor retail sale. Initially, these acetates would simply be the standard recording of a song that was yet to be released on a single; around 1968–69, however, they started to be exclusive mixes with some or all of the vocal mixed out. ProducerBunny Leenotes:

"Yeah...it was really VERSION those days - it wasn't dub yet beca' it was jus' the riddim. One day an incident: Ruddy's (sound system operator Ruddy Redwood) wascutting dub,an when it start, Smithy (recording engineer Byron Smith) look like 'im start bring on the voice and Ruddy's say: no, mek it run and 'im take the whole backing track off it. 'Im say, alright, run it again, and put in the voice. 'Im didn't do no more like that yet. "

After describing how Redwood then had his deejay first play the vocal version and then the instrumental version at a dance, and how popular this novelty was, Lee continued:

"The next day now, 'im start it and just bring in the riddim. Or...down in the tune, bring a little voice and drop it out again...yes. Ruddy use to handle that part himself, drop in the voice and drop it out. All Smithy do wascut the dub..."

Jamaican soundsystems had always sought exclusive recordings from their origins in the late 1940s. However, when they played American rhythm & blues records through the 1950s, these were simply records that rival sound system operators didn't have and couldn't identify. This progressed from the late 1950s onwards via having local musicians record a song exclusively for play on a particular sound system to having exclusive mixes of a song on acetate, which became possible with the arrival of multi-track recording in Jamaica. From the concept of a version with some or all of the vocal mixed out dubbed to acetate, the novelty-hungry sound system scene rapidly drove the evolution of increasingly creative mixes in the first few years of the 1970s. Within a few years the term dub became attached to these regardless of whether they were on an exclusive acetate or "dubplate". As the use of the term widened and evolved,Bob Marley and The Wailersused the order "dubthis one! "in live concerts to mean," put an emphasis on bass and drums ". DrummerSly Dunbarsimilarly points to a usage of the related termdubwiseto mean using onlydrumsand bass.

It is possible that the existing use of the word dub for other meanings in Jamaica around the time of the music's origin may have helped to cement its use in the musical context. The most frequent meanings referred to either a form of erotic dance or sexual intercourse;such usage is frequently present in names of reggae songs, for instance, ofThe Silvertones' "Dub the Pum Pum" (wherepum pumis Jamaican slang for female genitalia), Big Joe and Fay's "Dub a Dawta" (dawtais Jamaican patois fordaughter).I-Roy's "Sister Maggie Breast" features several references onsex:

I man a-dubit on the side

Say little sister you can run but you can't hide
Slip you got to slide you got to open your crotches wide

Peace and love abide

However, all three of these songs were recorded after the use ofdubfor a style of remixing was already prevalent.

Characteristics

See also:Music of Jamaica

Dub music is characterized by a "version" or "double"of an existing song, often instrumental, initially almost always pressed on theB-sidesof45 RPMrecords and typically emphasizing the drums and bass for a sound popular in localsound systems.A "version" is an alternative cut of a song made for the DJ to"toast"over (a form of Jamaicanrapping), usually with some or all of the original vocal removed. These "versions" were used as the basis of new songs by rerecording them with new elements.The instrumental tracks are typically treated withsound effectssuch asecho,reverb,with instruments and vocals dropping in and out of the mix. The partial or total removal of vocals and other instruments tends to emphasise the bass guitar. The music sometimes features other noises, such as birds singing, thunder and lightning, water flowing, and producers shouting instructions at the musicians. It can be further augmented by live DJs. The many-layered sounds with varying echoes and volumes are often said to create soundscapes, or sound sculptures, drawing attention to the shape and depth of the space between sounds as well as to the sounds themselves. There is usually a distinctly organic feel to the music, even though the effects are electronically created.

Often these tracks are used for "toasters"rapping heavily rhymed andalliterativelyrics. These are called "DJ Versions". In forms ofsound systembased reggae, the performer using a microphone is referred to as the "DJ"or"deejay"(where in other genres, this performer might be termed the" MC ", meaning"Master of Ceremonies",or alternately, the later developed slang terms:" Microphone Commander "or" Mic Control "), and the person choosing the music and operating the turntables is called the"selector"(sometimes referred to as the DJ in other genres).

A major reason for producing multiple versions was economic; arecord producercould use a recording he owned to produce numerous versions from a single studio session. A version was also an opportunity for a producer or remix engineer to experiment and express their more creative side. The version was typically theB-sideof a single, and used for experimenting and providing something for DJs to talk over, while theA-sidewas more often dedicated to the original vocal-oriented track. In the 1970s,LPsof dub tracks began to be produced; these could be, variously: a collection of new dub mixes of riddims previously used on various singles, usually by a single producer; the dub version of an existing vocal LP with dub mixes of all the tracks; or, least commonly, a selection of previously unissued original riddims mixed in a dub style.

History

Lee "Scratch" Perrywas an early pioneer of the genre

Dub music andtoastingintroduced a new era of creativity in reggae music. From their beginning, toasting and dub music developed together and influenced each other. The development of sound system culture influenced the development of studio techniques in Jamaica,and the earliestDJs,includingDuke ReidandPrince Busteramong others, were toasting over instrumental versions of reggae and developing instrumental reggae music.

"Versions" and experiments with studio mixing (Late 1960s)

In 1968, Kingston, Jamaica sound system operatorRudolph "Ruddy" Redwoodwent toDuke Reid'sTreasure Islestudio to cut a one-offdub plateof The Paragons hit "On The Beach". Engineer Byron Smith left the vocal track out by accident, but Redwood kept the result and played it at his next dance with his deejay Wassytoastingover the rhythm.Theinstrumentalrecord excited the people at thesound systemand they started singinglyricsof the vocal track over the instrumental. The invention was a success, and Ruddy needed to play the instrumental continuously for half an hour to an hour that day.The next dayBunny Leewho was a witness to this, toldKing Tubbythat they needed to make some more instrumental tracks, as "them people love" them, and they dubbed out vocals from "Ain't Too Proud To Beg"bySlim Smith.Because of King Tubby's innovative approach, the resulting instrumental track was more than just a track without a voice – King Tubby interchanged the vocals and the instrumental, playing the vocals first, then playing the riddim, thenmixingthem together. From this point on, they started to call such tracks "versions".Another source puts 1967 and not 1968 as the initial year of the practice of putting instrumental versions of reggae tracks to theB-sideof records.

AtStudio Onethe initial motivation to experiment with instrumental tracks and studio mixing was correcting the riddim until it had a "feel," so a singer, for instance, could comfortably sing over it.

Another reason to experiment with mixing was rivalry among sound systems. Sound systems' sound men wanted the tracks they played atdancesto be slightly different each time, so they would order numerous copies of the same record from a studio, each with a different mix.

Evolution of dub as a subgenre (1970s)

By 1973, through the efforts of several independent and competitive innovators, engineers, and producers, instrumental reggae "versions" from various studios had evolved into "dub" as a subgenre of reggae.

The innovative albumThe UndertakerbyDerrick Harriottand the Crystallites, engineered byErrol Thompsonand with "Sound Effects" credited to Derrick Harriott, was one of the first strictly instrumental reggae albums on its release in 1970.

In 1973, at least three producers, Lee "Scratch" Perry and the Aquarius studio engineer/producer team ofHerman Chin LoyandErrol Thompsonsimultaneously recognized that there was an active market for this new "dub" sound and consequently they started to release the first albums strictly consisting of dub. In the spring of 1973, Lee "Scratch" Perry releasedUpsetters 14 Dub Blackboard Jungle,mixed in collaboration withKing Tubbyand more commonly known as "Blackboard Jungle Dub". It is considered a landmark recording of this genre.

In 1974,Keith Hudsonreleased his classicPick a Dub,widely considered to have been the first deliberately thematic dub album, with tracks specifically mixed in the dub style for the purpose of appearing together on an LP, and King Tubby released his two debut albumsAt the Grass Roots of DubandSurrounded by the Dreads at the National Arena.

Dub history (Early 1980s–present)

Dub has continued to evolve, its popularity waxing and waning with changes in musical fashion. Almost all reggae singles still carry an instrumental version on the B-side and these are still used by the sound systems as a blank canvas for live singers and DJs.

In 1986, the Japanese bandMute Beatwould create dub music using live instruments such as trumpets rather than studio equipment, and became a precursor to club music.

In the 1980s, theUnited Kingdombecame a new centre for dub production withMikey Dread,Mad ProfessorandJah Shakabeing the most famous. It was also the time when dub made its influence known in the work of harder edged, experimental producers such as Mikey Dread withUB40andThe Clash,Adrian Sherwoodand the roster of artists on hisOn-U Soundlabel. Many bands characterized aspost-punkwere heavily influenced by dub. Better-known bands such asThe Police,The Clash and UB40 helped popularize Dub, with UB40'sPresent Arms In Dubalbum being the first dub album to hit the UK top 40.

Side by side with reggae at this time (early 1980s) running B side dub mixes, a rising number of American (mostly New York state and New Jersey-based)post-discorecord producers in collaboration with prominent DJs decided to supply 12 inch singles with alternate dub mixes, predating the era of "remixes". Reflected in the production of records such asThe Peech Boys' "Don't Make Me Wait",Toney Lee's "Reach Up", and artists mostly on New York City labelsPreludeorWest End.In the aforementioned mixes the beat of the record was accentuated, "unnecessary" vocal parts dropped, and other DJ-friendly features making it easy to work with, like picking out key sections to play over other records, heightening the dancefloor effect.

Contemporary instances are also called "dubtronica", "dub-techno", "steppers" orelectronic musicinfluenced by dub music.

Musical impact

Influence of dub

Yale professor Michael Veal described dub as "the sound of a society tearing itself apart at the seams". His book, "Starship Africa", says that the African diaspora is reflected in dub by the "extensive use of reverberation/delay devices and the fragmentation of the song surface" – he considers dub's use of reverb a "sonic metaphor for the condition of diaspora." Veal wrote that dub creators used echo and reverb to elicit memories of African culture in their listeners.King Tubby, Lee Perry, Eroll Thompson, Mad Professor, Jah Shaka, Denis Bovell and Linton Kwesi Johnson influenced rock musicians. From the 1980s forward, dub has been influenced by, and has in turn influenced,techno,dubtronica/dub techno,jungle,drum and bass,dubstep,house music,punkandpost-punk,trip hop,ambient music,andhip hop,with electronic dub sound. Musicians and bands such asCulture Club,Bill Laswell,Jah Wobble,New Age Steppers,Public Image Ltd,The Pop Group,The Police,Massive Attack,The Clash,Adrian Sherwood,Killing Joke,Bauhausand others demonstrate clear dub influences in their respective genres, and their innovations have in turn influenced the mainstream of the dub genre.

In 1987, US grunge rock bandSoundgardenreleased a dub version of theOhio Players' song "Fopp" alongside a more traditional rock cover of the song.DJs appeared towards the end of the 1990s who specialised in playing music by these musicians, such as the UK's Unity Dub. In the UK, Europe, and America, independent record producers continue to produce dub. Before forming The Mars Volta,Cedric Bixler,Omar Rodriguezand other members, recorded a series of dub albums under the nameDe Factosince 1999.

Influence of dub on punk and rock music

Since the inception of dub in the late 1960s, its history has been intertwined with that of thepunk rockscene in the UK.The Clashworked on collaborations involving Jamaican dub reggae creators likeLee "Scratch" Perry(whose "Police & Thieves",co-written withJunior Murvin,was covered by the Clash on their first album) andMikey Dread(on theSandinista!album). As well, the English group Ruts DC, a post-Malcolm Owen incarnation of the legendaryreggaeinfluenced punk groupThe Ruts,releasedRhythm Collision Dub Volume 1(Roir session), with the expertise of theMad Professor.Many punk rock bands In the U.S. were exposed to dub via the rasta punk bandBad BrainsfromWashington, D.C.,which was established and released their most influential material during the 80s.Blind Idiot Godplaced dub music alongside their faster and more intensenoise rocktracks. Dub was adopted by some punk rock groups of the 90s, with bands such asRancidandNOFXwriting original songs in a dub style.Often, bands considered to beska punkplay dub influenced songs; one of the first such bands to become popular wasSublime,whose albums featured both dub originals and remixes. They went on to influence more recent American bands such asRx Banditsand TheLong Beach Dub Allstars.In addition, dub influenced some types ofpop,including bands such asNo Doubt.No Doubt's fifth album,Rock Steady,features an assortment of popular dub sounds like reverb and echoing. As noted by the band themselves,No Doubtis heavily influenced by Jamaican musical aesthetics and production techniques, even recording theirRock Steadyalbum inKingston, Jamaica,and producingB-sidesfeaturing dub influences on theirEverything in TimeB-sides album. Some controversy still exists on whether pop-ska bands like No Doubt can regard themselves as a part of dub lineage. Other bands followed in the footsteps of No Doubt, fusing pop-ska and dub influences, such asSave Ferrisand Vincent.

There are also some British punk bands creating dub music.Capdownreleased theirCivil Disobedientsalbum, featuring the track "Dub No. 1", whileSonic Boom SixandThe King Bluestake heavy influences from dub, mixing the genre with originalpunkethics and attitudes. Thepost-punkbandPublic Image Ltd,fronted byJohn Lydon,formerly ofSex Pistols,often use dub and reggae influenced bass lines in their music, especially in their earlier music through various bassists who were members of the group, such asJah WobbleandJonas Hellborg.Their track "Rise",which reached #11 in the UK Chart in 1986 uses a dub/reggae influenced bass line.

The British post-punk bandBauhauswere highly influenced by dub music, so far that Bauhaus' bass player,David Jmentioned that their signature song, "Bela Lugosi's Dead","was our interpretation of dub ".

Shoegazebands such asRidewith their song "King Bullshit" and the intro to "Time Machine" have explored and experimented with dub.Slowdivealso penned "Souvlaki Space Station" and their instrumental "Moussaka Chaos" as a testimony of dub influence, while theKitchens of Distinctionreleased "Anvil Dub".

Steve Hogarth,singer with British rock bandMarillion,acknowledged the influence of dub on their 2001 albumAnoraknophobia.

Al Cisneros,founder and bassist ofDoom MetaloutfitOMhas gone on record regarding the influence of Reggae and Dub on his bass playing style.

21st-century dub

Traditional dub has survived, and some of the originators of dub such asLee "Scratch" PerryandMad Professorhave produced music in the 21st century. New artists continue to preserve the traditional dub sound, some with slight modifications but with a primary focus on reproducing the original characteristics of the sound in a live environment. Some of these artists includeDubblestandartfrom Vienna, Austria (who recorded the albumReturn from Planet Dubin collaboration with, and performing live with, Lee "Scratch" Perry);Liquid Strangerfrom Sweden; New York City artists, includingTicklah(also known asVictor Axelrod,Earl Maxton, Calbert Walker, and Douglass & Degraw),Victor Rice,Easy Star All-Stars,and Dub Trio—who have recorded and performed live with Mike Patton and are currently touring as the backing band forMatisyahu);Subatomic Sound System(who have remixed material by Lee "Scratch" Perry and Ari Up);Dub is a Weapon;King Django;Dr. Israel;Giant Panda Guerilla Dub Squadfrom Rochester, New York; theHeavyweight Dub Championfrom San Francisco and Colorado,Gaudi;Ottfrom the UK, who has released several influential albums throughTwisted Records,Boom One Sound System, and Dubsmith from theBoom One Recordslabel;Future Pigeonfrom Los Angeles; German artists like Disrupt and Rootah from theJahtarilabel;Twilight Circusfrom the Netherlands;Moonlight Dub Experimentfrom Costa Rica; andStand High Patrolfrom France. More eclectic use of dub techniques are apparent in the work of BudNubac, which mixes Cubanbig bandwith dub techniques. Modern dub producerRyan Moorehas received critical acclaim for hisTwilight Circusproject. In 2022 was released Sly & Robbie vs. Roots Radics "The Dub Battle" produced by the Argentine artist and dub engineer Hernan "Don Camel" Sforzini, this work is the first to reunite all the legends of dub in one album dubbing the entire "The Final Battle" album, Grammy nominated in 2019. This album includes the last dubs produced by Lee "Scratch" Perry and Bunny "Striker" Lee, also dub versions produced by King Jammy, Mad Professor, Dennis Bovell, Don Camel and two unreleased dub versions of King Tubby.

Afrofuturism and Diaspora

Dub music is in conversation with the cultural aesthetic ofAfrofuturism.Having emerged fromJamaica,this genre is regarded as the product ofdiasporapeoples, whose culture reflects the experience of dislocation, alienation and remembrance. Through the creation of space-filling soundscapes, faded echoes, and repetition within musical tracks, Dub artists are able to tap into such Afrofuturist concepts as the nonlinearity of time and the projection of past sounds into an unknown future space. In a 1982 essay,Luke Ehrlich describes Dub through this particular scope:

With dub, Jamaican music spaced out completely. Ifreggaeis Africa in the New World, then dub must be Africa on the moon; it's the psychedelic music I expected to hear in the '60s and didn't. The bass and drums conjure up a dark, vast space, a musical portrait of outer space, with sounds suspended like glowing planets or the fragments of instruments careening by, leaving trails like comets and meteors. Dub is a kaleidoscopic musical montage which takes sounds originally intended as interlocking parts of another arrangement and using them as raw material, converts them into new and different sounds; then, in its ownrhythmand format, it continually reshuffles these new sounds into unusual juxtapositions.

At the same time, dub music's role in the Black musical canon marks a theme of the diaspora the music was birthed from. Due to the sonic structure of echoes and reverberations, dub can create a dream-like world symbolizing the generational trauma of African diaspora as a result of slavery.This understanding of dub gives it the power to take on the darker emotions related to the diaspora, including violence. InKing Tubby'sdub mixes, one can hear sonic elements of screeching tires, gun fire, and police sirens.Artist Arthur Jafa said this about dub music and the diaspora in 1994 during a keynote address at the Organization of Black Designers Conference:

those group experiences that reconfigure who we [African Americans] are as a community. One of the critical primal sites would be the Middle Passage. If you understand the level of horror directed towards a group of people, then you start getting some sense of the magnitude, impact, and level of trauma that that had on the African American community, and how it was particularly one of the earliest group experiences that reshaped an "African psyche" into the beginning of an African American psyche.... Now, for example, you look at Black music and see certain structural things that really are about reclaiming this whole sense of absence, loss, not knowing. One of the things I'm thinking about is dub music... it ends up really speaking about common experiences because the structure of the music is about things dropping out and coming back in, really reclaiming this whole sense of loss, rupture, and repair that is very common across the experience of black people in the diaspora.

William Gibson frequently mentions dub in the 1984 science fiction novelNeuromancer.

As they worked, Case gradually became aware of the music that pulsed constantly through the cluster. It was called dub, a sensuous mosaic cooked from vast libraries of digitalized pop; it was worship, Molly said, and a sense of community. Case heaved at one of the yellow sheets; the thing was light but still awkward. Zion smelled of cooked vegetables, humanity, and ganja.

"We monitor many frequencies. We listen always. Came a voice, out of the babel of tongues, speaking to us. It played us a mighty dub."

Jamaican Sound System

The most straightforward explanation of theJamaican sound systemwould be an individual who deals with a mechanical system consisting of musical amplification and diffusion. This would include turntables, speakers, and a PA system. In this system thedeejayis the person who speaks over the record. This is not to be confused with the American term DJ, which refers to the one in charge of selecting the tracks at an event with music. This role is known as theselectorin the sound system dub culture, who also plays a vital role in the system, especially in Jamaican dancehalls.

The sound system has had a prevalent spot in music production in Jamaica for well over 60 years. The true importance and relationship between the sound system and dub music can be found in the dubbed out versions of sounds that became the source of Dub music. These dubbed out versions of songs consisted of the original track, without the vocals. Throughreggaesoundscape and the Jamaican Sound System, dub artists were able to creatively manipulate these dubbed out versions or remixes of songs. These dub remixes were heavily influenced with effects, vocalsamples,and were essential to the progression of dub. The remixes, often referred to as versions were the B-sides of a specific record. The dub musician would add in dramatic pauses and breakdowns in the version to make the song have a dub influence and feel. The artists who were using the sound system to create dub tracks would refer to their creation of remixes of certain records versioning. In the setting of a sound system, versions allow for more vocal improvisation and expressions from thedeejay.These remixes or versions would not have been possible without the Jamaican sound system and its progression over the years.

At the heart of reggae and Jamaican culture lies the sound system. In the early 1950s the sound system consisted of aturntable,amplifier,and pair of speakers. In the 21st century they have become larger scale productions

At the time Jamaica gained independence from Britain in 1962, the culture was in flux, and the country was experiencing a form of identity crisis. Throughout the 40's and 50's Jamaican audiences had come to favor American R&B records over locally produced music. Jamaican sound system culture and dub music helped cement Jamaican musical forms into Jamaican national cultural identity in this critical time in the nation's development.

See also

• List of dub artists
• List of electronic music genres

Further reading

• Du Noyer, Paul (2003). "Dub".The Billboard Illustrated Encyclopedia of Music.New York City:Billboard Books. pp. 356–357.ISBN0-8230-7869-8.
• Veal, Michael E. (2007).Dub: Songscapes and Shattered Songs in Jamaican Reggae.Middletown: Wesleyan University Press.
• Cox and Warner, eds.Audio Culture: Readings in Modern Music.Continuum: 2004.[1]"Replicant: On Dub" by David Toop; Chapter 51, Pages 355–356.

External links

• Dub EchoesA documentary about the influence of dub in today's dance music and hip hop
• Melting Pot DubA short history of dub
• A History of DubFootnoted Article
• Dub.comLinks to labels, websites and resources
• Allmusic's Essay on Dub
• When Dancehall was Nice - In the 80s Dancehall Reggae Reggae Recall