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Exclusive economic zone

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(Redirected fromEconomic Exclusion Zone)
Not to be confused withSpecial economic zone.

The world's exclusive economic zones by boundary types and EEZ types

Anexclusive economic zone(EEZ), as prescribed by the 1982United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,is an area of the sea in which asovereign statehas exclusive rights regarding the exploration and use of marineresources,including energy production from water and wind.[1]

It stretches from the outer limit of the territorial sea (22.224 kilometres or 12 nmi from the baseline) out 370.4 kilometres (or 200nautical miles) from the coast of the state in question. It is also referred to as amaritime continental marginand, in colloquial usage, may include thecontinental shelf.The term does not include either theterritorial seaor the continental shelf beyond the 200 nautical mile limit. The difference between the territorial sea and the exclusive economic zone is that the first confers fullsovereigntyover the waters, whereas the second is merely a "sovereign right" which refers to the coastal state's rights below the surface of the sea. The surface waters areinternational waters.[2]

Definition

[edit]
Sea areas in international rights (top down view)

Generally, a state's exclusive economic zone is an area beyond and adjacent to the territorial sea, extending seaward to a distance of no more than 200 nmi (370 km) out from its coastalbaseline.[3]The exception to this rule occurs when exclusive economic zones would overlap; that is, state coastal baselines are less than 400 nmi (741 km) apart. When an overlap occurs, it is up to the states to delineate the actualmaritime boundary.[4]Generally, any point within an overlapping area defaults to the nearest state.[5]

The exclusive economic zone stretches much further into sea than theterritorial waters,which end at 12 nmi (22 km) from the coastal baseline (if following the rules set out in theUnited Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea).[5]Thus, the exclusive economic zones includes thecontiguous zone.

States also have rights to theseabedof what is called theextended continental shelfup to 350 nmi (648 km) from the coastal baseline, beyond the exclusive economic zones, but such areas are not part of their exclusive economic zones.

The legal definition of the continental shelf does not correspond exactly to the geological meaning of the term, as it also includes the continental rise and slope, and the entire seabed within the exclusive economic zone.

Origin and history

[edit]

The idea of allotting nations' EEZs to give them more control of maritime affairs outside territorial limits gained acceptance in the late 20th century.

Initially, a country's sovereign territorial waters extended 3 nmi (6 km) (range of cannon shot) beyond the shore.[citation needed]In modern times, a country's sovereign territorial waters extend to 12 nmi (22 km) beyond the shore.[citation needed]One of the first assertions of exclusive jurisdiction beyond the traditional territorial seas was made by the United States in theTrumanProclamation of 28 September 1945. However, it wasChileand Peru respectively that first claimed maritime zones of 200 nautical miles with the Presidential Declaration Concerning Continental Shelf signed by Chilean PresidentGabriel Gonzalez Videlaon 23 June 1947[6]and by Peruvian PresidentJose Luis Bustamante y Riverothrough Presidential Decree No. 781 of 1 August 1947[7][8]

It was not until 1982 with theUN Convention on the Law of the Seathat the 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone was formally adopted.

Disputes

[edit]

The exact extent of exclusive economic zones is a common source of conflicts between states over marine waters.

Unresolved

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Arctic Ocean

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  • A wedge-shaped section of theBeaufort Sea,an area that reportedly contains substantialoil reserves,is disputed between Canada and the United States.

Caribbean Sea

[edit]

Indian Ocean

[edit]

Mediterranean Sea

[edit]

Pacific Ocean

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De facto territories in theSpratly Islandsin theSouth China Sea
  • TheSouth China Seais the setting forseveral ongoing disputesbetween regional powers including China, Taiwan, Vietnam, the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei.
  • Japan claims an EEZ aroundOkinotorishima,but this is disputed by China, Taiwan, and South Korea, who claim it is an islet which is incapable of generating an EEZ.

Potential

[edit]

Regions where a permanentice shelfextends beyond the coastline are also a source of potential dispute.[16]

Resolved

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  • TheCod Warsbetween the United Kingdom and Iceland occurred periodically over many decades until they were resolved with a final agreement in 1976.
  • In 1992, theCanada–France Maritime Boundary Case,which centred on the EEZ around the French islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, was decided by an arbitral tribunal that concurred on the whole with the arguments put forth by Canada. France was awarded 18% of the area it had originally claimed.
  • In 1999, following theHanish Islands conflict,thePermanent Court of Arbitrationruled that the EEZs of Yemen and Eritrea should be demarcated equidistantly between themainlandsof the two nations, without taking account of sovereignty over the islands.[17][18]
  • In 2009, in a dispute between Romania and Ukraine overSnake Island,the UNInternational Court of Justicedecided that Snake Island has no EEZ beyond 12 nautical miles of its own land.[19]
  • In 2010, a dispute between Norway and Russia about both territorial waters and EEZ with regard to theSvalbardarchipelago as it affects Russia's EEZ due to itsunique treaty statuswas resolved. A treaty was agreed in principle in April 2010 between the two states and subsequently officially ratified, resolving this demarcation dispute.[20]The agreement was signed in Murmansk on 15 September 2010.[21]
  • In 2014, the Netherlands and Germany resolved an old border dispute regarding the exact location of the border in theDollartBay.[22][23]

Transboundary stocks

[edit]
See also:Highly migratory species

Fisheries management,usually adhering to guidelines set by theFood and Agriculture Organization(FAO), provides significant practical mechanisms for the control of EEZs. Transboundary fish stocks are an important concept in this control.[24] Transboundary stocks arefish stocksthat range in the EEZs of at least two countries.Straddling stocks,on the other hand, range both within an EEZ as well as in thehigh seas,outside any EEZ. A stock can be both transboundary and straddling.[25]

By region or country

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Region

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Caribbean Sea

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EEZs in theCaribbean Sea

Atlantic and Indian Oceans

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EEZs in theAtlanticandIndian Oceans

Pacific Ocean

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EEZs in thePacific Ocean

Country

[edit]

Algeria

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Algeria on 17 April 2018 established an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) off its coasts by Presidential Decree No. 18-96 of 2 Rajab 1439 corresponding to 20 March 2018.[26][27]The permanent mission of Spain to the United Nations on 27 July 2018 declared its disagreement with the EEZ announced by Algeria and that the government of Spain indicated its willingness to enter into negotiations with the government of Algeria with a view to reaching a mutually acceptable agreement on the outer limits of their respective exclusive economic zones,[28]The same was done by the Italian mission on 28 November 2018.[29]The two countries indicated that the Algerian measure had been taken unilaterally and without consulting them.

On 25 November 2018, the Algerian Ministry of Foreign Affairs sent an oral note in response to the Spanish protest, explaining that the Algerian government does not recognize the largely exorbitant coordinates contained in Royal Decree 236/2013, which overlap with the coordinates of Presidential Decree n° 18–96 establishing an exclusive economic zone off the coast of Algeria. The Algerian government wished to emphasize that the unilateral delimitation carried out by Spain is not in conformity with the letter of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and has not taken into consideration the configuration, the specific characteristics, and the special circumstances of the Mediterranean Sea, in particular for the case of the two countries whose coasts are located face to face, as well as the objective rules and relevant principles of international law to govern the equitable delimitation of the maritime areas between Algeria and Spain, in accordance with article 74 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Algeria expressed its willingness to negotiate for a just solution.[30]

On 20 June 2019, a communication from Algeria was sent. It was addressed to the Italian embassy[31]and the Spanish embassy in Algiers[32]to show their eligibility in Algeria's exclusive economic zone.

Argentina

[edit]
Argentina's exclusive economic zones, including itsterritorial claims(the Falklands and South Georgia, etc. plus its Antarctic claim)

Considering the maritime areas claimed, the total area of Argentina reaches 3,849,756 km2.The recognized Argentine EEZ area is 1,159,063 km2.

Australia

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Main article:Exclusive economic zone of Australia
Australia's exclusive economic zones, including its Antarctic claim

Australia's exclusive economic zone was declared on 1 August 1994, and extends from 12 to 200 nautical miles from the coastline of Australia and itsexternal territories,except where a maritimedelimitationagreement exists with another state.[33][34]To the 12 nautical miles boundary is Australia'sterritorial waters.Australia has the third largest exclusive economic zone, behind France and the United States, but ahead of Russia, with a total area of 8,148,250 square kilometres, which actually exceeds its land territory.

The United NationsCommission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf(CLCS) confirmed, in April 2008, Australia's rights over an additional 2.5 million square kilometres of seabed beyond the limits of Australia's EEZ.[35][36]Australia also claimed, in its submission to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, additional Continental Shelf past its EEZ from theAustralian Antarctic Territory,[37]but these claims were deferred on Australia's request. However, Australia's EEZ from its Antarctic Territory is approximately 2 million square kilometres.[36]

Region EEZ Area (km2)[36]
Mainland Australia(5 States and 3 Territories of the AustralianFederation),Tasmania,and other minor islands 6,048,681
Macquarie Island 471,837
Christmas Island 463,371
Norfolk Island 428,618
Heard Island and McDonald Islands 410,722
Cocos Islands 325,021
Australian Antarctic Territory 2,000,000[note 1]
Total 8,148,250

Brazil

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Main article:Exclusive economic zone of Brazil
Brazil's exclusive economic zones

Brazil's EEZ includes areas around theFernando de Noronha Islands,Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago,and theTrindade and Martim Vaz Islands.It is called the Blue Amazon.

Region EEZ Area (km2)[38]
Mainland Brazil(9 States of the Brazilian Federation) 2,570,917
Trindade and Martim Vaz Islands 468,599
Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago 413,636
Fernando de Noronha Islands 363,362
Total 3,830,955

In 2004, Brazil submitted its claims to the United NationsCommission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf(CLCS) to extend its maritime continental margin.[39]

Canada

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Main article:Exclusive economic zone of Canada
Canada's exclusive economic zone and territorial waters

Canada is unusual in that its exclusive economic zone, covering 5,599,077 km2(2,161,816 sq mi), is slightly smaller than its territorial waters.[40]The latter generally extend only 12 nautical miles from the shore but also include inland marine waters such asHudson Bay(about 300 nmi (560 km) across), theGulf of Saint Lawrenceand the internal waters of theArctic Archipelago.

Chile

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Chile's exclusive economic zones, including its Antarctic claim

Chile's EEZ includes areas around theDesventuradas Islands,Easter Island,and theJuan Fernández Islands.

Region EEZ Area (km2)[41] Land Area (km2) Total
Mainland Chile 1,987,371 755,757 2,743,128
Easter Island 720,412 164 720,576
Juan Fernández Islands 502,524 100 502,624
Desventuradas Islands 449,836 5 449,841
Total 3,660,143 756,102.4 4,416,245.4

In 2020 and 2022, Chile submitted its partial claims to the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) to extend its maritime continental margin.

China

[edit]
Exclusive economic zone claimed by the People's Republic of China:
China's undisputed EEZ –
960,556 km2[42]
EEZ claimed by China, disputed byTaiwan– 1,148,485 km2[43]
EEZ claimed by China, disputed by other countries – 210,926 km2
Total: 2,236,430 km2[44]

The first figure excludes all disputed waters, while the last figure indicates China's claimed boundaries, and does not take into account adjacent powers' claims.[clarification needed]

Croatia

[edit]
Croatia's exclusive economic zone (dark blue) andEcological and Fisheries Protection Zone

Croatia proclaimedEcological and Fisheries Protection Zonein 2003, but it was not enforced toward other European Union states especially Italy and Slovenia. The zone was upgraded to EEZ in 2021 together with Italy and Slovenia.[45][46]Territorial waters has 18,981 km2,whileinternal waterslocated within the baseline cover an additional 12,498 km2,and EEZ covers 24,482 km2for a total of 55,961 km2.

Cyprus

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Cyprus EEZ covers 98,707 square km (38,100 square miles). Cyprus' EEZ borders those ofGreece,Turkey,Syria,Lebanon,IsraelandEgypt.

Denmark

[edit]
The exclusive economic zones and territorial waters of theKingdom of Denmark

The Kingdom of Denmark includes the constituent country (selvstyre) ofGreenlandand the constituent country (hjemmestyre) of theFaroe Islands.

Region EEZ &TWArea (km2)[47] Land area Total
Denmark 105 989 42 506 149 083
Faroe Islands 260 995 1 399 262 394
Greenland 2,184,254 2,166,086 4,350,340
Total 2,551,238 2,210,579 4,761,817

Ecuador

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Ecuador's exclusive economic zone

Area:1,077,231 km2

France

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Main article:Exclusive economic zone of France
Exclusive economic zones of France, including its Antarctic territorial claim

Due to its numerousoverseas departments and territoriesscattered on all oceans of the planet, France possesses the largest EEZ in the world, covering 11,691,000 km2(4,514,000 sq mi).[48]The EEZ of France covers approximately 7% of the total surface of all the EEZs of the world, whereas the land area of the French Republic is only 0.45% of the total land area of Earth.

Germany

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Main article:Exclusive economic zone of Germany

Germany declared the establishment of its exclusive economic zone in the North and Baltic Seas on 1 January 1995.[49]The relevant German legal provisions that are applicable within the EEZ include the Maritime Task Act (Seeaufgabengesetz) from 1965, the Maritime Facilities Act (Seeanlagengesetz) from 2017, and prior to that the Sea Facilities Ordinance (Seeanlagenverordnung) from 1997, the Federal Mining Act (Bundesberggesetz) and the Regional Planning Act (Raumordnungsgesetz).

The German EEZ has an area of 32,982 km2.About 70% of the EEZ covers Germany's entire North Sea area, while some 29% encompasses the Baltic Sea area.[50]

Greece

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Main article:Exclusive economic zone of Greece
Exclusive Economic Zone of Greece

Greece forms the southernmost part of theBalkan peninsulain theMediterranean Sea.It includes many small islands which vary between 1,200 and 6,000 in theAegean Seaand theIonian Sea.[51]The largest islands areCrete,Euboea,Lesbos,RhodesandChios.

Greece's EEZ is bordered to the west byAlbaniaandItaly,to the south byLibyaandEgypt,and to the east byCyprusandTurkey.

EEZ Area of Greece[52]
Territory km2 sq mi Notes
Total 505,572 195,202

India

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Main article:Exclusive economic zone of India
India's exclusive economic zones
EEZ Area (km2)
Mainland India(9 states and 2 union territories) andLakshadweepunion territory 1,641,514 km2
Andaman and Nicobar Islandsunion territory 663,629 km2
Total 2,305,143 km2

India is currently seeking to extend its EEZ to 350 miles.[53]

Indonesia

[edit]
Indonesia's exclusive economic zone
Main article:Exclusive economic zone of Indonesia

Indonesia has the 6th largest exclusive economic zone in the world. The total size is 6,159,032 km2(2,378,016 sq mi). It claims an EEZ of 200 nautical miles from its shores. This is due to the 13,466 islands of theIndonesian Archipelago.[54]It has the2nd largest coastlineof 54,720 km (34,000 mi). The five main islands are:Sumatra,Java,Borneo,Sulawesi,andWestern New Guinea.There are two major island groups (Nusa Tenggaraand theMaluku Islands) and sixty smaller island groups.

Ireland

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Main article:Exclusive economic zone of Ireland

Ireland's exclusive economic zone was reported to be the location of aRussian military exercisein January 2022.[55]Russia's exercise was then moved outside the economic zone.[56]

Israel

[edit]

In 2010, an agreement was signed withCyprusconcerning the limit of territorial waters between Israel and Cyprus at the maritime halfway point, a clarification essential for safeguarding Israel's rights to oil and underwater gas reservoirs. The agreement was signed in Nicosia by Israeli Infrastructure MinisterUzi Landauand the Cypriot Foreign Minister Markos Kyprianou. The two countries agreed to cooperate in the development of any cross-border resources discovered and to negotiate an agreement on dividing joint resources.

Italy

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Main article:Exclusive economic zone of Italy
Italy's EEZ in theMediterranean Sea

Italyhas an EEZ of 541,915 km2(209,235 sq mi).[52]The country claims an EEZ of 200 nautical miles from its shores, and its three coastlines are theTyrrhenian Seato the west, theIonian Seato the south and theAdriatic Seato the east. Italy's EEZ is limited bymaritime boundarieswith neighboring countries to the northwest, east and southeast.

Italy's western sea territory stretches from the west coast of Italy on theTyrrhenian Sea,including the island ofSardinia.The island ofSicilyis in the southernmost area.Lampedusa,a tiny island in the Mediterranean Sea, is the country's southernmost point. Italy shares treaty-defined maritime boundaries withFrance,Spain,Algeria,Tunisia,Libya,Malta,Greece,Albania,Montenegro,CroatiaandSlovenia.

Japan

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Main article:Exclusive economic zone of Japan
Japan's exclusive economic zones:
Japan's EEZ
Joint regime[clarification needed]with the Republic of Korea
EEZ claimed by Japan, disputed by others

Japan has the world's eighth-largest exclusive economic zone, covering 4,479,674 km2(1,729,612 sq mi).[57]It claims an EEZ of 200 nautical miles from its shores.

EEZ Areas of Japan
Region EEZ Area (km2) EEZ Area (sq mi)
Ryukyu Islands 1,394,676 538,487
Pacific Ocean(Japan) 1,162,334 448,780
Nanpō Islands 862,782 333,122
Sea of Japan 630,721 243,523
Minami-Tori-shima 428,875 165,590
Sea of Okhotsk 235 91
Daitō Islands 44 17
Senkaku Islands 7 2.7
Total[note 2] 4,479,674 1,729,612

Japan has disputes over its EEZ boundaries with all its Asian neighbors (China, Russia,South Korea,andTaiwan). The above, and relevant maps at the Sea Around Us Project[58][59][60]both indicate Japan's claimed boundaries, and do not take into account the claims of adjacent jurisdictions.

Japan also refers to various categories of "shipping area" – Smooth Water Area, Coasting Area, Major or Greater Coasting Area, Ocean Going Area – but it is unclear whether these are intended to have any territorial or economic implications.

Malaysia

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Main article:Exclusive economic zone of Malaysia

Mexico

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Main article:Exclusive economic zone of Mexico
Exclusive economic zone of Mexico

Mexico's exclusive economic zones cover a total surface area of 3,269,386 km2,[52]and places Mexico among the countries with the largest areas in the world.

New Zealand

[edit]
Exclusive economic zones of theRealm of New Zealand,including theRoss Dependency(shaded)
Main article:Exclusive economic zone of New Zealand

New Zealand's EEZ covers 4,083,744 km2(1,576,742 sq mi),[61][62]which is approximately fifteen times the land area of the country. Sources vary significantly on the size of New Zealand's EEZ; for example, a recent government publication gave the area as roughly 4,300,000 km2.[63]These figures are for the EEZ of New Zealand proper, and do not include the EEZs of other territories in theRealm of New Zealand(theCook Islands,Niue,Tokelau,and theRoss Dependency).

North Korea

[edit]
Main article:Exclusive economic zone of North Korea
The exclusive economic zone ofNorth Korea

The exclusive economic zone ofNorth Koreastretches 200nautical milesfrom its basepoints in both theWest Sea(Yellow Sea) and theSea of Japan.[64]The EEZ was declared in 1977 after North Korea had contested the validity of theNorthern Limit Lines(NLL) set up after theKorean Waras maritime borders.[65]The EEZ has not been codified in law and North Korea has never specified its coordinates, making it difficult to determine its specific scope.[66]

In the West Sea, the EEZ remains unspecified in theKorea Baybecause China has not determined its own EEZ in the area.[67]The border between the North Korean and South Korean EEZs in the West Sea cannot be determined because of potential overlap and disputes over certain islands.[68]

In the Sea of Japan, the North Korean EEZ can be approximated to betrapezoidal-shaped.[69]The border between North Korea and Russia's respective EEZs is the only such border that has been determined in East Asia.[70]Here, the EEZ does not cause many problems, even with regards to South Korea, because the sea is not thought to be rich in resources.[69]

Norway

[edit]
Norway's exclusive economic zones, including thedependencyofBouvet Island

Norway has a large exclusive economic zone of 819,620 km2around its coast. The country has a fishing zone of 1,878,953 km2,including fishing zones aroundSvalbardandJan Mayen.[71]

In April 2009, the United Nations Commission for the Limits of the Continental Shelf approved Norway's claim to an additional 235,000 square kilometres of continental shelf. The commission found that Norway and Russia both had valid claims over a portion of the shelf in the Barents Sea.[72]

Region EEZ and Territorial
Waters Area (km2) 		Land Area (km2) Total (km2)
Mainland Norway 1,273,482 323,802 1,597,284
Svalbard 402,574 61,002 463,576
Jan Mayen 273,118 373 273,491
Bouvet Island 436,004 49 436,053
Total 2,385,178 385,226 2,770,404

Pakistan

[edit]

Area:290,000 km2

Pakistan coast is a 1046 km long coast, extending fromSir Creekin the east toGwadar Bayin the west and the EEZ extends up to 290,000sqkm which is more than 30% of its land area and ranks sixty-sixth in the world by area.

Pakistan had an EEZ of 240,000sq km before their case was accepted by UNCLCS.Pakistan Navywith the help of the National Oceanographic Organization (NIO) initiated the continental shelf case at ministerial level in 1995.

On 26 Aug 2013, a seven-member sub-commission with members from Japan, China, Mozambique, Kenya, Denmark, Georgia and Argentina was formulated at UNCLCS to evaluate the technical details of Pakistan's case and after a year accepted Pakistan's claim.

On 13 March 2015, UN Commission on the Limits of Continental Shelf (UNCLCS) accepted recommendations for extension of the outer limits of the continental shelf on Pakistan's case so far 80 countries had submitted claims to UNCLCS out of which recommendations of 22 countries including Pakistan had been finalised.

It was a historic event in the country's history when Pakistan became the first country in the region to have its continental shelf extended to 350 nm.

Some of the claimed territories overlapped the Omani claim. It is believed that the verdict in favour of Pakistan was announced after successful negotiation with Oman.

Peru

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Peru's exclusive economic zone

Area:857,000 km2[73]

Philippines

[edit]
Main article:Exclusive economic zone of the Philippines
The exclusive economic zone of the Philippines shown in blue lines,[74]Eleven Dash-lineshown in red lines, and treaty line of theTreaty of Paris (1898)shown in green line

ThePhilippines' EEZ covers 2,263,816 km2(874,064 sq mi).[75]

Poland

[edit]
Main article:Exclusive economic zone of Poland

The Polish EEZ covers the area of 30,533 km2(11,789 sq mi) within theBaltic Sea.[76]

Portugal

[edit]
Main article:Exclusive economic zone of Portugal
Portugal's Exclusive Economic Zones plus submitted Extended Continental Shelf to the UN[77]

Portugal has the20th largest EEZin the world. Presently, it is divided in three non-contiguous sub-zones:

Portugal submitted a claim to extend its jurisdiction over an additional 2.15 million square kilometres of the adjacent continental shelf in May 2009,[78]resulting in an area with a total of more than 3,877,408 km2.The submission, as well as a detailed map, can be found in the Task Group for the extension of the Continental Shelf website.

Spain previously objected to the EEZ's southern border, maintaining that it should be drawn halfway betweenMadeiraand theCanary Islands.But Portugal exercises sovereignty over theSavage Islands,a small archipelago north of the Canaries, claiming an EEZ border further south. Spain has no longer disputed the Portuguese claim since 2015.[79][80]

Romania

[edit]

Area:23,627 km2

Russia

[edit]
Russia's exclusive economic zone
Main article:Exclusive economic zone of Russia

Russia's exclusive economic zone, the world's fourth largest, is composed of:

  • Kaliningrad (Baltic Sea) – 11,634 km2
  • Saint Petersburg (Baltic Sea) – 12,759 km2
  • Barents Sea – 1,308,140 km2
  • Black Sea (without the Crimean EEZ) – 66,854 km2
  • Pacific – 3,419,202 km2
  • Siberia – 3,277,292 km2
  • Total – 8,095,881 km2[81]

Senegal

[edit]
Senegal's exclusive economic zone

Area:158,861 km2

Somalia

[edit]
Main article:Exclusive economic zone of Somalia
Somalia's exclusive economic zone

Area:825,052 km2

South Africa

[edit]
South Africa's exclusive economic zone

South Africa's EEZ includes both that next to the African mainland and that around thePrince Edward Islands,totalling 1,535,538 km2.[52]

  • Mainland – 1,068,659 km2
  • Prince Edward islands – 466,879 km2

South Korea

[edit]
See also:Syngman Rhee Line
South Korean exclusive economic zone:
Korean EEZ
EEZ claimed by Republic of Korea and Japan
Joint regime[clarification needed]with Japan

Area:300,851 (225,214) km2

Spain

[edit]
Main article:Exclusive economic zone of Spain
Spain's exclusive economic zone (Labels in Spanish)

Area:1,039,233 km2

Sri Lanka

[edit]
Main article:Exclusive economic zone of Sri Lanka

Thailand

[edit]
Main article:Exclusive economic zone of Thailand
Thailand's exclusive economic zone

Area:299,397 km2

Turkey

[edit]

Turkey's EEZ is bordered byGeorgia,Russia,Ukraine,RomaniaandBulgariain the Black Sea to the north,Greecein the Aegean Sea to the west, andCyprusandSyriain the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Turkey is one of the few countries to not have signedUNCLOSand disputesGreece'sandCyprus'EEZ.

United Kingdom

[edit]
Main article:Exclusive economic zone of the United Kingdom
The exclusive economic zones of the United Kingdom in blue, including theBritish Overseas Territoriesand theCrown Dependencies.The British claim in Antarctica is shown in shaded blue.[82]
UK, Ireland, Iceland & Faroes exclusive economic zones

The United Kingdom has the world'sfifth-largestexclusive economic zone of 6,805,586 km2(2,627,651 sq mi) square km. It comprises the EEZs surrounding the United Kingdom,[83]theCrown Dependencies,and theBritish Overseas Territories.The figure does not include the EEZ of theBritish Antarctic Territory.

The EEZ associated with theFalkland IslandsandSouth Georgiaare disputed byArgentina.The EEZ of theChagos Archipelago,also known as theBritish Indian Ocean Territory,is also disputed withMauritiuswhich considers the archipelago as a part of its territory.

The EEZ areas of the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories (in decreasing size)[52]
Territory EEZ Area (km2) EEZ Area (sq mi) Notes
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 1,449,532 559,667 DisputedwithArgentina.
Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands 836,108 322,823
United Kingdom 773,676 298,718 Including theIsle of Man.
Tristan da Cunha† 754,720 291,400 IncludingGough Island.
British Indian Ocean Territory 638,568 246,552 DisputedwithMauritius.
Falkland Islands 550,872 212,693 DisputedwithArgentina.
Bermuda 450,370 173,890
Saint Helena† 444,916 171,783
Ascension Island† 441,658 170,525
Turks and Caicos Islands 154,068 59,486
Cayman Islands 119,137 45,999
Anguilla 92,178 35,590
British Virgin Islands 80,117 30,933
Channel Islands 11,658 4,501 IncludingGuernseyandJersey.
Montserrat 7,582 2,927
Gibraltar 426 164 DisputedwithSpain.
Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia 0 0 No EEZ area. The relevant EEZ areas aroundCyprus Islandare claimed by theRepublic of Cyprus[84]andNorthern Cyprus.[85]
Total 6,805,586 2,627,651

†A part of the overseas territory ofSaint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha,which together has an EEZ of 1,641,294 square km.

United States

[edit]
Main article:Exclusive economic zone of the United States
The USA's Exclusive Economic Zones

The United States' exclusive economic zone is the second largest in the world, covering 11,351,000 km2.Areas of its EEZ are located in three oceans, theGulf of Mexico,and theCaribbean Sea.

The EEZ (includingterritorial sea) areas of theterritories of the U.S.(in decreasing size)[86]
Territory EEZ Area (km2) EEZ Area (sq mi) Notes
Alaska 3,770,021 1,455,613 A non-contiguous state in the northwest extremity of the North American continent.
Hawaii–Northwestern Islands 1,579,538 609,863 IncludingMidway Atoll,these islands form the Leeward Islands of the Hawaiian island chain.
U.S. East Coast 915,763 353,578 The mainland coastal states of theEastern United States.As a region, this term most often refers to the coastal states ofMaine,New Hampshire,Massachusetts,Rhode Island,Connecticut,New York,New Jersey,Delaware,Maryland,Virginia,North Carolina,South Carolina,Georgia,and the Atlantic Coast ofFlorida.
Hawaii–Southeastern Islands 895,346 345,695 These islands form the Windward Islands of the Hawaiian island chain.
U.S. West Coast 825,549 318,746 The mainland coastal states of theWestern United States.As a region, this term most often refers to the coastal states ofCalifornia,Oregon,Washington.
Northern Mariana Islands 749,268 289,294 An organized,unincorporated,Commonwealthof the United States.
U.S. Gulf Coast 707,832 273,295 The mainland coastal states of theSouthern United States.As a region, this term most often refers to the coastal states ofTexas,Louisiana,Mississippi,Alabama,and the Gulf Coast ofFlorida
Johnston Atoll 442,635 170,902 ANational Wildlife Refugein theU.S. Minor Outlying Islands.
Howland and Baker Islands 434,921 167,924 Both territories are National Wildlife Refuges in the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands.
Wake Island 407,241 157,237 A National Wildlife Refuge in the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands.
American Samoa 404,391 156,136 The only inhabited,unorganized,unincorporated,territoryof the United States.
Palmyra AtollandKingman Reef 352,300 136,000 Both territories are National Wildlife Refuges in the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands.
Jarvis Island 316,665 122,265 A National Wildlife Refuge in the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands.
Guam 221,504 85,523 An organized,unincorporated,territoryof the United States.
Puerto Rico 177,685 68,605 An organized,unincorporated,Commonwealthof the United States.
U.S. Virgin Islands 33,744 13,029 An organized,unincorporated,territoryof the United States.
Navassa Island N/A[note 3] N/A[note 3] A National Wildlife Refuge in the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands.[note 4]
Total 11,351,000 4,383,000

Note, the totals in the table actually add up to 12,234,403 square km and 4,723,705 square miles.

Vietnam

[edit]
Main article:Exclusive economic zone of Vietnam
Main article:Territorial disputes in the South China Sea

Vietnamclaims an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of 1,395,096 km2(538,650 sq mi) with 200 nautical miles from its shores.[90][91]These figures do not include the claimed EEZ areas of theParacel Islandsand theSpratly Islands.Vietnam has disputes mainly with thePeople's Republic of Chinadue to thenine-dash line.

Countries with the most distant EEZs

[edit]
Countries with the most distant EEZs

Rankings by area

[edit]

This list includesdependent territories(including uninhabited territories) within theirsovereign states,but does not includevarious claimsonAntarctica.EEZ+TIA is exclusive economic zone (EEZ) plustotal internal area(TIA) which includesterritorial landandinternal waters.

Rank Country EEZ km2[52] Shelf km2 EEZ+TIA km2
1 United States[note 5] 12,234,403 2,193,526 22,067,923
2 France[note 6] 10,186,624 725,297 12,416,921
3 Australia[note 7] 9,025,053 2,194,008 16,197,464
4 Russia 7,566,673 3,817,843 24,664,915
5 United Kingdom[note 8] 6,805,586 872,891 7,048,486
6 Indonesia 6,159,032 2,039,381 8,063,601
7 Canada 5,599,077 2,644,795 15,607,077
8 Japan 4,479,388 214,976 4,857,318
9 New Zealand[note 9] 4,420,565[61][62][92] 272,898[61][62][92] 4,688,285[93][94]
10 Brazil 3,830,955 774,563 12,345,832
11 Chile 3,681,989 252,947 4,431,381
12 Kiribati 3,441,810 7,523 3,442,536
13 Mexico 3,269,386 419,102 5,141,968
14 Federated States of Micronesia 2,996,419 19,403 2,997,121
15 Denmark[note 10] 2,551,238 495,657 4,761,811
16 Papua New Guinea 2,402,288 191,256 2,865,128
17 Norway[note 11] 2,385,178 434,020 2,770,404
18 India 2,305,143 402,996 5,592,406
19 Marshall Islands 1,990,530 18,411 1,990,711
– Cook Islands[note 12] 1,960,027 1,213 1,960,267
20 Portugal[note 13] 1,727,408 28,000 1,819,498
21 Philippines 1,590,780 272,921 1,890,780
22 Solomon Islands 1,589,477 36,282 1,618,373
23 South Africa 1,535,538 156,337 2,756,575
24 Seychelles 1,336,559 39,063 1,337,014
25 Mauritius 1,284,997 29,061 1,287,037
26 Fiji 1,282,978 47,705 1,301,250
27 Madagascar 1,225,259 101,505 1,812,300
28 Argentina 1,159,063 856,346 3,939,463[note 14]
29 Ecuador 1,077,231 41,034 1,333,600
30 Spain 1,039,233 77,920 1,545,225
31 Maldives 923,322 34,538 923,622
32 Peru 906,454 82,000 2,191,670
33 China 960,556 231,340 10,556,980
34 Somalia 825,052 55,895 1,462,709
35 Colombia 808,158 53,691 1,949,906
36 Cape Verde 800,561 5,591 804,594
37 Iceland 751,345 108,015 854,345
38 Tuvalu 749,790 3,575 749,816
39 Vanuatu 663,251 11,483 675,440
40 Tonga 659,558 8,517 660,305
41 Bahamas 654,715 106,323 668,658
42 Palau 603,978 2,837 604,437
43 Mozambique 578,986 94,212 1,380,576
44 Morocco 575,230 115,157 1,287,780
45 Costa Rica 574,725 19,585 625,825
46 Namibia 564,748 86,698 1,388,864
47 Yemen 552,669 59,229 1,080,637
48 Italy 541,915 116,834 843,251
49 Oman 533,180 59,071 842,680
50 Myanmar 532,775 220,332 1,209,353
51 Sri Lanka 532,619 32,453 598,229
52 Angola 518,433 48,092 1,765,133
53 Greece 505,572 81,451 637,529
54 South Korea 475,469 342,522 575,469
55 Venezuela 471,507 98,500 1,387,950
56 Vietnam 417,663 365,198 748,875
57 Ireland 410,310 139,935 480,583
58 Libya 351,589 64,763 2,111,129
59 Cuba 350,751 61,525 460,637
60 Panama 335,646 53,404 411,163
61 Malaysia 334,671 323,412 665,474
– Niue[note 12] 316,584 284 316,844
62 Nauru 308,480 41 308,501
63 Equatorial Guinea 303,509 7,820 331,560
64 Thailand 299,397 230,063 812,517
65 Pakistan 290,000 51,383 1,117,911
66 Egypt 263,451 61,591 1,265,451
67 Turkey 261,654 56,093 1,045,216
68 Jamaica 258,137 9,802 269,128
69 Dominican Republic 255,898 10,738 304,569
70 Liberia 249,734 17,715 361,103
71 Honduras 249,542 68,718 362,034
72 Tanzania 241,888 25,611 1,186,975
73 Ghana 235,349 22,502 473,888
74 Saudi Arabia 228,633 107,249 2,378,323
75 Nigeria 217,313 42,285 1,141,081
76 Sierra Leone 215,611 28,625 287,351
77 Gabon 202,790 35,020 470,458
78 Barbados 186,898 426 187,328
79 Côte d'Ivoire 176,254 10,175 498,717
80 Iran 168,718 118,693 1,797,468
81 Mauritania 165,338 31,662 1,190,858
82 Comoros 163,752 1,526 165,987
83 Sweden 160,885 154,604 602,255
84 Senegal 158,861 23,092 355,583
85 Netherlands[note 15] 154,011 77,246 192,345
86 Ukraine 147,318 79,142 750,818
87 Uruguay 142,166 75,327 318,381
88 Guyana 137,765 50,578 352,734
89 São Tomé and Príncipe 131,397 1,902 132,361
90 Samoa 127,950 2,087 130,781
91 Suriname 127,772 53,631 291,592
92 Haiti 126,760 6,683 154,510
93 Algeria 126,353 9,985 2,508,094
94 Nicaragua 123,881 70,874 254,254
95 Guinea-Bissau 123,725 39,339 159,850
96 Bangladesh 118,813 66,438 267,273
97 Kenya 116,942 11,073 697,309
98 Guatemala 114,170 14,422 223,059
99 North Korea 113,888[95][96] 50,337[95][96] 234,428[97]
100 Antigua and Barbuda 110,089 4,128 110,531
101 Tunisia 101,857 67,126 265,467
102 Cyprus 98,707 4,042 107,958
103 El Salvador 90,962 16,852 112,003
104 Finland[note 16] 87,171 85,109 425,590
105 Republic of China(Taiwan) 83,231 43,016 119,419
106 Eritrea 77,728 61,817 195,328
107 Trinidad and Tobago 74,199 25,284 79,329
108 East Timor 70,326 25,648 85,200
109 Sudan 68,148 19,827 1,954,216
110 Cambodia 62,515 62,515 243,550
111 Guinea 59,426 44,755 305,283
112 Croatia 59,032 50,277 115,626
113 United Arab Emirates 58,218 57,474 141,818
114 Germany 57,485 57,485 414,599
115 Malta 54,823 5,301 55,139
116 Estonia 36,992 36,992 82,219
117 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 36,302 1,561 36,691
118 Belize 35,351 13,178 58,317
119 Bulgaria 34,307 10,426 145,186
120 Benin 33,221 2,721 145,843
121 Qatar 31,590 31,590 43,176
122 Republic of the Congo 31,017 7,982 373,017
123 Poland 29,797 29,797 342,482
124 Dominica 28,985 659 29,736
125 Latvia 28,452 27,772 93,011
126 Grenada 27,426 2,237 27,770
127 Israel 26,352 3,745 48,424
128 Romania 23,627 19,303 262,018
129 Gambia 23,112 5,581 34,407
130 Georgia 21,946 3,243 91,646
131 Lebanon 19,516 1,067 29,968
132 Cameroon 16,547 11,420 491,989
133 Saint Lucia 15,617 544 16,156
134 Albania 13,691 6,979 42,439
135 Togo 12,045 1,265 68,830
136 Kuwait 11,026 11,026 28,844
137 Syria 10,503 1,085 195,683
138 Bahrain 10,225 10,225 10,975
139 Brunei 10,090 8,509 15,855
140 Saint Kitts and Nevis 9,974 653 10,235
141 Montenegro 7,745 3,896 21,557
142 Djibouti 7,459 3,187 30,659
143 Lithuania 7,031 7,031 72,331
144 Belgium 3,447 3,447 33,975
145 Democratic Republic of the Congo 1,606 1,593 2,346,464
146 Singapore 1,067 1,067 1,772
147 Iraq 771 771 439,088
148 Monaco 288 2 290
149 Palestine 256 256 6,276
150 Slovenia 220 220 20,493
151 Jordan 166 59 89,508
152 Bosnia and Herzegovina 50 50 51,259
– Kazakhstan 2,724,900
– Mongolia 1,564,100
– Chad 1,284,000
– Niger 1,267,000
– Mali 1,240,192
– Ethiopia 1,104,300
– Bolivia 1,098,581
– Zambia 752,612
– Afghanistan 652,090
– Central African Republic 622,984
– South Sudan 619,745
– Botswana 582,000
– Turkmenistan 488,100
– Uzbekistan 447,400
– Paraguay 406,752
– Zimbabwe 390,757
– Burkina Faso 274,222
– Uganda 241,038
– Laos 236,800
– Belarus 207,600
– Kyrgyzstan 199,951
– Nepal 147,181
– Tajikistan 143,100
– Malawi 118,484
– Hungary 93,028
– Azerbaijan 86,600
– Austria 83,871
– Czech Republic 78,867
– Serbia 77,474
– Slovakia 49,035
– Switzerland 41,284
– Bhutan 38,394
– Moldova 33,846
– Lesotho 30,355
– Armenia 29,743
– Burundi 27,834
– Rwanda 26,338
– North Macedonia 25,713
– Eswatini 17,364
– Luxembourg 2,586
– Andorra 468
– Liechtenstein 160
– San Marino 61
– Vatican City 0.44
Total United Nations 137,926,515 25,149,113 274,891,722

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^The reference gives an approximate figure of 2 million square kilometres for the EEZ claimed by Australia as part of its Antarctic Territory. This is in addition to the 8 million square kilometres total given in the reference. This EEZ is also distinct from the 2.56 million square kilometres of additional continental shelf mentioned in the reference.
  2. ^Including areas recommended by the United NationsCommission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf.
  3. ^abThe source does not provide any data forNavassa Island[87][88]even though theU.S. federal governmentdid claim an EEZ area for thisdisputed territory.[89]
  4. ^A jointCuba–Haiti Maritime Boundary Agreementsigned at Havana in 1977 bilaterally divides the waters between both local nations and Cuba's maritime boundary places the island within Haitian waters and doesn't recognize any local U.S. claim in the area.
  5. ^IncludingPalmyra Atolland 12unincorporated territories of the United States.The source does not provide any data forNavassa Island.
  6. ^ComprisingMetropolitan FranceandOverseas France.
  7. ^Including 6Australian external territories.
  8. ^Comprising theUnited Kingdom,3Crown dependenciesand 12British Overseas Territories.The source does not provide any data for theSovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia.
  9. ^ComprisingNew Zealand properandTokelau.TheCook IslandsandNiueare listed separately due to theirfull treaty-making capacitieswithin theUnited Nations System.
  10. ^ComprisingDenmark proper,theFaroe Islands,andGreenland.
  11. ^IncludingBouvet Island,Jan Mayen,andSvalbard.
  12. ^abA part of theRealm of New Zealand,listed separately due to itsfull treaty-making capacitywithin theUnited Nations System.
  13. ^ComprisingContinental Portugal,theAzores,andMadeira.
  14. ^If the claimedArgentine Antarcticaand its associated EEZ area are included, the total internal area ofArgentinaplus its EEZ area reaches 6,581,500 km2.
  15. ^Comprising theEuropean Netherlandsand theDutch Caribbean.
  16. ^IncludingÅland.

References

[edit]
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Works cited:

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