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InJ. R. R. Tolkien'sMiddle-earthfiction,ManandMendenotehumans,whether male or female, in contrast toElves,Dwarves,Orcs,andother humanoid races.[1] Men are described as the second or younger people, created after the Elves, and differing from them in being mortal. Along withEntsand Dwarves, these are the "free peoples" of Middle-earth, differing from the enslaved peoples such asOrcs.

Tolkien uses the Men of Middle-earth, interacting with immortal Elves, to explore a variety ofthemes inThe Lord of the Rings,especially death and immortality. This appears throughout, but is the central theme of an appendix, "The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen".Where theHobbitsstand for simple, earthbound, comfort-loving people, Men are far more varied, from petty villains and slow-witted publicans to the gentle warriorFaramirand the genuinely heroicAragorn;Tolkien had wanted to create aheroic romancesuitable for the modern age. Scholars have identified real-world analogues for each of the varied races of Men, whether frommedievaltimes orclassical antiquity.

The weakness of Men,The Lord of the Ringsasserts, is the desire for power; theOne Ringpromises enormous power, butis both evil and addictive.Tolkien uses the two Men inthe Fellowship created to destroy the Ring,Aragorn and the warriorBoromir,to show the effects of opposite reactions to that temptation. It becomes clear that, except for Men, all thepeoples of Middle-earth are dwindling and fading:the Elves are leaving, and the Ents are childless. By the Fourth Age, Middle-earth is peopled with Men, and indeed Tolkien intended it to represent the real world in the distant past.

Commentators have questioned Tolkien's attitude to race, given that good peoples are white and live in the West, while enemies may be dark and live in the East and South.[2][3][4]However, others note thatTolkien was strongly anti-racistin real life.[5]

In the fiction

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Creation

[edit]
Further information:History of Arda

The race of Men inJ. R. R. Tolkien's fictional world, in his booksThe Hobbit,The Lord of the RingsandThe Silmarillion,is the second race of beings, the "younger children", created by theOne God,Ilúvatar.Because they awoke in theFirst Ageat the start of theYears of the Sun,long after theElves,the Elves called them the "afterborn", or inQuenyatheAtani,the "Second People". Like Elves, Men first awoke inthe EastofMiddle-earth,spreading all over the continent and developing a variety of cultures and ethnicities. Unlike Tolkien's Elves, Men are mortal; when they die, they depart to a world unknown even to the godlikeValar.[1]

Free peoples

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Further information:Middle-earth peoples § Free peoples

Men are one of the four "free peoples" in the list-poem spoken by theEntTreebeard;the others being Elves,Dwarves,and Ents.[T 1]Hobbits,not included on that list, were a branch of the lineage of Men.[T 2][T 3][T 4]Hobbits were not known to the Ents, but on meetingMerryandPippin,Treebeard at once worked that people into the list.[T 1]

The concept of the free peoples is shared byElrond.[T 5]The Tolkien scholarPaul H. Kocherwrites that, in the style of the medievalGreat Chain of Being,this list places Men and the other speaking peoples higher than the beasts, birds, and reptiles which he lists next. "Man the mortal, master of horses" is listed last among the free peoples, who were created separately.[6]

Diversity

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Tolkien modelled theRohirrim,the Riders of Rohan, on theAnglo-Saxons(here in an 11th-century illustration).[7]

Although all Men inTolkien's legendariumare related to one another, there are many different groups with different cultures. Those on the side of the hobbits inThe Lord of the Ringsare theDúnedain,the men who fought on the side of theElvesin the First Age againstMorgothinBeleriand,from whom other friendly groups, the Rangers includingAragorn,and the men ofGondorare descended; and their allies theRohirrim.[1]

The Variags of Khand are named for theVarangians,medieval Germanic mercenaries.[1]Painting byViktor Vasnetsov
TheHaradrimused battle-elephants, asPyrrhus of Epirusdid. Illustration by Helene Guerber[8]

The main human adversaries inThe Lord of the Ringsare theHaradrimand the Easterlings.[1]The Haradrim or Southrons were hostile to Gondor, and used elephants in war. Tolkien describes them as "swart",[4]meaning "dark-skinned".[9]The Easterlings lived in Rhûn, the vast eastern region of Middle-earth; they fought in the armies ofMorgothandSauron.Tolkien describes them as "slant-eyed";[4]they ride horses or wagons, leading to the name "wain-riders".[1]The Variags of Khand formed a third but smaller group, who appear as vassals of Mordor in theBattle of the Pelennor Fields.Their name is fromRussian:Варяги(Variag), meaning theVarangians,Viking or other Germanic warriors who served asmercenaries.[1]Other human adversaries include the Black Númenóreans, good men gone wrong;[10]and theCorsairs of Umbar,rebels of Gondor.[11]

Cultures of Men in the Third Age
Nation/group Culture Language Real-world analogues
Bree[T 6] Village; agriculture;
houses of wood, earth, stone		 Westron Medieval England[12]
Beornings[T 7] Wooden hall;beekeeping,
dairy		 Westron Norse myth(Bödvar Bjarki);
Beowulf[13]
Dale[T 8] Towns, trade, taverns their own Germanic medieval Europe
Drúedain[T 9][T 10]
Wild men,[T 10]Púkel-men,[T 9]Woses[T 10]		 Forest their own Wild manlegends
of medieval Europe[14]
Dunlendings[T 11]
Wild men of Dunland		 Agriculture Westron,
Dunlendish		 Celtic Britons[15]
Easterlings[T 12]
People of Rhûn, Wainriders		 Horses, war-wagons their own Huns[16]
Gondorand theDúnedain[T 13] Cities, stone architecture;
literature, music		 Westron,
Sindarin,
Quenya		 Byzantine Empire,[17]
Ancient Egypt,[18]
Goths,[17]
Langobards[17]
Haradrim[T 14]
Southrons		 Desert; war-elephants; raiding in ships their own Enemies ofAncient Rome[8]
Riders of Rohan[T 15] Woodenmead-halls,
agriculture, horsemanship		 Rohirric,
Westron		 Anglo-Saxons,
Goths[19]
Variags ofKhand[T 16] Mercenaries their own Varangians[1]

Sandra Ballif Straubhaarnotes inThe J. R. R. Tolkien EncyclopediathatFaramir,son of theSteward of Gondor,makes an "arrogant"[1]speech, of which he later "has cause to repent",[1]classifying the types of Men as seen by the Men ofNúmenóreanorigin at the end of theThird Age;she notes, too, that his taxonomy is probably not to be taken at face value.[1]

Faramir's taxonomy of Men of Middle-earth[1]
High Men
Men of the West
Númenóreans		 Middle Men
Men of the Twilight		 Wild Men
Men of the Darkness
The Three Houses of Edain who went toNúmenor,and their descendants Edain of other houses who stayed in Middle-earth; they became the barbarian nations of Rhovanion,Dale,the House ofBeorn,and theRohirrim. All other Men, not connected to the Elves, including Easterlings and Dunlendings.[1][a]

History

[edit]
Further information:The Silmarillion

In a world with other intelligent and cultured races, Men in Middle-earth interact with each other and with the other races in a complex history, narrated mainly inThe Silmarillion.Men are in general friendly with the other free peoples, especially Elves; they are implacable enemies of the enslaved peoples, especiallyOrcs.In the First Age, Men, theEdain,lived inBeleriandon the extreme West of Middle-earth. They form an alliance with the Elves and join a disastrous war against the first Dark Lord,Morgoth,which destroys Beleriand. As a reward for fighting in the war, the creator,Eru Iluvatar,gives the Edain the new island ofNúmenoras their home.[20][T 17]

The key difference between Men and Elves now becomes central to the story: Elves areimmortal,and return toValinor,home of the godlikeValar,when they become weary of Middle-earth, or are killed in battle. Men, however, are mortal.[21][22]Morgoth's servant,Sauron,tempts the Men of Númenor to attack Valinor, in their search for immortality: Sauron has falsely insinuated that Men can become immortal just by being in that place. The Men and Númenor are destroyed: the island is drowned,Atlantis-like, beneath the waves; the world is made round; and Valinor is removed from the world so as to only be accessible by the Elves. Sauron's body is destroyed, but his spirit escapes to become the new Dark Lord of Middle-earth. A remnant of the Men of Númenor who remained faithful, underElendil,sail to Middle-earth, where they found the kingdoms ofArnorin the North andGondorin the South, remaining known as the Dúnedain, "Men of the West". Arnor becomes fragmented, and declines until its kings become Rangers in the wilds, but they retain their memory of Númenor or "Westernesse", through many generations down toAragorn,a protagonist inThe Lord of the Rings.The line of kings in Gondor eventually dies out, and the country is ruled byStewards,the throne empty, until Aragorn returns.[20][T 17]

Intermarriage and immortality

[edit]
Further information:The Tale of Aragorn and ArwenandDeath in Middle-earth

Tolkien stated that the coretheme ofThe Lord of the Ringswas death and the human desire to escape it.[T 18][T 19]The theme, which recurs throughout the work, is sharply visible in an appendix, "The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen",in which the immortal ElfArwenchooses mortality so that she can marry the mortal ManAragorn.The result, as with the earlier intermarriage of their ancestorsLúthien and Berenin theFirst Agein Beleriand, was to make Aragorn's line exceptionally long-lived among Men, and as the royal family intermarried with other people of Gondor, to maintain or extend the lifespan of the entire race.[T 20][23][24][25]

Fading

[edit]
Further information:Decline and fall in Middle-earth
Tolkien imaginedArdaas theEarthin the distant past.[T 19][26]With the loss of all its peoples except Man, and the reshaping of the continents, all that is left of Middle-earth is a dim memory infolklore,legend,andold words.[27]Shapes of continents are purely schematic.

The overall feeling inThe Lord of the Rings,however, despite the victories and Aragorn's long-awaited kingship and marriage, is ofdecline and fall,echoingthe view of Norse mythologythat everything will inevitably be destroyed.[28]As the Tolkien scholarMarjorie Burnsput it, "Here is a mythology where even the gods can die, and it leaves the reader with a vivid sense of life's cycles, with an awareness that everything comes to an end, that, though [the evil] Sauron may go, the elves will fade as well."[29]This fits with Tolkien's equation of Middle-earth with the real Earth at some distant epoch in the past, and with his apparent intention to create amythology for England.He could combine medieval myths and legends, hints from poems and nearly-forgotten names to build a world ofWizardsand Elves, Dwarves,Rings of Power,Hobbits, Orcs,TrollsandRingwraiths,and heroic Men with Elvish blood in their veins, and follow their history through long ages, provided that at the end he tore it all down again, leaving nothing, once again, but dim memories. By the end ofThe Lord of the Rings,the reader has learnt that the Elves have left for the Uttermost West, never to return, and that the other peoples, Dwarves, Hobbits, Ents and all the rest, are dwindling and fading, leaving only a world of Men.[27][29][23]

Kocher writes that the furthest look into Man's future inThe Lord of the Ringsis the conversation between the ElfLegolasand the DwarfGimli,close friends, at the moment when they first visitMinas Tirith,the capital city of the Men of Gondor, "and see the marks of decay around them".[30]Gimli says that the works of Men always "fail of their promise"; Legolas replies that even if that's so, "seldom do they fail of their seed", in marked contrast to the scarcity of children among Elves and Dwarves, implying that Men will outlast the other races. Gimli suggests again that Men's projects "come to naught in the end but might-have-beens". Legolas just replies "To that the Elves know not the answer".[30][T 21]Kocher comments that this "sad little fugue" is at variance with the hopeful tone of the rest of the work, remaining cheerful even in the face of apparently insuperable odds.[30]

Analysis

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Ambition for power

[edit]
Further information:Addiction to power in The Lord of the Rings

Kocher writes that theRings of Powerreflected the characteristics of the race that was to wear them. Those for Men "stimulated and implemented their ambition for power". Whereas the tough Dwarves resisted Sauron's domination, and the Elves hidtheir Ringsfrom him, with Men his plan "works perfectly", turning the ambitious kings intoRingwraiths,the nine Black Riders. With theOne Ringto rule them, Sauron gains complete control over them, and they become his most powerful servants. Kocher comments that for Tolkien, the exercise of personalfree will,the most precious gift, is "the distinguishing mark of his individuality". The wise, like theWizardGandalfand the Elf-queenGaladriel,therefore avoid putting pressure on anybody. In contrast, Sauron is evil exactly because he seeks to dominate the wills of others; the Ringwraiths, the nine fallen kings of Men, are the clearest exemplars of the process.[31]

Kocher states that the leading Man inThe Lord of the Ringsis Aragorn, though critics often overlooked him in favour of Frodo asprotagonist.[32]Aragorn is one of two Men in theFellowship of the Ring,the nine walkers from the Free Peoples opposed to the nine Black Riders. The other isBoromir,elder son of the Steward of Gondor, and the two Men are sharply opposed. Both are ambitious, and both intend one day to rule Gondor. Boromir means to fight valiantly, to save Gondor, with any help he can get, and to inherit the Stewardship. Aragorn knows he is in the line of kings by his ancestry, but he is unknown in Gondor. When they meet at theCouncil of Elrond,they dispute who has been holding back Sauron. Aragorn presents the shards of the broken sword of his ancestor, Elendil, and asks Boromir if he wants the House of Elendil (the line of kings) to return. Boromir evasively[33]replies that he would welcome the sword. The One Ring is then shown to the Council. Boromir at once thinks of using it himself. Elrond explains how dangerous the Ring is; Boromir reluctantly sets the idea of using it aside for the moment, and suggests again that Elendil's sword might help save Gondor, if Aragorn is strong enough. Aragorn replies gracefully to the tactless suggestion. Kocher comments that by being both bold and tactful, Aragorn has won all that he wanted from Boromir: the sword is genuine, as is Aragorn's claim to own it, and he has been invited back to Gondor. The Fellowship set off, temporarily united; when they reachParth Galen,Boromir tries to seize the Ring from Frodo, causing Frodo to use the Ring to escape; the Fellowship is scattered. Orcs attack, seeking the Ring; Boromir repents, and dies trying to save the Hobbits, an act which redeems him.[34]Aragorn gives Boromir an honourableboat-funeral.The quest eventually succeeds, and Aragorn, growing in strength through many perils and wise decisions[35]is crowned King. Boromir gave in to the temptation of power, and fell; Aragorn responded rightfully, and rose.[T 22][33][36]

Race

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Further information:Tolkien and race

The status of the friendly races has been debated by critics. David Ibata, writing inThe Chicago Tribune,asserts that the protagonists inThe Lord of the Ringsall have fair skin, and they are mainly blond-haired and blue-eyed as well. Ibata suggests that having the "good guys" white and their opponents of other races, in both book and film, is uncomfortably close to racism.[3]ThetheologianFleming Rutledgestates that the leader of the Drúedain, Ghân-buri-Ghân, is treated as anoble savage.[37][38]Michael N. Stanton writes inThe J. R. R. Tolkien EncyclopediathatHobbitswere "a distinctive form of human beings", and notes that their speech contains "vestigial elements" which hint that they originated in the North of Middle-earth.[39]

The scholar Margaret Sinex states that Tolkiens' construction of the Easterlings and Southrons draws on centuries of Christian tradition of creating an "imaginary Saracen".[4]Zakarya Anwar judges that while Tolkien himself was anti-racist, his fantasy writings can certainly be taken the wrong way.[5]

With his different races of Men arranged from good in the West to evil in the East, simple in the North and sophisticated in the South, Tolkien had, in the view of John Magoun, constructed a "fully expressedmoral geography":Gondoris both virtuous, being West, and has problems, being South;Mordorin the Southeast is hellish, whileHaradin the extreme South "regresses into hot savagery".[40]

Peter Jackson,in hisThe Lord of the Ringsfilm trilogy,clothes the Haradrim in long red robes andturbans,and has them riding their elephants, giving them the look in Ibata's opinion of "North African or Middle Eastern tribesmen".[1][3]Ibata notes that the film companion book,The Lord of the Rings: Creatures,describes them as "exotic outlanders" inspired by "12th centurySaracenwarriors ".[3]Jackson's Easterling soldiers are covered in armour, revealing only their "coal-black eyes" through their helmet's eye-slits.[3]Ibata comments that they look Asian, their headgear recalling bothSamurai helmetsand conical "Coolie" hats.[3]

From "clod" to hero

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Further information:Heroism in The Lord of the Rings
A sword fit for a hero:Andúril,"Flame of the West" is forged anew, "forAragornson of Arathorn was going to war upon the marches of Mordor ".[T 23]

The Tolkien scholar Deborah C. Rogers compares the Men ofThe Lord of the Ringswith the Hobbits. She notes that theHobbitsare to an extent the low, simple, earthbound "clods" of the story who like beer and comfort and do not wish to go on adventures;[b]they fit theantiheroof modern literature andNorthrop Frye's lowerliterary modesincluding various forms of humour.[41]

In contrast, Tolkien's Men are not all of a piece: Rogers mentions the "petty villain",Bill Ferny;the "loathsome"Grima Wormtongue;the "slow-thinking" publicanBarliman ButterburofBree;"that portrait of damnation",Denethor,Steward of Gondor;and at the upper end of the scale, the kinglyThéoden,brought back to life from Wormtongue's corruption; the "gentle warrior" Faramir and his brother the hero-villain Boromir; and finally therangerAragorn, who becomes king.[41]

Aragorn is the opposite of hobbitish: tall, not provincial, untroubled by the discomforts of the wild. At the start, in Bree, he appears as a Ranger of the North, a weatherbeaten man named Strider. Gradually the reader discovers he is heir to the throne ofGondor,engaged to be married toArwen,an Elf-woman. Equipped with anamed magical sword,he emerges as an unqualifiedhero,in Frye's "High Mimetic" or "Romantic" literary mode, making the whole novel indeed aheroic romance:he regains his throne, marries Arwen, and has a long, peaceful, and happy reign.[41][42]

Notes

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  1. ^It is unclear whether the friendly Lossoth (Snow-Men of the Ice Bay of Forochel) andDrúedainare part of this group.[1]
  2. ^Rogers admits, though, that sometimes, asGandalfsaid ofBilboandFrodo,there is "more to them than meets the eye".[41]

References

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Primary

[edit]
  1. ^abTolkien 1954,book 3, ch. 4 "Treebeard"
  2. ^Tolkien 1954a,"Prologue"
  3. ^Tolkien, J. R. R. (1975)."Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings," The Firstborn "".InLobdell, Jared(ed.).A Tolkien Compass.Open Court.p. 162.ISBN978-0875483030.
  4. ^Carpenter 2023,#131 to Milton Waldman, late 1951
  5. ^Tolkien 1954a,book 2, ch. 3 "The Ring Goes South"
  6. ^Tolkien 1954a,book 1, ch. 9 "At the Sign of the Prancing Pony"
  7. ^Tolkien 1937,ch. 7 "Queer Lodgings"
  8. ^Tolkien 1937,ch. 10 "A Warm Welcome"
  9. ^abTolkien 1955,Book 5, ch. 3, "The Muster of Rohan"
  10. ^abcTolkien 1955,Book 5, ch. 5, "The Ride of the Rohirrim"
  11. ^Tolkien 1955,b, Appendix F, "The Languages and Peoples of the Third Age"
  12. ^Tolkien 1954,book 4, ch. 5 "The Window on the West"
  13. ^Tolkien 1955,book 5 ch. 1 "Minas Tirith"
  14. ^Tolkien 1954,book 4, ch. 3 "The Black Gate is Closed"
  15. ^Tolkien 1954,book 3, ch. 6 "The King of the Golden Hall"
  16. ^Tolkien 1955,book 5, ch. 6 "The Battle of the Pelennor Fields"
  17. ^abTolkien 1977,ch. 17 "Of the Coming of Men into the West" and subsequent chapters
  18. ^Carpenter 2023,#203 to Herbert Schiro, 17 November 1957
  19. ^abCarpenter 2023,#211 to Rhona Beare, 14 October 1958
  20. ^Tolkien 1955,Appendix A: "Annals of the Kings and Rulers": I "The Númenórean Kings": (v) "Here follows a part of the tale of Aragorn and Arwen"
  21. ^Tolkien 1955,book 5, ch. 9 "The Last Debate"
  22. ^Tolkien 1954a,book 2, ch. 2 "The Council of Elrond"
  23. ^Tolkien 1954a,book 2, ch. 3, "The Ring Goes South"

Secondary

[edit]
  1. ^abcdefghijklmnoStraubhaar, Sandra Ballif(2013) [2007]. "Men, Middle-earth". InDrout, Michael D. C.(ed.).The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment.Routledge.pp. 414–417.ISBN978-1-135-88034-7.
  2. ^Shippey 2005,pp. 131–133.
  3. ^abcdefIbata, David (12 January 2003)."'Lord' of racism? Critics view trilogy as discriminatory ".The Chicago Tribune.
  4. ^abcdSinex, Margaret (January 2010).""Monsterized Saracens," Tolkien's Haradrim, and Other Medieval "Fantasy Products"".Tolkien Studies.7(1): 175–176.doi:10.1353/tks.0.0067.S2CID171072624.
  5. ^abAnwar, Zakarya (June 2009)."An evaluation of a post-colonial critique of Tolkien".Diffusion.2(1): 1–9.
  6. ^Kocher 1974,pp. 73–78.
  7. ^Shippey 2005,pp. 144–149.
  8. ^abKennedy, Maev(3 May 2016)."Tolkien annotated map of Middle-earth acquired by Bodleian library".The Guardian.
  9. ^"swart in British English".Collins.Retrieved25 July2022.Old Englishsweart;related toOld Frisianswart,Old Norsesvartr,Old High Germanswarzblack,Latinsordēsdirt
  10. ^Hammond, Wayne G.;Scull, Christina(2005).The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion.HarperCollins.pp. 283–284.ISBN978-0-00-720907-1.
  11. ^Bowers, John M. (2019).Tolkien's Lost Chaucer.Oxford University Press.p. 170.ISBN978-0-19-258029-0.
  12. ^Shippey 2005,p. 124.
  13. ^Shippey 2005,p. 91.
  14. ^Shippey 2005,pp. 74, 149.
  15. ^Panshin, Cory Seidman (1969)."Old Irish Influences Upon the Languages & Literature ofThe Lord of the Rings".Tolkien Journal.3(4). article 4.
  16. ^Shippey 2005,pp. 18, 20.
  17. ^abcLibrán-Moreno, Miryam(2011)."'Byzantium, New Rome!' Goths, Langobards and Byzantium inThe Lord of the Rings".In Fisher, Jason (ed.).Tolkien and the Study of his Sources.McFarland & Company.pp. 84–116.ISBN978-0-7864-6482-1.
  18. ^Garth 2020,p. 41.
  19. ^Shippey 2005,pp. 144–149 ".
  20. ^abKocher 1974,pp. 109–116.
  21. ^Parker, Douglass(1957). "Hwaet We Holbytla...".The Hudson Review.9(4): 598–609.JSTOR4621633.
  22. ^Burns, Marjorie(2005). "Two Norths and Their English Blend".Perilous Realms: Celtic and Norse in Tolkien's Middle-earth.University of Toronto Press.pp. 12–29.ISBN978-0-8020-3806-7.
  23. ^abHannon, Patrice (2004)."The Lord of the Rings as Elegy".Mythlore.24(2): 36–42.
  24. ^Straubhaar, Sandra Ballif(2005). "Gilraen's Linnod: Function, Genre, Prototypes".Tolkien Studies.2:235–244.doi:10.1353/tks.2005.0032.S2CID170378314.
  25. ^Cunningham, Michael (2005). "A History of Song: The Transmission of Memory in Middle-Earth".Mallorn(43): 27–29.
  26. ^Kocher 1974,pp. 8–11.
  27. ^abLee, Stuart D.;Solopova, Elizabeth(2005).The Keys of Middle-earth: Discovering Medieval Literature Through the Fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien.Palgrave.pp. 256–257.ISBN978-1403946713.
  28. ^Ford, Mary Ann; Reid, Robin Anne (2011)."Into the West".In Bogstad, Janice M.; Kaveny, Philip E. (eds.).Picturing Tolkien.McFarland & Company.pp. 169–182.ISBN978-0-7864-8473-7.
  29. ^abBurns, Marjorie J.(1989)."J.R.R. Tolkien and the Journey North".Mythlore.15(4): 5–9.JSTOR26811938.
  30. ^abcKocher 1974,p. 53.
  31. ^Kocher 1974,pp. 55–57.
  32. ^Kocher 1974,p. 117. "By some critics, like Roger Sale, he is completely neglected in favour of Frodo as central hero;".
  33. ^abKocher 1974,pp. 125–143.
  34. ^Kocher 1974,p. 132.
  35. ^Kocher 1974,p. 139.
  36. ^Pace, David Paul (1979)."The Influence of Vergil'sAeneidonThe Lord of the Rings".Mythlore.6(2): 37–38, article 11.
  37. ^Rutledge, Fleming(2004).The Battle for Middle-earth: Tolkien's Divine Design in The Lord of the Rings.Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.p. 286.ISBN978-0-8028-2497-4.
  38. ^Stanton, Michael N. (2002).Hobbits, Elves, and Wizards: Exploring the Wonders and Worlds of J.R.R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings".Palgrave Macmillan.p. 79.ISBN978-1-4039-6025-2.
  39. ^Stanton, Michael N. (2013) [2007]. "Hobbits". InDrout, Michael D. C.(ed.).The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment.Routledge.pp. 280–282.ISBN978-1-135-88034-7.
  40. ^Magoun, John F. G. (2006). "South, The". InDrout, Michael D. C.(ed.).The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment.Routledge.pp. 622–623.ISBN1-135-88034-4.
  41. ^abcdRogers, Deborah C. (1975). "Everyclod and Everyhero: The Image of Man in Tolkien". InLobdell, Jared(ed.).A Tolkien Compass.Open Court.pp. 69–76.ISBN978-0875483030.
  42. ^Shippey 2005,pp. 238–243.

Sources

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