Basque Nationalist Party
TheBasque Nationalist Party[11](Basque:Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea,EAJ[eus̺koaldeɾdijelts̻ale.a];Spanish:Partido Nacionalista Vasco,PNV;French:Parti Nationaliste Basque,PNB;EAJ-PNV), officiallyBasque National Partyin English,[12][a]is aBasque nationalist[14][15][16][17]andregionalist[18][19]political party.The party is located in thecentreof the political spectrum.[20][3]
The party is described asChristian-democratic,[21][22][23]withsocial-democratic[24][25][26]andconservative-liberal[27]factions. In 2020 the party voted in favour of the investiture of the current Prime Minister of Spain,Pedro Sánchez,belonging to theSpanish Socialist Workers' Party.[28]
It operates in all the territories comprising theBasque Country:theBasque Autonomous CommunityandNavarreinSpain,and in theFrench Basque Country.It also has delegations in dozens of foreign nations, specifically those with a major presence ofBasque immigrants.
The EAJ-PNV was founded bySabino Aranain 1895, which makes it the second oldest extant political party inSpain,after theSpanish Socialist Workers' Party.The EAJ-PNV is the largest Basque nationalist party, having led theBasque Governmentuninterruptedly since 1979, except for a brief period between 2009 and 2012. In Navarre, it is part of the coalitionGeroa Bai,which is currently a junior partner of the PSOE in the Navarrese regional government. Currently a member of theEuropean Democratic Party,EAJ-PNV was previously a member of theEuropean Free Alliancefrom 1999 to 2004.[29]Earlier it had been affiliated with theEuropean People's Partyand theChristian Democrat International(from which it was expelled in 2000).[30]
The current chairman of the EAJ-PNV isAndoni Ortuzar.The party's youth wing isEuzko Gaztedi.The EAJ-PNV's social offices are called batzokis, of which there are over 200 throughout the world.[31]Since 1932, the party celebratesAberri Eguna(Homeland Day) onEaster.[32]Also, since 1977, it celebratesAlderdi Eguna(Party Day).
History
[edit]Origins and early history
[edit]The Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ-PNV) was founded in 1895 bySabino de Arana Goirias aCatholicandconservativepolitical party agitating for political independence for the province ofBiscayand the defence of Basque traditional culture,language,and racial purity. In fact, in its early years, party membership was restricted to those who could prove pureBasque ancestryby having eight Basque surnames.
By 1897, the party sought independence not only for Biscay but for all seven provinces comprising theBasque Countryin both Spain and France.[33]
In 1916, the Basque Nationalist Party renamed itself the Basque Nationalist Communion (Comunión Nacionalista Vasca). This name change marked a departure, in many aspects, from the original doctrine of the late Sabino Arana and casting itself as a broader social movement rather than simply a political party. The Basque Nationalist Communion at this point advocated for Basque autonomy within Spain, rather than outright independence. However, a small faction known as the "Aberrianos" ( "Fatherlanders" ) within the party remained committed to the cause of independence. In 1921, the leading members of the Aberrianos were kicked from the moderate Basque Nationalist Communion.[34]Later that year, the Aberrianos officially formed their own political party, reclaiming the name "Basque Nationalist Party".
During thesingle party dictatorshipof Captain GeneralMiguel Primo de Rivera(1923-1930), the Basque Nationalist Party was outlawed, and its members went underground. Many of its activities continued through mountaineering( "mendigoxale" )and folklore associations. However, the Basque Nationalist Communion was tolerated by the Spanish dictatorship as it was considered a moderate regionalist party.[35]
At the end of 1930, the two nationalist organisations united under the original name Basque Nationalist Party. However, a small faction split from the Basque Nationalist Communion shortly before the reunification, calling itselfEusko Abertzale Ekintza-Acción Nacionalista Vasca( "Basque Nationalist Action"). It was on the moderate nationalist left, non-confessional and open to alliances with Spanish republican and socialist parties.
The Second Spanish Republic
[edit]1934–1935
[edit]The division between autonomism and independentism appeared again during theSecond Spanish Republic.Headed byAberrianoveteranEli Gallastegi,a small group of independentists coalesced around the Mountaineering Federation of Biscay and its affiliated weekly publicationJagi-Jagi( "Arise Arise" ), and abandoned the now-moderate and autonomist Basque Nationalist Party.
The Spanish Civil War and Franco's rule
[edit]Civil War
[edit]After theSpanish Civil Warof 18 July 1936, the party felt torn. Certain branches of the party supported the rebellion against the Republic, feeling sympathy for its Catholic and anti-Communist agenda. However, the right-wing rebels insisted on a unified Spain, making them hostile to nationalist movements in regions such as the Basque Country. Furthermore, the Basque Nationalist Party was alsoanti-Fascist,while Fascists constituted a large part of the rebellion. Ultimately, the republican government was able to secure the allegiance of the Basque Nationalist Party with the promise to pass a Basque Autonomy Statute.
TheBiscayanandGipuzkoanbranches declared support for the republic, democracy, and anti-fascism in the ensuingSpanish Civil Warand were key in balancing those provinces to the Republican side. In the territory seized by the rebels, PNV members faced tough times. During the military uprising in Navarre, the Basque nationalist mayor ofEstella-Lizarra,Fortunato Aguirre, was arrested by the Spanish nationalist rebels (18 July 1936), and killed in September. Some Basque nationalists could flee north to Basque areas loyal to the Republic, or France. However, some members of theAlaveseandNavarresecommittees, ahead of an official decision, published notesrefusing support to the Republic.Notwithstanding their initial ambiguous position in certain areas, the party premises and press in Álava and Navarre were closed in that month of July.
Some PNV sympathizers and members joined theCarlistbattalions, either out of conviction or to avoid persecution. By October 1936, a war front had been established at the northern tip of Álava and to the west ofDonostia-San Sebastián.Initially, the Defence Committees in Biscay and Gipuzkoa were dominated by thePopular Front.After hard negotiations, eventually Basque autonomy was granted within theSecond Spanish Republicin late 1936, and the new autonomous government immediately organized theBasque Army,consisting ofmilitiasrecruited separately by the various political organizations, including the EAJ-PNV, EAE-ANV, andJagi-Jagi.
The autonomous government maintained remarkable order behind the lines in Biscay and western Gipuzkoa, and managed the coordination and provision of military resistance. Upon occupation of territories loyal to the Republic, the rebel forces focused repression on leftists, but Basque nationalists were also targeted, facing prison, humiliation, and death in some cases. As the rebel troops approached Biscay, the Carlist press in Pamplona even called for the extermination of Basque nationalists.[36]
José Antonio Aguirre,the party leader, became in October 1936 the firstlehendakari(Basque president) of the wartime multipartiteBasque Government,ruling the unconquered parts of Biscay and Gipuzkoa. In April 1937, the city ofGernikawas bombed by German airplanes covertly aiding the rebel forces. Jose Antonio Aguirre stated that "the German planes bombed us with a brutality that had never been seen before for two and a half hours."Pablo Picassomade apaintingin remembrance of the massacre named after the city that year.[37]
When Bilbao, the most populated city in the Basque Country, was taken by Franco's troops, the Basque nationalists decided to not destroy or sabotage the powerful manufacturing industry of Bilbao, thinking that they had the responsibility to secure the prosperity of their people in the future. This decision allowed the occupying rebel forces to use the industrial power of Bilbao in their war effort against the rest of Republic-aligned Spain.
In July 1937, having lost all Basque territory, the Basque Army retreated towardSantander.With no territory or help from the Republic, the Basque Army surrendered to the ItalianCorpo Truppe Volontarithrough the so-calledSantoña Agreement.Prison sentences and executions followed, as the rebel government of Francisco Franco ruled that separate terms of surrender could not be made between the Basques and Italians. The Basque government then moved to Barcelona until the fall ofCatalonia,and then out of Spain into exile inFrance.LehendakariAguirre was exiled inBelgiumwhenHitler's forces invaded it, thus beginning his long clandestine journey to reach the United States. With a false identity, he travelled to Berlin, and then on to Sweden with the help of a Panamanian ambassador. He fled Europe for Latin America, where in Uruguay he re-assumed his real identity and was given a visa to the United States. He travelled to New York, where he was taken under the protection ofAmerican Basquesas a professor atColumbia University.
Exile during the post-war
[edit]The president of the Basque Government in exile was always a EAJ-PNV member. Additionally, the sole Spanish representative in theUnited Nationswas the Basque appointeeJesús de Galíndez,until his murder in an obscure episode regarding his PhD Thesis about Dominican Republic's dictator Trujillo. He also decided to put the large Basque exiles' network at the service of theAlliedside and collaborated with the US Secretary of State and theCIAduring theCold Warto fight Communism in Spanish America.
When theUnited Statesdecided to back Franco in 1952, Aguirre went to France where the Basque Government in exile was established. Also, he learned there that thepro-NaziFrench government of Vichyconfiscated the Basque Government's building and that the anti-NaziCharles de Gaullemaintained it as a Spanish Government's possession. The building today is theInstituto Cervantespremises where French people can learn any of the Spanish languages, including Basque.[38]
Generational conflict and new alliances
[edit]In 1959,ETAwas created by young undergraduates from the area of Bilbao (organisation EKIN) lured by Basque nationalist ideology, but increasingly disgruntled at the ineffective political action of the EAJ-PNV, largely daunted by post-war repression and scattered in exile. In addition, the new generation resented an attempt of the EAJ-PNV to pull the strings of their movement and PNV's youth wingEuzko Gaztedi(EGI), with whom they had merged in the mid-1950s, as well as showing a more modern stance, stressing for one the language as the centre ofBasqueness,instead of race.
In the 1950s and 1960s, the party looked for alliances abroad, expecting at first that the defeat of the Axis inWorld War IIwould encourage USA's support for an eventual overthrow of Franco's hold on power, which did not happen. In addition, it was a founder party of theChristian Democrat International,but now the party is an active member of theEuropean Democratic Party.
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, contacts started with other Spanish parties to assert the EAJ-PNV's position in a new post-Francoist order. At the same time, the Basque Nationalist Party confirmed its stance against ETA in a period when its violent actions saw a surge and its influence in society was very apparent, especially in street protests. Juan de Ajuriaguerra paved the way for the EAJ-PNV's comeback to Basque politics from exile, and started to negotiate their participation in the new status-quo, with special attention to a new Statute.
A Basque Statute
[edit]The EAJ-PNV's results in the 1977 and 1978 elections confirmed PNV's central position in Basque politics. While the EAJ-PNV advocated for abstention in the referendum on the Spanish Constitution for its lack of Basque input, the party supported theStatute of Autonomy of the Basque Country,approved in December 1978, and paved the way to its success in the first elections held in theBasque Autonomous Community,once Navarre was left out.
In the transition years after Franco's death in 1975, Xabier Arzallus came to prominence, who masterminded the so-called "Spirit of Arriaga" to accommodate the party to the new Spanish democracy. Despite some internal tensions, the former priest and Jesuit came up reinforced and was chosen undisputed party leader. The EAJ-PNV found its main and strongest support base in Biscay, while in Navarre EAJ-PNV was next to non-existent.
Carlos Garaikoetxea spearheaded the new autonomous government after being elected with 38.8% of the votes and during this first term the Basque Nationalist Party held office without outside support. During this period, the EAJ-PNV's challenges were closely associated to its position in the Basque Government: defense of the Statute, devolution of powers from Madrid, discrediting of political violence, restructuring of manufacturing industry steeped in crisis.
As of 1985, tensions inside the party spurred the formation of a splinter group with a stronghold inGipuzkoa,which in turn led to a new party in 1987, when dissenters from the EAJ-PNV formed theBasque Solidarity( "Eusko Alkartasuna", EA) party.Carlos Garaikoetxeawas then elected as the first president of the rival party. The split from the EAJ-PNV was mainly based on:
- Apersonality clashbetween thelehendakariGaraikoetxea,who went to form EA, and the EAJ-PNV leaderXabier Arzalluz.
- The configuration of the Basque Country:
- A strong Basque governmentand weak provinces (EA).
- Strong provinces (EAJ-PNV).
Afterwards, some ideological differences also came out. EA adopted asocial-democraticideology, while the EAJ-PNV remained more attached to itsChristian-democraticideas. The split was particularly bitter given that it was headed by the lehendakari (premier) himself. Many EAJ-PNV political bars (batzoki ,"meeting place" ) becamealkartetxe ( "meeting house" ).
Since 1991, as time has eased the bitter split (helped by the fact that both Arzalluz and Garaikoetxea have gone into political retirement), both parties agreed to form anelectoral coalitionin a number of local elections as a means to maximise the nationalist votes, which eventually led to reunite both candidatures in a joint list again for the regional governments of Navarra and the Basque Autonomous Community in 1998. Thus, EA has participated in several EAJ-PNV-led Basque governments, including the 2006 government of PresidentJuan José Ibarretxe Markuartu.Still, EA decided to run by itself in the municipal elections held in May 2007.
Former presidentJuan José Ibarretxespearheaded a call for the reform of theStatute of Autonomy that governs the Basque Country Autonomous Community,through a proposal widely known as theIbarretxe Plan,passed by the Basque Parliament but not even accepted for discussion by the SpanishCortes Generales.
In 2009, the EAJ-PNV was expelled from office by an alliance of theSocialist Party of the Basque Countryand thePeople's Party,taking advantage of a distorted parliament representation issued from the outlawing of left-wing Basque nationalists. Until that moment, the EAJ-PNV dominated every administration of the Basque government. In Navarre, the EA and EAJ-PNV formed the coalitionNafarroa Bai—'Yes to Navarre'—along withAralarandBatzarre,but a split within the coalition led to its revamp asGeroa Bai.In terms of ideology, by November 2016 the Basque Nationalist Party shifted its rhetoric to make the autonomous community ofEuskadithe subject of the Basque nation.[39]
Position in recent referendums
[edit]The EAJ-PNV called for:
- Abstentionin the Referendum forSpanish Constitutionin 1978.
- Gave freedom to vote yes or no to permanence of Spain in theNATOin 1986. The Yes won the vote in Spain, but the No was the first choice among the electors of the Basque Country.
- Yesto theEuropean Constitution proposalin the referendum held in Spain on 21 February 2005; and supported theLisbon Treatyin the Spanish Cortes Generales.
Presidents of the party since 1895
[edit]Note: The National Council of the Basque Nationalist Party (Euzkadi-Buru-Batzar) was created in 1911. Therefore, Sabino Arana and Ángel Zabala were only presidents of the Regional Council of Biscay (Bizkai-Buru-Batzar)
- 1895–1903Sabino de Arana y Goiri
- 1903–1906Ángel Zabala Ozamiz
- 1906–1908 Deputation formed bySantiago Alda,Alipio Larrauri,Antonio Arroyo,Vicente LarrinagaandEduardo Arriaga.
- 1911?–1916Luis de Arana y Goiri
- 1916–1920Ramón Bikuña
- 1920–1930Ignacio Rotaeche(Comunión Nacionalista Vasca)
- 1922–1930Luis de Arana y Goiri(Aberri)
- 1930Ceferino de Jemein(Aberri)
- 1931–1932Ramón Bikuña
- 1932–1933Luis de Arana y Goiri
- 1933–1934Jesús Doxandabaratz
- 1934–1935Isaac López Mendizábal
- 1935–1951Doroteo Ciáurriz
- 1951–1953Juan Ajuriaguerra
- 1957–1962José Aguerre
- 1975–1977Ignacio Unceta
- 1977–1980Carlos Garaikoetxea
- 1980–1984Xabier Arzalluz
- 1984–1985Román Sudupe
- 1985–1986Jesús Insausti
- 1986–2004Xabier Arzalluz
- 2004–2008Josu Jon Imaz
- 2008–2013Iñigo Urkullu
- 2013–presentAndoni Ortuzar
Party traditions
[edit]Jeltzaletasuna
[edit]JeL(Jaun-Goikua eta Lagi-zaŕa,"God and the Old Laws" in Arana'spuristBiscayan Basque,Jaungoikoa eta Lege-zaharraorJaungoikoa eta Foruakin Standard Basque) is the motto of the party.
The "old laws" referred to are thefueros,the traditional laws of theBasque provinces,observed by the kings of Castile, and later Spain, until theCarlist Wars. The motto of BasqueCarlistswasDios, patria, fueros, rey( "God, Country, Fueros,King"). Basque nationalism evolved out of Carlism, eventually supplanting it in much of the Basque Country.
Jeltzalein the party's Basque-language nameEuzko Alderdi Jeltzaleais a word comprising two parts:JeL(the acronym for "God and the Old Laws" ) and-(t)zale(literally meaning "fond of" ). Thusjeltzalecould be rendered in English as "one who is fond of God and the Old Laws (JeL)", or translated simply as "nationalist".
Ajelkide(after-kide,"companion" ) is a member of the party.
Alderdi Eguna
[edit]Alderdi Eguna ( "Party Day" ) is the national holiday of the Basque Nationalist Party which is annually celebrated on the last Sunday of September, the Sunday closest to thefeast dayofSaint Michael,the patron saint ofEuskal Herriaand of the Basque Nationalist Party.
The central act of this celebration is a political meeting of leading nationalists, but the celebration begins in the morning with a traditional festival in which the different municipal organizations from the party set up stands to sell drinks and their more typical products, all brightened up by traditional music. Dances and traditional sports are also enjoyed. The celebration takes place in an open air arena (currently inForonda,Álava), and lasts until nightfall.
European representation
[edit]In theEuropean Parliament,the Basque Nationalist Party sits in theRenew Europe groupwith one MEP.[40]
In theEuropean Committee of the Regions,the Basque Nationalist Party sits in theRenew Europe CoRgroup with one full and one alternate member for the 2020-2025 mandate.[41][42]
Electoral performance
[edit]Regional parliaments
[edit]Basque Parliament
[edit]Basque Parliament | ||||||
Election | Leading candidate | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Government |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1980 | Carlos Garaikoetxea | 349,102 | 37.95 (#1) | 25 / 60
|
21 | Minority |
1984 | 451,178 | 41.81 (#1) | 32 / 75
|
7 | Minority | |
1986 | José Antonio Ardanza | 271,208 | 23.60 (#2) | 17 / 75
|
15 | Coalition |
1990 | 289,701 | 28.28 (#1) | 22 / 75
|
5 | Coalition | |
1994 | 304,346 | 29.32 (#1) | 22 / 75
|
0 | Coalition | |
1998 | Juan José Ibarretxe | 350,322 | 27.62 (#1) | 21 / 75
|
1 | Coalition |
2001 | WithinPNV–EA | 26 / 75
|
5 | Coalition | ||
2005 | WithinPNV–EA | 21 / 75
|
5 | Coalition | ||
2009 | 399,600 | 38.14 (#1) | 30 / 75
|
9 | Opposition | |
2012 | Iñigo Urkullu | 384,766 | 34.16 (#1) | 27 / 75
|
3 | Coalition |
2016 | 398,168 | 37.36 (#1) | 28 / 75
|
1 | Coalition | |
2020 | 349,960 | 38.70 (#1) | 31 / 75
|
3 | Coalition | |
2024 | Imanol Pradales | 372,456 | 34.82 (#1) | 27 / 75
|
4 | Coalition |
Parliament of Navarre
[edit]Parliament of Navarre | ||||||
Election | Leading candidate | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Government |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1979 | Manuel de Irujo | Within NV | 3 / 70
|
3 | Opposition | |
1983 | Iñaki Cabasés | 18,161 | 6.83 (#5) | 3 / 50
|
0 | Opposition |
1987 | Vicente Arocena | 2,661 | 0.94 (#11) | 0 / 50
|
3 | Extra-parliamentary |
1991 | José Antonio Urbiola | 3,071 | 1.12 (#10) | 0 / 50
|
0 | Extra-parliamentary |
1995 | 2,943 | 0.99 (#8) | 0 / 50
|
0 | Extra-parliamentary | |
1999 | Begoña Errazti | WithinEA–PNV | 1 / 50
|
1 | Opposition | |
2003 | WithinEA–PNV | 1 / 50
|
0 | Opposition | ||
2007 | Patxi Zabaleta | WithinNaBai | 1 / 50
|
0 | Opposition | |
2011 | WithinNaBai 2011 | 1 / 50
|
0 | Opposition | ||
2015 | Uxue Barkos | WithinGBai | 4 / 50
|
1 | Coalition | |
2019 | WithinGBai | 3 / 50
|
1 | Coalition | ||
2023 | WithinGBai | 3 / 50
|
0 | Coalition |
Cortes Generales
[edit]Nationwide
[edit]Cortes Generales | |||||||||
Election | Congress | Senate | Leading candidate | Status in legislature | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | # | Seats | +/– | Seats | +/– | |||
1977 | 296,193 | 1.62% | 8th | 8 / 350
|
— | 6 / 207
|
— | Juan de Ajuriaguerra | Opposition |
1979 | 296,597 | 1.65% | 8th | 7 / 350
|
1 | 8 / 208
|
2 | Xabier Arzalluz | Opposition |
1982 | 395,656 | 1.88% | 7th | 8 / 350
|
1 | 7 / 208
|
1 | Iñigo Agirre | Opposition |
1986 | 309,610 | 1.53% | 6th | 6 / 350
|
2 | 7 / 208
|
0 | Iñaki Anasagasti | Opposition |
1989 | 254,681 | 1.24% | 6th | 5 / 350
|
1 | 4 / 208
|
3 | Iñaki Anasagasti | Opposition |
1993 | 291,448 | 1.24% | 6th | 5 / 350
|
0 | 3 / 208
|
1 | Iñaki Anasagasti | Confidence and supply |
1996 | 318,951 | 1.27% | 5th | 5 / 350
|
0 | 4 / 208
|
1 | Iñaki Anasagasti | Confidence and supply |
Opposition(from Jun. 1998) | |||||||||
2000 | 353,953 | 1.53% | 5th | 7 / 350
|
2 | 6 / 208
|
2 | Iñaki Anasagasti | Opposition |
2004 | 420,980 | 1.63% | 6th | 7 / 350
|
0 | 6 / 208
|
0 | Josu Erkoreka | Opposition |
2008 | 306,128 | 1.19% | 5th | 6 / 350
|
1 | 2 / 208
|
4 | Josu Erkoreka | Opposition |
2011 | 324,317 | 1.33% | 7th | 5 / 350
|
1 | 4 / 208
|
2 | Josu Erkoreka | Opposition |
2015 | 302,316 | 1.20% | 8th | 6 / 350
|
1 | 6 / 208
|
2 | Aitor Esteban | New election |
2016 | 287,014 | 1.19% | 7th | 5 / 350
|
1 | 5 / 208
|
1 | Aitor Esteban | Opposition |
Confidence and supply(fromJun. 2018) | |||||||||
2019 (Apr) | 395,884 | 1.51% | 8th | 6 / 350
|
1 | 9 / 208
|
4 | Aitor Esteban | New election |
2019 (Nov) | 379,002 | 1.56% | 9th | 6 / 350
|
0 | 9 / 208
|
0 | Aitor Esteban | Confidence and supply |
2023 | 275,782 | 1.13% | 8th | 5 / 350
|
1 | 4 / 208
|
5 | Aitor Esteban | Confidence and supply |
Regional breakdown
[edit]
|
|
European Parliament
[edit]European Parliament | |||||||||||
Election | Total | Basque Country | Navarre | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | # | Seats | +/– | Votes | % | # | Votes | % | # | |
1987 | WithinUE | 0 / 60
|
— | 208,135 | 19.39% | 2nd | 2,574 | 0.91% | 9th | ||
1989 | WithinCN | 1 / 60
|
1 | 201,809 | 20.95% | 1st | 2,410 | 1.05% | 10th | ||
1994 | WithinCN | 1 / 64
|
0 | 233,626 | 25.85% | 1st | 2,835 | 1.23% | 6th | ||
1999 | WithinCN–EP | 1 / 64
|
0 | WithinPNV–EA | WithinEA–PNV | ||||||
2004 | WithinGaleusca | 1 / 54
|
0 | 249,143 | 35.28% | 1st | 4,188 | 2.10% | 6th | ||
2009 | WithinCEU | 1 / 54
|
0 | 208,432 | 28.54% | 1st | 3,691 | 1.82% | 7th | ||
2014 | WithinCEU | 1 / 54
|
0 | 208,987 | 27.48% | 1st | 5,552 | 2.54% | 7th | ||
2019 | WithinCEUS | 1 / 59
|
0 | 380,577 | 33.92% | 1st | WithinGBai |
Logos
[edit]-
1977
-
1992
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^EAJ-PNV MembershipBasque National Party, Transparency portal.
- ^Josep M. Colomer, ed. (2008).Comparative European Politics.Routledge.p. 320.ISBN9781134073542.
- ^abEuropean Social Survey (2012)."Appendix A3. Political parties, ESS6-2012, edition 2.0"(PDF).p. 50. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2015-09-24.Retrieved2021-11-18.
PNV. Ideology: Basque nationalism. Political Position: Centre
- ^Nuñez, Xosé-Manoel (2003), "A State of Many Nations: The Construction of a Plural Spanish Society since 1976",The Social Construction of Diversity,Berghahn Books, p. 287
Keating, Michael; Loughlin, John; Deschouwer, Kris (2003),Culture, Institutions, and Economic Development: A Study of Eight European Regions,Edward Elgar Publishing, p. 55 - ^Gehiengoak maximizatzen.Berria, 16/06/2019.
- ^The Annual Register - Volume 221.Longmans. 1979. p. 162.
... It had lost votes substantially to the independent Andalusian Socialist Party (PSA) which, previously unrepresented in Parliament, gained 5 seats; and in Euzkadi, together with the centre-left Basque Nationalist Party (PNV)...
- ^Mark Hudson, Stan Rudcenko, ed. (1988).Spain to 1992: Joining Europe's Mainstream.Economist Intelligence Unit. p. 9.
- ^Ruiz Vieytez, Eduardo (2013)."A New Political Status for the Basque Country?"(PDF).Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe.12:99. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 27 March 2014.Retrieved30 April2019.
PNV is a pro-(Basque) sovereignty political party founded in 1895 and representing a wide political spectrum from centre-right to centre-left
- ^Mateos, Araceli; Penadés, Alberto (2013)."España: crisis y recortes"(PDF).Revista de ciencia política (Santiago)(in Spanish).33(1): 175.doi:10.4067/S0718-090X2013000100008.ISSN0718-090X.RetrievedJanuary 4,2016.
Convergencia i Unió (CiU) y el Partido Nacionalista Vasco (PNV-EAJ) son los partidos nacionalistas de centro-derecha en Cataluña y el País Vasco, respectivamente
- ^Gabriel Gatti; Ignacio Irazuzta; Iñaki Martínez de Albeniz, eds. (2005)."Political parties".Basque Society: Structures, Institutions, and Contemporary Life.University of Nevada Press. p. 177.ISBN978-1-877802-25-6.[permanent dead link]
- ^"Basque Nationalist Party".britannica.com.Encyclopædia Britannica.Retrieved31 August2018.
- ^"Basque National Party".basquenationalparty.eus.Retrieved31 August2018.
- ^"Las bases del PNV descartan cambiar el término" nacionalista "por" nacional "".ABC.25 November 2011.Retrieved31 August2018.
- ^Ahedo, Igor (2005), "Political parties in the Basque autonomous community",Basque Society: Structures, Institutions, And Contemporary Life,Center for Basque Studies, p. 177
- ^Ramiro, Luis; Morales, Laura (2007), "European integration and Spanish parties: Elite empowerment amidst limited adaptation",The Europeanization of National Political Parties: Power and organizational adaptation,Routledge, p. 145
- ^Pallarés, Francesc; Keating, Michael (2006), "Multi-level electoral competition: sub-state elections and party systems in Spain",Devolution and electoral politics,Manchester University Press, p. 101
- ^Gibbons 1999,p. 25 "the PNV, a Basque nationalist and Christian democratic party"
- ^Lidia Núñez (2019)."Nuanced Liberalism: The Weakness of Liberal Parties in Spain".In Emilie van Haute; Caroline Close (eds.).Liberal Parties in Europe.Taylor & Francis. p. 221.ISBN978-1-351-24549-4.
- ^José María Magone (2009).Contemporary Spanish Politics.Taylor & Francis. p. 170.ISBN978-0-415-42188-1.
- ^Josep M. Colomer, ed. (2008).Comparative European Politics.Routledge.p. 320.ISBN9781134073542.
- ^Gibbons 1999,p. 25 "the PNV, a Basque nationalist and Christian democratic party"
- ^Papini, Roberto (2010), "The Identity of the Christian Democratic Movement and Theory of Democracy",Religion, the Enlightenment, and the New Global Order,Columbia University Press, p. 259
- ^Keating, Michael (2009), "Nationalist Movements in Comparative Perspective",The Modern SNP: From Protest to Power,Edinburgh University Press, p. 208
- ^Alvarez, Manu (7 October 2013)."La reforma fiscal pone fin a la etapa liberal del PNV que abraza con fuerza la socialdemocracia".El Correo(in Spanish). Diario EL CORREO. Archived fromthe originalon 3 May 2015.Retrieved1 May2019.
Punto y final a una etapa liberal y victoria definitiva de la corriente más socialdemócrata del PNV, asentada en el poder de la formación jeltzale desde hace ya algunos años
- ^Armentia, Iker (25 November 2016)."Humillados ante Dios y el PNV".Eldiario.es(in Spanish). Eldiario.es.Retrieved1 May2019.
el PNV hace tiempo que flirtea con la socialdemocracia siguiendo las posiciones mayoritarias de la sociedad vasca en los últimos años
- ^DEIA (8 June 2017)."Euskadi, el país" más socialdemócrata de Europa "".Deia(in Spanish). Deia. Archived fromthe originalon 1 May 2019.Retrieved1 May2019.
el burukide jeltzale valoró las políticas socialdemócratas impulsadas por su partido desde las instituciones durante las últimas décadas, especialmente en las cuestiones sociales y de protección social
- ^Slomp 2011,p.519.
- ^"PEDRO SANCHEZ es Investido Presidente por mayoría simple".RTVE.es(in Spanish). 10 March 2020.Retrieved10 August2023.
- ^"The Internationalism of the EFA"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2016-03-04.Retrieved2014-05-09.
- ^Jan Mansvelt Beck (2004).Territory and Terror: Conflicting Nationalisms in the Basque Country.Routledge. p. 162.
- ^"Diáspora organizada".Archived fromthe originalon 2009-06-23.Retrieved2015-08-29.
- ^"Aberri-Eguna - Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia".
- ^Watson, Cameron (2003).Modern Basque History: Eighteenth Century to the PresentReno: Center for Basque Studies. p. 191
- ^Iñigo Camino and Luis de Guezala,Juventud y Nacionalismo Vasco: Bilbao (1901-1937)(Bilbao: Fundación Sabino Arana, 1991), 89-90.
- ^José María Lorenzo Espinosa,Gudari, una pasión útil: Vida y obra de Eli Gallastegi (1892-1974)(Tafalla: Txalaparta, 1992), 121.
- ^Paul Preston (2013).The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain.London, UK: HarperCollins. p. 436.ISBN978-0-00-638695-7.
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- ^"Urkullu:" Euskadi es una nación que debe ser reconocida y necesita mecanismos de bilateralidad "".EuropaPress.2016-11-23.Retrieved2016-12-01.Compare it to Sabino Arana's definition ofEuzkadias a political projection ofEuskal Herria,or to the party's name for its main executive board, theEuskadi Buru Batzar,regrouping the party leaders ofall the Basque territory.
- ^"Home | Izaskun BILBAO BARANDICA | MEPs | European Parliament".www.europarl.europa.eu.27 March 1961.Retrieved2021-03-08.
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Bibliography
[edit]- Slomp, Hans (26 September 2011).Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics [2 volumes]: An American Companion to European Politics.Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.ISBN978-0-313-39182-8.
- Gibbons, John (1999).Spanish Politics Today.Manchester University Press. 174.ISBN978-0-7190-4946-0.
- Hepburn, Eve (2013).New Challenges for Stateless Nationalist and Regionalist Parties.Routledge. 186.ISBN978-1-317-96596-1.
- Anttiroiko, Ari-Veikko; Mälkiä, Matti (2007).Encyclopedia of Digital Government.Idea Group Inc (IGI). 1916.ISBN978-1-59140-790-4.
- Verney, Susannah (2013).Euroscepticism in Southern Europe: A Diachronic Perspective.Routledge. 224.ISBN978-1-317-99611-8.
- Ştefuriuc, Irina (2013).Government Formation in Multi-Level Settings: Party Strategy and Institutional Constraints.Palgrave Macmillan. 200.ISBN978-1-137-30074-4.
- Cabestan, Jean-Pierre; Pavković, Aleksandar (2013).Secessionism and Separatism in Europe and Asia: To Have a State of One's Own.Routledge. 246.ISBN978-0-415-66774-6.
- López Basaguren, Alberto; Escajedo San Epifanio, Leire (2013).The Ways of Federalism in Western Countries and the Horizons of Territorial Autonomy in Spain: Volume 2.Springer Science & Business Media. 924.ISBN978-3-642-27717-7.
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External links
[edit]- Official website(in Basque, Spanish, and English)
- EGI, youth movement of EAJ-PNV(in Basque)
- Basque Nationalism Museum(in Spanish, Basque, and English)
- The cradle of Basque nationalism
- Manifiesto y Organización del Partido Nacionalista Vasco,PNV's internal rules from 1906. As heavy scanned JPEG images of Spanish text.(in Spanish)
- EAJ-PNV Ordizia(in Basque and Spanish)
- 1895 establishments in the Basque Country (autonomous community)
- Basque nationalism
- Catholic political parties
- Christian democratic parties in Europe
- Centrist parties in Spain
- European Democratic Party
- Formerly banned political parties in Spain
- Nationalist parties in France
- Nationalist parties in Spain
- Political parties established in 1895
- Political parties in the Basque Country (autonomous community)
- Political parties in Navarre
- Political parties in Northern Basque Country
- Political parties of the Spanish Civil War
- Regionalist parties in Spain
- Transnational political parties
- Organisations based in Bilbao