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Eastern Cape

Coordinates:32°S27°E/ 32°S 27°E/-32; 27
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Eastern Cape
Province
Coat of arms of Eastern Cape
Coat of arms
Motto:
Development through Unity
Map showing the location of the Eastern Cape in the southern part of South Africa
Location of the Eastern Cape in South Africa
Coordinates:32°S27°E/ 32°S 27°E/-32; 27
CountrySouth Africa
Established27 April 1994
CapitalBhisho
Largest cityGqeberha(Port Elizabeth)
Districts
List
Government
• TypeParliamentary system
•PremierOscar Mabuyane(ANC)
• LegislatureEastern Cape Provincial Legislature
Area
[1]: 9 
• Total168,966 km2(65,238 sq mi)
• Rank2nd in South Africa
Highest elevation
3,019 m (9,905 ft)
Lowest elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Population
(2022)[2]
• Total7,225,784
• Rank4th in South Africa
• Density43/km2(110/sq mi)
• Rank6th in South Africa
Population groups (2022)
[2]
•Black85.7%
•Coloured7.6%
•White5.6%
•IndianorAsian0.5%
• Other0.7%
Languages (2022)
[2]
•Xhosa81.8%
•Afrikaans9.6%
• English4.8%
•Sotho2.4%
Time zoneUTC+2(SAST)
ISO 3166 codeZA-EC
GDPUS$30.7 billion[3]
Websitewww.ecprov.gov.za
Eastern Cape
XhosaiMpuma-Kapa
AfrikaansOos-Kaap
SetswanaKapa Botlhaba

TheEastern Cape(Xhosa:iMpuma-Kapa;Afrikaans:Oos-Kaap[ˈuəs.kɑːp]) is one of the nineprovinces of South Africa.Its capital isBhisho,and its largest city isGqeberha(Port Elizabeth). Due to its climate and nineteenth century towns, it is a common location for tourists. It is also known for being home to many anti-apartheid activists, includingNelson Mandela.

The second largest province in the country (at 168,966 km2) after theNorthern Cape,it was formed in 1994 out of theXhosahomelands orbantustansofTranskeiandCiskei,together with the eastern portion of theCape Province.The central and eastern part of the province is the traditional home of the indigenousXhosa people.In 1820 this area, which was known as theXhosa Kingdom,began to be settled by Europeans who originally came fromEngland,ScotlandandIreland.

History

[edit]

The Eastern Cape province was formed in 1994, incorporating areas from the former Xhosa homelands of theTranskeiandCiskei,together with what was previously part of theCape Province.This resulted in several anomalies, including the fact that the Province has four supreme courts (inGrahamstown(Makhanda),Port Elizabeth(Gqeberha), Bhisho andMthatha,and had enclaves ofKwaZulu-Natalin the province. The latter anomaly has fallen away with amendments to municipal and provincial boundaries.

The Xhosa Kingdom was one of the most powerful kingdoms in Africa, and had all states in the Eastern Cape as tributaries. Any group, people, or tribe that recognised the Xhosa Kingdom as Paramouncy became Xhosa, practiced Xhosa culture and used isiXhosa as their main language. Some of the tribes that fall under the category of Xhosa people include: AmaMpondo, AbaThembu, AmaMpondomise, AmaHlubi, AmaBhaca, AmaXesibe, AmaBomvana and more.[original research?]

European settlers

[edit]
Main articles:Graaff-Reinetand1820 Settlers

In the late 18th century theDutch Cape Colonyslowly expanded eastwards from its original centre around Cape Town. This led to the establishment in 1786 of the Dutch settlement ofGraaff-Reinet– named for theGovernor of the Cape ColonyCornelius Jacob van de Graaff(in office: 1785–1791) and for his wife Hester Cornelia van de Graaff (née Reynet). Later, during theNapoleonic warsof 1803–1815,Britaintook control of theCape Colony(1806) and encouraged British citizens to migrate there as a means to boost the British population[citation needed]in the area.

From the early 1800s until the formation of theUnion of South Africain 1910, the Eastern Cape saw colonisation by Britishmigrants.Englishsettlersestablished most of the towns, naming them either for places in England or for the original founders.British colonisationsaw schools, churches, hospitals, town centres and government buildings built to speed up development.[citation needed]Some of the older European settlements include:Fort Beaufort(1814)Grahamstown(1812),Port Elizabeth(1820),Salem(1820),Bathurst(1820),East London(1836),Paterson(1879),Cradock(1814), Fort Beaufort (1816) andKing William's Town(1836).

Geography

[edit]
The southern part of the province seen fromspace.Various mountain ranges in theCape Fold Beltare visible, besidesCape RecifeandCape St. Francis.
See also:List of cities and towns in the Eastern Cape

The Eastern Cape gets progressively wetter from west to east. The west is mostly semiaridKaroo,except in the far south, which is temperate rainforest in the Tsitsikamma region. The coast is generally rugged with interspersed beaches. Most of the province is hilly to very mountainous betweenGraaff-Reinetand Rhodes including theSneeuberge(English: Snow Mountains),Stormberge,WinterbergeandDrakensberg(English: Dragon Mountains). The highest point in the province isBen Macdhuiat 3001 m. The east fromEast LondonandQueenstowntowards theKwaZulu-Natalborder – a region known previously asTranskei– is lush grassland on rolling hills, punctuated by deep gorges with intermittent forest.

Eastern Cape has acoaston its east which lines southward, creating shores leading to the south Indian Ocean. In the northeast, it borders the followingdistricts of Lesotho:

Domestically, it borders the following provinces:

Climate

[edit]

Climate is highly varied. The west is dry with sparse rain during winter or summer, with frosty winters and hot summers. The areaTsitsikammatoGrahamstownreceives more precipitation, which is also relatively evenly distributed and temperatures are mild. Further east, rainfall becomes more plentiful and humidity increases, becoming more subtropical along the coast with summer rainfall. The interior can become very cold in winter, with heavy snowfalls occasionally occurring in the mountainous regions betweenMoltenoandRhodes.

  • Gqeberha:Jan Max: 25 °C, Min: 18 °C; Jul Max: 20 °C, Min: 9 °C
  • Molteno&Barkly East:Jan Max 28 °C, Min 11 °C; Jul Max: 14 °C, Min: -7 °C

Municipalities

[edit]
Main article:List of municipalities in the Eastern Cape
Eastern Cape Population Density (2011)
Map of Eastern Cap showing municipalities and districts
Map of Eastern Cape showing municipalities and districts

The Eastern Cape Province is divided into twometropolitan municipalitiesand sixdistrict municipalities.The district municipalities are in turn divided into 27local municipalities.

Major cities and towns include the following (in the case ofplaces that have been renamed,the traditional name is listed first followed by the new official name):

Demographics

[edit]

As of the2022 census,the Eastern Cape had a population of 7,230,204, an increase of 10.2% from the prior census in2011.It is the fourth-most populous of South Africa's nine provinces. The median age is 27, an increase of 5 years from 2011.[5]

Race/Ethnicity

[edit]

In the 2022 census, 85.7% of the population described themselves asBlack African,7.6% asColoured,5.6% asWhiteand 0.5% asIndian/Asian.[5]A large majority of Black African people in the province areXhosa,with 78.8% of residents in Eastern Cape identifying as Xhosa as of 2011. Unlike most ofSouth Africa,a substantial proportion of theWhitepopulation is ofBritish descent.Roughly half ofWhite South Africansin Eastern Cape are English-speakers of British descent while the other half are ofBoer/Afrikanerancestry. Eastern Cape is one of only two provinces inSouth Africawhere Whites of British descent outnumber Boers/Afrikaners, the other beingKwazulu-Natal.

Historic Breakdown of Population by Group[5]
Population Group 1996 2001 2011 2022
Black African 86.6% 87.2% 86.3% 85.7%
Coloured 7.7% 7.7% 8.3% 7.6%
White 5.4% 4.9% 4.7% 5.6%
Indian/Asian 0.3% 0.3% 0.4% 0.5%
Other n/a n/a 0.3% 0.7%

Languages

[edit]
Dominant home languages in the Eastern Cape
  • Afrikaans
  • English
  • Xhosa
  • Zulu
  • Sotho
  • No language dominant

In the 2022 census, 81.8% of the population reported theirfirst languageasXhosa,9.6% asAfrikaans,4.8% asEnglish,and 2.4% asSotho.The Eastern Cape is the only province in which native Xhosa-speakers form a majority of the population.[5]

Religion

[edit]

As of the 2022 census, 86.1% of the population described themselves asChristians,11.0% stated that they practicedTraditional Africanreligions, and 0.6% described themselves asMuslim.1.5% of the population described themselves as being atheist, agnostic, or having no religious affiliation.[5]

Economy

[edit]

The Eastern Cape is the poorest province in South Africa and has the highest expanded and official unemployment rate in the country.[6][7][8]Subsistence agriculture predominates in the former homelands, resulting in widespread poverty. A multi billion Rand industrial development zone and deep water port are being developed inCoegato boost investment in export-oriented industries.[9]Overall the province only contributes 8% to the national GDP despite making 13.5% of the population. The real GDP of Eastern Cape stands at an estimated R230.3billion in 2017, making the province the fourth largest regional economy in SA ahead of Limpopo and Mpumalanga.[10]

Agriculture

[edit]

There is much fertile land in the Eastern Cape, and agriculture remains important. The fertileLangkloofValley in the southwest has large deciduousfruit orchards.In the Karoo there is widespread sheep farming.

The Alexandria-Makhanda area produces pineapples, chicory and dairy products, while coffee and tea are cultivated at Magwa. People in the former Transkei region are dependent on cattle, maize and sorghum-farming. An olive nursery has been developed in collaboration with theUniversity of Fort Hareto form a nucleus of olive production in the Eastern Cape.

Domestic stock farming is slowly giving way to game farming on large scale.Eco-tourismis resulting in economic benefits, and there is lower risk needed to protect wild, native game against drought, and the natural elements. Habitat loss and poaching pose the greatest problems.

The area aroundStutterheimis being cultivated extensively with timber plantations.

The basis of the province'sfishing industryissquid,some recreational and commercial fishing for line fish, the collection of marine resources, and access to line-catches ofhake.

Industry

[edit]

With three import/export harbours and three airports offering direct flights to the main centres, and an excellent road and rail infrastructure,[citation needed]the province has been earmarked as a key area for growth and economic development in modern South Africa.[citation needed]

The two major industrial centres,Port ElizabethandEast Londonhave well-developed economies based on the automotive industry.General MotorsandVolkswagenboth have major assembly lines in the Port Elizabeth area, while East London is dominated by the largeDaimlerChryslerplant, now known as Mercedes-Benz South Africa.[11]

Environmental-friendly projects include the Fish River Spatial Development Initiative, the Wild Coast SDI, and two industrial development zones, the East London Industrial Development Zone and the Coega IDZ near Port Elizabeth. Coega is the largest infrastructure development in post-apartheidSouth Africa. The construction of the deepwaterPort of Ngqurawas completed and the first commercial ship anchored in October 2009.[12]

Other sectors include finance, real estate, business services, wholesale and retail trade, eco-tourism (nature reserves and game ranches) and hotels and restaurants.

Law and government

[edit]
Main article:Politics of the Eastern Cape

The Eastern Cape provincial government is based inBhisho,the provincial capital. TheEastern Cape Divisionof theHigh Court of South Africais situated in Makhanda (Grahamstown), with local seats in Gqhebera (Port Elizabeth), East London, and Bhisho.

Like South Africa's other provinces, the Eastern Cape has a parliamentary system of government, with thepremier of the provinceelected by theEastern Cape Provincial Legislature.The premier then selects the members of theExecutive Council(cabinet). The current premier isOscar Mabuyaneof theAfrican National Congress(ANC).

The provincial legislature is elected every five years by a system ofparty-list proportional representation.The most recent provincial election was held in2024,which was won by the ANC, which has governed the province continuously since the end of Apartheid in1994.TheDemocratic Alliance(DA) is the second largest party and forms theofficial opposition.The results of the most recent provincial election in 2024 are as follows:

PartyVotes%+/–Seats+/–
African National Congress1,114,29462.16Decrease6.5845Increase1
Democratic Alliance267,00714.89Decrease0.8411Increase1
Economic Freedom Fighters181,85510.14Increase2.308Increase3
United Democratic Movement66,5723.71Increase1.113Increase1
Patriotic Alliance41,3552.31New2Increase2
African Transformation Movement27,7611.55Increase0.031Steady0
uMkhonto we Sizwe25,9041.44New1New
Freedom Front Plus9,3210.52Decrease0.061Steady0
Pan Africanist Congress of Azania9,1680.51Increase0.100Steady0
African Christian Democratic Party8,6420.48Increase0.010Steady0
ActionSA8,3150.46New0New
Rise Mzansi5,1670.29New0New
African Independent Congress3,9350.22Decrease0.200Steady0
Azanian People's Organisation3,8840.22Increase0.140Steady0
Build One South Africa3,1380.18New0New
Congress of the People2,1780.12Decrease0.130Steady0
Batho Pele Movement2,0780.12New0New
African People's Convention1,7700.10Decrease0.030–
Good1,6830.09Decrease0.150Steady0
Al Jama-ah1,5430.09Decrease0.060Steady0
Alliance of Citizens for Change1,5110.08New0Steady0
Inkatha Freedom Party1,3430.07Increase0.020Steady0
Arise South Africa1,1280.06New0Steady0
African Congress for Transformation1,0470.06New0Steady0
Komani Progress Action9760.05New0Steady0
Independent South African National Civic Organisation8770.05New0Steady0
African Movement Congress2690.02New0Steady0
Total1,792,721100.00–72–

Education

[edit]

The Eastern Cape Department of Education has been criticised for poor primary and secondary education[13]resulting from dysfunction,[14]special interests, and issues with the South Africa teachers union,SADTU.[15][16]The province struggles with a lack of schools; a lack of teachers leading to overcrowding; a lack of textbooks; a lack of basic facilities like toilets, electricity or water; and poor transport infrastructure which regularly absents and endangers learners. The problem is particularly acute in the formerTranskei.[17]

By 2011, basic education had so deteriorated that the nationalDepartment of Basic Educationintervened under section 100(1)(b) of theConstitution of South Africa,taking control of the province's educational administration.[16]The Eastern Cape has since been the worst-performing province educationally and especially in terms ofmatriculation;[17]matriculants' results averaged 51% in 2009,[18]58.3% in 2011,[19]64.9% in 2013,[20]65.4% in 2014, and 56.8% in 2015.[21][22]

In the 2015/2016 financial year, the province failed to spend R 530 million of its allocated R 1.5 billion budget for education, most of it intended for infrastructure development.[23][24]

Equal Education's 2017 report, Planning to Fail, found a "systemic failure in Eastern Cape education".[25]

Universities

[edit]

Other educational institutions

[edit]

Health

[edit]

The province is served by big medical centres such asCecilia Makiwane Hospitalwhich is a large, government-funded hospital near the city ofEast Londonthat also serves as a tertiary teaching hospital.Frere Hospitalis another large, provincial government-funded hospital near East London which also serves as a tertiary teaching hospital. These hospitals offer many specialty departments such as an ARV clinic for HIV/AIDS in adults and children. Both hospitals are affiliated with Lilitha Nursing College and Walter Sisulu University.

While the Eastern Cape has many hospitals and private clinics, the province has some of the worst health outcomes and service indicators in South Africa. Some of this can be attributed to staff shortages, with a report indicating that 67% of the 27 monitored facilities have insufficient staff.[26]

Rural residents in the Eastern Cape face worse health outcomes than those who reside in the larger towns or cities. This is due to a number of conditions such as lack of healthcare resources, lack of means to access healthcare resources, high unemployment, and poverty. Illiteracy is also a problem in rural communities, which further limits positive health outcomes.[27]

HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis are also ongoing issues in the region. In 2017, the Eastern Cape had a TB incidence of 839/100,000 people, which was higher than South Africa's estimated prevalence of 737/100,000.[28]Additionally, the Eastern Cape has a high overall HIV prevalence rate (25.2%) as of 2017.[29]In 2018, HIV/AIDS was the second leading underlying natural cause of death in the Eastern Cape with a 5.9% prevalence rate.[30]Since 2017, there has been an increase in the level of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), which disproportionately affects poorer communities. Furthermore, obesity and undiagnosed hypertension are major concerns in rural areas.[31]

The Eastern Cape is also known for its traditional Xhosa initiation schools, which perform coming-of-age ceremonies known asulwalukowhich involve circumcision. These ceremonies have been linked to numerous complications such as coma, illness and death.[32][33]

There have been numerous reports in South African newspapers investigating the poor practices which lead to the death of young men and boys during initiation rituals.[34][35][36]In one case, an 18-year-old teenager named Yongama Boya was sent to the hospital to be circumcised, as his parents believed this would be the safer option.[37]Then, he was sent to complete the rest of his initiation ritual in a traditional initiation school in the Qumbu area of the Transkei. There, the nurse refused to accept the validity of his prior circumcision at the hospital, and she circumcised him again, resulting in his death.

Tourism

[edit]
Aloe feroxon the R61 route between Cofimvaba and Ngcobo.

The landscape is extremely diverse. The western interior is largely aridKaroo,while the east is well-watered and green. The Eastern Cape offers a wide array of attractions, including 800 kilometres (500 mi) of untouched and pristine coastline along with beaches, andbig-fivegame viewing in amalaria-free environment.

TheAddo Elephant National Park,situated 73 kilometres (45 mi) fromPort Elizabeth,was proclaimed in 1931. Its 743 square kilometres (287 sq mi) offers sanctuary to 170 elephants, 400Cape buffaloand 21black rhinoof the very scarce Kenyan sub-species.

The province is the location ofTiffindell,South Africa's onlysnow skiingresort, which is situated near the hamlet ofRhodesin the SouthernDrakensberg.It is on the slopes ofBen Macdhui,the highest mountain peak in the Eastern Cape 3,001 metres (9,846 ft).

TheNational Arts Festival,held annually inGrahamstown,is Africa's largest cultural event,[citation needed]offering a choice of both indigenous and imported talent. Every year for eleven days the town's population almost doubles, as over 50,000 people flock to the region for a feast of arts, crafts, music and entertainment.

Jeffreys Bayis an area with wild coastline, which is backed by sub-tropical rainforest. The waters here are noted for having good waves for surfing.

Aliwal North,lying on an agricultural plateau on the southern bank of theOrange River,is an inland resort known for itshot springs.[citation needed]

The rugged and unspoiledWild Coastis a place of spectacular scenery. The coastal areas have been a graveyard for many vessels.

Whittlesea, Eastern Cape,situated in theAmatola Mountains,is known for the first wine estate in the province.[citation needed]

King William's Town, Alice, Queenstown, Grahamstown, Cradock and Fort Beaufort offer some of the best colonial architecture of the 19th century in the province. The two major cities lining the coast are East London and Port Elizabeth.

Sports

[edit]

Notable people

[edit]
Main article:List of people from the Eastern Cape

The Eastern Cape has been home to many major anti-apartheid leaders such asRobert Sobukwe,Oliver Tambo,Nelson Mandela,Walter Sisulu,Winnie Mandela,Govan Mbeki,Alfred Xuma,Cecilia Makiwane,Noni Jabavu,Thabo Mbeki,Chris Hani,Bantu Holomisa,Steve Biko,musiciansMiriam Makeba,Madosini,Nathi,Dali Mpofu,Vusi NovaandZahara,as well as historical figures such asRev. Tiyo Soga,Samuel Mqhayi,Mongezi Sifika wa Nkomo,Enoch SontongaandJotello Festiri Soga.

References

[edit]
  1. ^Census 2011: Census in brief(PDF).Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. 2012.ISBN9780621413885.Archived(PDF)from the original on 13 May 2015.
  2. ^abc"Statistical Release - Census 2022"(PDF).statssa.gov.za.Retrieved22 August2024.
  3. ^"Provincial gross domestic product:experimental estimates, 2013–2022"(PDF),www.statssa.gov.za
  4. ^"Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab".hdi.globaldatalab.org.Archivedfrom the original on 23 September 2018.Retrieved13 September2018.
  5. ^abcde"Statistical Release - Census 2022"(PDF).statssa.gov.za.Retrieved22 August2024.
  6. ^"Does SA have highest unemployment rate in the world?".www.thesouthafrican.com.24 August 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 24 August 2021.Retrieved25 August2021.
  7. ^"Mapping poverty in South Africa".southafrica-info.com.Retrieved31 March2020.[permanent dead link]
  8. ^"Eastern Cape remains SAs poorest province".dispatchlive.co.za. 23 August 2017.Retrieved31 March2020.[permanent dead link]
  9. ^"Billion investments coega special economic zone".biznews.com.Retrieved31 March2020.[permanent dead link]
  10. ^"Eastern Cape Economy".ecdc.co.za.Retrieved31 March2020.[permanent dead link]
  11. ^"VWSA steps up production as export demand grows".iol.co.za. 20 February 2014.Archivedfrom the original on 15 July 2020.Retrieved18 May2020.
  12. ^"New liquid bulk tank farm at port of ngqura a step closer – Transnet".rnews.co.za. Archived fromthe originalon 13 July 2020.Retrieved18 May2020.
  13. ^"As Zuma woos support, Eastern Cape suffers".Times LIVE.15 April 2012.Archivedfrom the original on 24 June 2017.Retrieved2 May2017.
  14. ^Ngcukana, Lubabalo (19 February 2016)."Premier's bold plans to deal with the education crisis in Eastern Cape".CityPress.Archivedfrom the original on 13 March 2017.Retrieved2 May2017.
  15. ^Gqirana, Thulani (6 January 2016)."Eastern Cape is a 'failed state' – education expert".News24.Archivedfrom the original on 16 August 2017.Retrieved2 May2017.
  16. ^abJohn, Victoria."Special Investigating Unit to probe Eastern Cape education".The M&G Online.Archivedfrom the original on 11 December 2015.Retrieved2 May2017.
  17. ^abMotsepe, Tshepo (26 January 2016)."Motshekga has to account for her role in the education crisis – especially in the Eastern Cape".The Daily Maverick.Archivedfrom the original on 13 April 2016.Retrieved2 May2017.
  18. ^Keet, Jacques."Matric results a wake-up call for SA".The M&G Online.Archivedfrom the original on 3 December 2021.Retrieved2 May2017.
  19. ^"Matric pass rate 'a significant achievement'".The M&G Online.6 January 2011.Archivedfrom the original on 3 December 2021.Retrieved2 May2017.
  20. ^"Matric: Eastern Cape remains worst province".News24.6 January 2015.Archivedfrom the original on 3 October 2015.Retrieved2 May2017.
  21. ^Jemsana, Busisiwe (13 March 2016)."Tripartite alliance to address E Cape education crisis".South African Broadcasting Corporation.[permanent dead link]
  22. ^Quintal, Genevieve."Matric results 2015: Pass rate drops to 70.7%".The M&G Online.Archivedfrom the original on 3 January 2017.Retrieved2 May2017.
  23. ^Majangaza, Sino (9 March 2016)."R530-million of unspent EC budget meant for poor schools given to other provinces".DispatchLIVE.Archivedfrom the original on 10 January 2017.Retrieved2 May2017.
  24. ^Phandle, Gugu (24 March 2016)."EC to return unspent R1bn: challenge is 'incapacity to utilise funds'".DispatchLIVE.Retrieved2 May2017.
  25. ^Damba-Hendrik, Nombulelo (28 April 2017)."Systemic" failure in Eastern Cape education "".Archivedfrom the original on 28 April 2017.Retrieved28 April2017.
  26. ^"State of Provincial Healthcare System Spotlight on Eastern Cape"(PDF).TAC (Treatment Action Campaign).May 2018.
  27. ^Mncedisi Willie, Michael; Maqbool, Mudasir (March 2023)."Access to public health services in South Africa's rural Eastern Cape Province".Applied Sciences Research Periodicals.
  28. ^Van De Water, B. J.; Fulcher, I.; Cilliers, S.; Meyer, N.; Wilson, M.; Young, C.; Gaunt, B.; Le Roux, K. (5 April 2022). Isaakidis, Petros (ed.)."Association of HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy with the occurrence of an unfavorable TB treatment outcome in a rural district hospital in Eastern Cape, South Africa: A retrospective cohort study".PLOS ONE.17(4): e0266082.Bibcode:2022PLoSO..1766082V.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0266082.PMC8982869.PMID35381042.
  29. ^Water, Brittney J. van de; Fulcher, Isabel; Cilliers, Suretha; Meyer, Nadishani; Wilson, Michael; Young, Catherine; Gaunt, Ben; Roux, Karl le (5 April 2022)."Association of HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy with the occurrence of an unfavorable TB treatment outcome in a rural district hospital in Eastern Cape, South Africa: A retrospective cohort study".PLOS ONE.17(4): e0266082.Bibcode:2022PLoSO..1766082V.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0266082.ISSN1932-6203.PMC8982869.PMID35381042.
  30. ^"Mortality and causes of death in South Africa: Findings from death notification"(PDF).www.statssa.gov.za.2018.Retrieved20 January2024.
  31. ^Rheeder, Paul; A. Morris-Paxton, Angela; G. Ewing, Rose-Marie; Woods, Dillon (2017)."The noncommunicable disease outcomes of primary healthcare screening in two rural subdistricts of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa".African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine.9(1): e1–e7.doi:10.4102/phcfm.v9i1.1466.PMC5675926.PMID29113445.
  32. ^"South Africa initiation schools suspended after circumcision deaths".20 December 2019.Retrieved20 January2024.
  33. ^"Botched Circumcisions Kill 30 South African Boys".Voice of America.8 July 2013.Retrieved20 January2024.
  34. ^Koyana, Xolani."Nine boys in hospital after botched circumcisions".Archivedfrom the original on 9 February 2017.Retrieved2 May2017.
  35. ^Dayimani, Malibongwe."Five Eastern Cape initiates have died since November's start of summer initiation season".News24.Retrieved20 January2024.
  36. ^"Initiate dies after assault at illegal circumcision school".TimesLIVE.Retrieved20 January2024.
  37. ^"Eastern Cape initiation claims another victim".The M&G Online.18 June 2008.Archivedfrom the original on 13 March 2018.Retrieved2 May2017.
[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide forEastern Cape.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Cape&oldid=1246739068"