Dutch Island (Rhode Island)

This article is about the fort in Rhode Island. For the Civil War-era fort in the District of Columbia, seeFort Greble.

Dutch Island Light,from an early twentieth century postcard

Dutch Islandis an island lying west ofConanicut Islandat an entrance toNarragansett BayinRhode Island,United States. It is part of the town ofJamestown, Rhode Island,and has a land area of 0.4156 km² (102.7 acres). It was uninhabited as of theUnited States Census, 2000.The island was fortified from theAmerican Civil WarthroughWorld War IIand was known asFort Greblefrom 1898 to 1947.

History

Dutch Island in 2008 fromFort Getty

Dutch Island's Indian name wasQuotenisorQuetenesse.Abraham Pietersen van Deusenof theDutch West India Companyestablished a trading post on the island around 1636 to trade with theNarragansett Indians,trading Dutch goods, cloths, implements, and liquors for the Indians' furs, fish, and venison. Several years later, the Dutch builtFort NinigretinCharlestown.In 1654, English colonists purchased the island from the Indians. In 1825, the federal government acquired 6 acres (24,000 m²) at the southern end of the island, andDutch Island Lightwas established on January 1, 1827 to mark the west passage of Narragansett Bay and to aid vessels entering Dutch Island Harbor. The first 30-foot (9.1 m) tower was built of stones found on the island. The government constructed a new 42-foot (13 m) brick tower in 1857 with a fog bell added in 1878. No remnants exist today of the Dutch trading post, but a lighthouse and military buildings remain on the island.

Fort Greble

Fort Greble
Part ofHarbor Defenses of Narragansett Bay
Dutch Island, Rhode Island
A 10-inchdisappearing gunat Fort Greble.
Fort Greble Location in Rhode Island
Coordinates	41°30′14″N71°24′00″W
Type	Coastal Defense,laterPOW camp
Site information
Owner	Rhode Island Dept of Environmental Management
Open to the public	No
Condition	Fair
Site history
Built	circa 1895
Built by	United States Army Corps of Engineers
In use	1897-1947
Battles/wars	World War I,World War II

A US coast defense battery with two guns on disappearing carriages, similar to the 10-inch gun battery at Fort Greble

Fort Greblewas named in honor of 1st Lt.John Trout Greble,2nd Artillery, USA, who was the first officer of theRegular Armykilled in the Civil War. In 1863, the land was sold to the United States government, and the island was taken over by the Army by 1864.

American Civil War

During theAmerican Civil War,the island was used as a training site by the14th Rhode Island Heavy Artillery (Colored).The soldiers of the 14th Rhode Island constructed the first earthwork defenses on the island, and sporadic construction continued after the Civil War ended. An eight-gun battery was built and armed by the 14th Rhode Island in 1863-64. A battery for eleven 10-inchRodman gunswas also built at the south end of the island; it extended in a north-south line and had wide arcs of fire on either side. However, it was vulnerable to flooding and was never armed.

Spanish American War

More gun batteries were placed on Dutch Island after the Civil War. In 1870, a massive fort was proposed for Dutch Island mounting forty 15-inch Rodman guns, but funding for this was cut off in 1875, and nearly all coast defense funding was cut off nationwide within a few years.However, the recommendations of theEndicott Boardin the late 1890s resulted in the construction ofFort Grebleas part of theCoast Defenses of Narragansett Bay.This was spurred by theSpanish–American Warand included tunnels and gun emplacements, with the fort enlarged until 1902. The first of Fort Greble's works was Battery Hale, completed in 1897 with the emplacement of three10-inch M1888disappearing guns.A battery was constructed for one6-inch Armstrong gunshortly after the war started, but the gun was removed in 1903.This was followed by the establishment of Battery Mitchell on the Armstrong gun site with three6-inch M1903disappearing guns, and Battery Sedgwick with eight12-inch M1890 mortars.Finally Battery Ogden was completed in 1900 with its two3-inch M1898 rapid fire gunson retractable masking parapet carriages. The fort also had facilities for controlling anunderwater minefield,and the mines were stored atFort Wetherill.

Battery Hale was named forRevolutionary WarheroNathan Hale.Battery Mitchell was named for Captain David D. Mitchell, killed in thePhilippine–American War.Battery Sedgwick was named for Major-GeneralJohn Sedgwick,killed in the Civil War. Battery Ogden was named for Frederick C. Ogden, an officer killed in the Civil War.

Inter-war period training exercises

TheNew York Timesreported that a combined arms training exercise was conducted on 26 June 1908 involving regular and militia military units from Fort Adams and Fort Greble.[1]Soldiers and their commanders launched a simulated land and sea attack on the island, and the residents of Newport and Jamestown were kept awake all night by the sound of the fort's guns.

Corporal William W. Lee loaded two pounds of the wrong powder into Fort Greble's reveille gun on 2 April 1912, which typically used only 4 ounces or 8 tablespoons of black powder, and the breech blew up when he pulled the lanyard. His wounds were fatal, and his grave is located in Jamestown's town cemetery on Narragansett Ave.

World Wars 1 and 2

The fort was home to as many as 495 soldiers duringWorld War Iunder the command of ColonelCharles Foster Tillinghast Sr.Several of its guns were dismounted for potential service on theWestern Frontin 1917-18. One 10-inch gun of Battery Hale was dismounted for conversion to arailway gun;it was replaced by a similar gun fromFort Wetherillin late 1918. The three 6-inch guns of Battery Mitchell were dismounted in 1917 and sent to France for use on wheeled carriages; they were not returned to Fort Greble. None of the 6-inch gun regiments completed training before theArmistice of 11 November 1918and thus did not see combat.Four of Battery Sedgwick's eight 12-inch mortars were dismounted in 1918 for potential use as railway artillery and to improve reloading efficiency.

Battery Ogden's 3-inch guns were withdrawn from service in 1920 as part of a general retirement of the M1898 3-inch guns.The fort was active till the mid-1920s as part of theCoast Defenses of Narragansett Bay.It was placed in caretaker status because the fort'scisternswere defective and could not hold sufficient water to support the garrison.

During World War II, Fort Greble was used as a German prisoner-of-war camp and was discontinued from service in 1947. The fort's guns were scrapped in 1942 once improved defenses were constructed centered onFort ChurchandFort Greene.

Since World War 2

There have been no redevelopment or preservation efforts on Dutch Island since World War 2, and it has been used as a training site for theRhode Island National Guard.The island is owned by the State of Rhode Island and is designated as a wildlife management area by the state's Department of Environmental Management (DEM). In 2016, theArmy Corps of Engineerscompleted a project to mitigate safety hazards on the island.

Gallery

• 
  12-inch mortar pit at Fort Greble.
• 
  6-inch disappearing gun at Fort Greble.
• 
  3-inch gun M1898 on retractable masking parapet carriage M1898, the type that was at Fort Greble
• 
  Fort Greble from the ferry.
• 
  Testing a mine, Fort Greble.

See also

• Seacoast defense in the United States
• United States Army Coast Artillery Corps

References

• Dutch Island: Block 4050, Census Tract 415, Newport County, Rhode IslandUnited States Census Bureau
• Dutch Island Lighthouse History
• Lighthouse DetailsArchived2006-05-16 at theWayback Machine
• Berhow, Mark A., ed. (2004).American Seacoast Defenses, A Reference Guide(Second ed.). CDSG Press.ISBN0-9748167-0-1.
• Frederic Denlson,Narragansett Sea and Shore,(J.A. & R.A. Reid, Providence, RI., 1879)
• Lewis, Emanuel Raymond (1979).Seacoast Fortifications of the United States.Annapolis: Leeward Publications.ISBN978-0-929521-11-4.
• Schroder, Walter K. (1998).Images of America: Dutch Island and Fort Greble.Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing.ISBN978-0-7385-6365-7.
• George L. Seavey,Rhode Island's Coastal Natural Areas.

External links

• List of all US coastal forts and batteriesat the Coast Defense Study Group, Inc. website
• FortWiki, lists all CONUS and Canadian forts