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Edible bird's nest

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Edible bird's nest
Edible bird's nest
Region or stateSoutheast AsiaandEast Asia
AssociatedcuisineSingapore,Malaysia,Indonesia,China,Taiwan,Thailand,Cambodia,Vietnam,Myanmar
Edible bird's nest
Traditional ChineseYến oa
Simplified ChineseYến oa
Literal meaning"swallow nest"

Edible bird's nests,also known asswallow nests(Chinese:Yến oa;pinyin:yànwō), arebird nestscreated from solidifiedsalivabyedible-nest swiftlets,Indian swiftletsand otherswiftletsof the generaAerodramus,Hydrochous,SchoutedenapusandCollocalia,which are harvested for human consumption.

Swallow nests have been used as adelicacyfor over 400 years, most often assoup.[1]They are particularly prized inChinese cuisinedue to the rarity, highproteincontent and rich flavor, and are among the most expensiveanimal productsconsumed by humans,[2]with prices up to about $4,300 per pound ($9,500/kg) depending on grading.[3]The type or grading of a swallow nest depends on the bird species, as well as the shape and color of the bird's nest. It is usually white in color, but there also exists a red version that is sometimes called 'blood nest' (Huyết yến). According totraditional Chinese medicine,it promotes good health, especially for theskin.[4]

Etymology

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The Chinese name for edible bird's nest,Yến oa(yànwō), translates literally as 'swallow's (or swiftlet's) nest'; in Indonesiasarang burung waletoften serves as a synonym for bird's nest soup.[citation needed]

Culinary use

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Dried swiftlet nests ready for cooking
A bowl of bird's nest soup

The best-known use of edible bird's nest is bird's nest soup, adelicacyinChinese cuisine.[2]When dissolved in water, the bird's nests have a flavored gelatinous texture utilized insoupor sweet soup (tong sui). It is mostly referred to asYến oa(yànwō) unless references are made to the savory or sweet soup inChinese cuisine.According to theQing dynastymanual ofgastronomy,theSuiyuan shidan,bird's nest was regarded as a delicate ingredient not to be flavored or cooked with anything overpowering or oily. While it is rare and expensive, it must be served in relatively large quantities; otherwise its texture cannot be fully experienced and enjoyed.[5]

In addition to their use in soup, edible bird's nests can be used as an ingredient in other dishes. They can be cooked with rice to produce bird's nestcongeeor bird's nest boiled rice, or they can be added toegg tartsand other desserts. A bird's nest jelly can be made by placing the bird's nest in a ceramic container with minimal water and sugar (or salt) beforedouble steaming.[citation needed]

Production and harvest

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Natural birds' nests,Ko Rangnok('Bird's Nest Island'), Thailand
Nesting house for swiftlets,Ban Laem District,Phetchaburi Province,Thailand

The most heavily harvested nests are from theedible-nest swiftletor white-nest swiftlet (Aerodramus fuciphagus) and theblack-nest swiftlet(Aerodramus maximus).[6]Previous studies conducted by Lee et al. have reported that the nutrient composition of edible bird's nest is dependent on the country of origin,[7]food intake of the birds, climate and breeding sites. Most nests are built during the breeding season by the male swiftlet over a period of 35 days. They take the shape of a shallow cup stuck to the cave wall. The nests are composed of interwoven strands ofsalivarycement. Both nests have high levels of calcium, iron, potassium, and magnesium.[2]

The nests were formerly harvested from caves, principally the enormouslimestonecaves atGomantongandNiahinBorneo.With the escalation in demand these sources have been supplanted since the late-1990s by purpose-built nesting houses, usuallyreinforced concretestructures following the design of the Southeast Asian shop-house (rumah toko/ruko).[8]These nesting houses are normally found in urban areas near the sea, since the birds have a propensity to flock in such places. It has become an expanding industry as is evident in such places as the province ofNorth Sumatraor thePak Phanang Districtin Thailand. From those places the nests are mostly exported to the markets in Hong Kong, which has become the center of the world trade in bird's nests; the industry is valued at around HK$4.3billion per year,[9]although most of the final consumers are from mainland China. China is the world's largest consumer of birds' nests, accounting for more than 90 percent of consumption.[9]

In some places, nest gatherers (known in the Philippines asbusyadors)[10][11]have seen a steep decline in the number of birds and a rise in unexplained fatalities.[12]

Color

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Although bird's nest is usually white, there also exists a red version, called 'blood nest' (Chinese:Huyết yến;pinyin:xuě yàn), which is significantly more expensive and believed to have more medicinal value. In the market, a kilogram of white bird's nest can fetch up toUS$2,800,and a kilogram of red nests up toUS$14,000.[citation needed]

The reason for its characteristic redness has been a puzzle for centuries. Contrary to popular beliefs, red bird's nest does not containhemoglobin,the protein responsible for the color of human blood.[2]Researchers reported in 2013 that 'bird soil' containing guano droppings from bird houses were able to turn white edible bird's nests red, and that edible bird's nests' color is likely caused by environmental factors in cave interiors and bird houses.[13]

Subsequently, a research team atNanyang Technological University, Singaporehas found that its redness is caused by thevaporofreactive nitrogen speciesin the atmosphere of the bird house or cave reacting with the mucin glycoprotein of the initially formed white bird nest. Red bird's nest contains tyrosine that has combined with reactive nitrogen species to form3-nitrotyrosine.At high concentrations, 3-nitrotyrosine produces a distinctively rich red color, while at lower concentrations, it produces the characteristic yellow, golden and orange colors seen in other varieties of bird's nest products.[14][15]

The researchers also note that the bird nest also readily absorbsnitriteandnitratefrom the process' vapor which explains why the red bird's nest contains a high concentration of nitrite and nitrate, which are known to lead to carcinogenic compounds. This may mean that non-white bird's nests are harmful to human health.[14][16]

Market

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A box of bird's nests selling forUS$888.99

Indonesia is the largest bird's nest producer inSoutheast Asia,exporting around 2,000 metric tons (2,000 long tons; 2,200 short tons) per year, followed by Malaysia at 600 metric tons (590 long tons; 660 short tons), and Thailand, 400 metric tons (390 long tons; 440 short tons). The Philippines, producing roughly 5 metric tons (4.9 long tons; 5.5 short tons) per year, is the smallest producer.[9]

The bird's nest industry in 2014 accounts for 0.5 percent of the IndonesianGDP,a GDP percentage equivalent to about a quarter of the country's fishing industry. In Thailand, the trade value of bird's nests, both wild and "farmed", is estimated at around 20 billionbahtper year.[9]The industry globally is an estimatedUS$8.5 billion.[17]

Hong Kong and the United States are the largest importers of nests.[18]In Hong Kong, a bowl of bird's nest soup costsUS$30toUS$100.[1][18]

Counterfeiting

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Besides the natural coloration process, the white nests can be treated with red pigment to defraud buyers, but methods have been developed to determine an adulterated nest. Natural red cave nests are often found in limestone caves inPak Phayun District,Thailand.[2][9]The high returns and growing demand have attracted counterfeiters, leading to the halt of Malaysian nest exports to China. The Malaysian government has since employedRFIDtechnology to thwart counterfeiting by micro-chipping nests with details about harvesting, packaging, and transport.[19]Industrial quality-control techniques such asfailure mode and effects analysishave been applied to bird's nest processing at nesting houses in Sarawak, Malaysia, and reported by a research team atUniversiti Malaysia Sarawak.[20][21][22]

Authentication

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The high demand for edible bird's nest has garnered the attention of counterfeiters to defraud buyers. Fake edible bird's nest or edible bird's nest with adulterants may be harmful to those who consume it. Hence, there is an urgent need to find a solution to the issues regarding the authenticity and quality of the edible bird's nest. Numerous sophisticated techniques have been used for the detection of adulterants in edible bird's nest such as energy disperse X-ray microanalysis, electronic microscopy and spectroscopy.[23]Some other methods including DNA-based polymerase chain reactions, protein-based two-dimension gel electrophoresis and genetic identification based on mitochondrial DNA have found applications in the authentication of edible bird's nest. Previous studies used gel electrophoresis in combination with liquid chromatographic methods to identify some common adulterants in edible bird's nest.[7][24]In this study, gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography were used for protein profiling and amino acids studies of cave and house nests, and others samples such as white fungus, fish swimming bladder, jelly and egg white. Each of the samples had a unique protein profile which will be reflected on the protein gel and these results were supported by the chromatographic analysis. Gel electrophoresis also was used to identify and differentiate the edible bird's nests based on their geographical origins.[7]

Import restrictions

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Because a bird's nest is an animal product, it is subject to strict import restrictions in some countries, particularly with regard toH5N1avian flu.[citation needed]

In Canada, commercially prepared, canned, and sterile bird's nest preparations are generally acceptable, but may be subject to import restrictions.[25]

See also

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References

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  1. ^abHobbs, Joseph J. (2004). "Problems in the harvest of edible birds' nests in Sarawak and Sabah, Malaysian Borneo".Biodiversity and Conservation.13(12): 2209–2226.Bibcode:2004BiCon..13.2209H.doi:10.1023/b:bioc.0000047905.79709.7f.S2CID34483704.A few species ofswift,thecave swifts,are renowned for building thesaliva nestsused to produce the unique texture of this soup
  2. ^abcdeMarcone, Massimo F. (1 July 2005). "Characterization of the edible bird's nest the 'Caviar of the East'".Food Research International.38(10): 1125–1134.doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2005.02.008.ISSN0963-9969.
  3. ^"eBay search: edible bird's nest, sold".Retrieved7 March2017.
  4. ^Maierbrugger, Arno (20 August 2013)."Vietnam seeks investors for edible bird's nest industry".Inside Investor.Archived fromthe originalon 30 June 2018.Retrieved20 August2013.
  5. ^"Seafoods 1: Bird's Nest ( yến oa )".Translating the Suiyuan Shidan.2014.
  6. ^Gausset, Quentin (2004). "Chronicle of a Foreseeable Tragedy: Birds' Nests Management in the Niah Caves (Sarawak)".Human Ecology.32(4): 487–506.doi:10.1023/b:huec.0000043517.23277.54.S2CID154898420.
  7. ^abcHun, Lee Ting; Wani, Waseem A.; Poh, Heng Yong; Baig, Umair; Ti Tjih, Eddie Tan; Nashiruddin, Noor Idayu; Ling, Yong Ee; Aziz, Ramlan Abdul (2016). "Gel electrophoretic and liquid chromatographic methods for the identification and authentication of cave and house edible bird's nests from common adulterants".Analytical Methods.8(3): 526–536.doi:10.1039/c5ay02170g.ISSN1759-9660.
  8. ^"Inside of a Successful Bird's Nest House".House of Bird's Nest.Archived fromthe originalon 9 January 2014.Retrieved9 January2014.
  9. ^abcdePanyaarvudh, Jintana (11 October 2018)."An economic nesting ground".The Nation.Retrieved12 October2018.
  10. ^Satizábal, Paul; Dressler, Wolfram H.; Guieb III, Eulalio R.; Varquez Jr., Jessie G.; Fabinyi, Michael (29 November 2021)."Seascape shadows: Life in the ruins of the edible bird's nest harvest in northern Palawan, the Philippines".Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space.5(4): 1966–1993.doi:10.1177/25148486211058585.S2CID253421510.Retrieved25 October2022.
  11. ^Ganancial, Rachel (10 January 2022)."The last of El Nido's" busyadors "".Palawan News.Retrieved25 October2022.
  12. ^"The remote island of nest gatherers".
  13. ^But, Paul Pui-Hay; Jiang, Ren-Wang; Shaw, Pang-Chui (9 January 2013). "Edible bird's nests—how do the red ones get red?".Journal of Ethnopharmacology.145(1): 378–380.doi:10.1016/j.jep.2012.10.050.ISSN1872-7573.PMID23142487.
  14. ^abShim, Eric Kian-Shiun; Lee, Soo-Ying (6 June 2018). "Nitration of Tyrosine in the Mucin Glycoprotein of Edible Bird's Nest Changes Its Color from White to Red".Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.66(22): 5654–5662.doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01619.ISSN0021-8561.PMID29783841.
  15. ^"How Edible Bird's Nest Changes Colour From White to Red".Avian Science Institute.20 December 2018.Retrieved14 June2020.
  16. ^"Highlight: Colour of Bird's Nest".spms.ntu.edu.sg.Retrieved14 June2020.
  17. ^"Vietnam Seeks Millions for Edible Bird Spit Industry".Bloomberg News.18 August 2013.Retrieved9 January2014.
  18. ^abPark, Therese (8 February 2005)."Bird-nest Soup, Anyone?".Koreabridge Writings.
  19. ^"Chinese Delicacy Tagged with RFID".RFID World.30 June 2012.Retrieved20 January2013.
  20. ^Jong, Chian Haur; Tay, Kai Meng; Lim, Chee Peng (August 2013)."Application of the fuzzy Failure Mode and Effect Analysis methodology to edible bird nest processing"(PDF).Computers and Electronics in Agriculture.96:90–108.Bibcode:2013CEAgr..96...90J.doi:10.1016/j.compag.2013.04.015.
  21. ^Tay, Kai Meng; Jong, Chian Haur; Lim, Chee Peng (July 2014)."A clustering-based failure mode and effect analysis model and its application to the edible bird nest industry"(PDF).Neural Computing and Applications.26(3): 551–560.doi:10.1007/s00521-014-1647-4.S2CID7821836.
  22. ^Chang, Wui Lee; Tay, Kai Meng; Lim, Chee Peng (November 2015)."Clustering and visualization of failure modes using an evolving tree"(PDF).Expert Systems with Applications.42(20): 7235–7244.doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2015.04.036.
  23. ^Wong, Hing-Lok; Siu, Wing-sum; Shum, Wai-ting; Gao, Si; Leung, Ping-Chung; Ko, Chun-Hay (December 2012). "Application of chinese herbal medicines to revitalize adult stem cells for tissue regeneration".Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine.18(12): 903–908.doi:10.1007/s11655-012-1293-3.ISSN1672-0415.PMID23238998.S2CID207298711.
  24. ^Lee, Ting Hun; Wani, Waseem A.; Koay, Yin Shin; Kavita, Supparmaniam; Tan, Eddie Ti Tjih; Shreaz, Sheikh (October 2017). "Recent advances in the identification and authentication methods of edible bird's nest".Food Research International.100(Pt 1): 14–27.doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2017.07.036.ISSN0963-9969.PMID28873672.
  25. ^"Egg Products - Import Procedures".Canadian Food Inspection Agency.2014.Retrieved29 July2014.

Bibliography

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Further reading

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