Edith Summerskill

The Right Honourable The Baroness Summerskill CHPC
Minister of National Insurance
In office 28 February 1950 – 26 October 1951
Prime Minister	Clement Attlee
Preceded by	James Griffiths
Succeeded by	Osbert Peake
Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Food
In office 4 August 1945 – 28 February 1950
Prime Minister	Clement Attlee
Preceded by	Florence Horsbrugh
Succeeded by	Stanley Evans
Member of the House of Lords Lord Temporal
In office 4 February 1961 – 4 February 1980 Life peerage
Member of Parliament forWarrington
In office 26 May 1955 – 4 February 1961
Preceded by	Hyacinth Morgan
Succeeded by	Thomas Williams
Member of Parliament forFulham West
In office 6 April 1938 – 6 May 1955
Preceded by	Cyril Cobb
Succeeded by	Constituency Abolished
Personal details
Born	(1901-04-19)19 April 1901
Died	4 February 1980(1980-02-04)(aged 78)
Nationality	British
Political party	Labour
Spouse	Dr Jeffrey Samuel
Children	Shirley Summerskill
Alma mater	King's College London Charing Cross Hospital Medical School

Edith Clara Summerskill, Baroness Summerskill,CH,PC(19 April 1901 – 4 February 1980) was a British physician, feminist,Labourpolitician and writer. She was appointed to thePrivy Councilin 1949.

Early life

Summerskill attendedEltham Hill Grammar School.She then went toKing's College London,and was admitted to medical school atCharing Cross Hospital Medical School,one of the earliest women to be admitted to medical school.

She was one of the founders of theSocialist Health Association,which spearheaded theNational Health Service(1948). She pressed for equal rights for women in theBritish Home Guard.In 1938, she was involved with theMarried Women's Associationto promote equality in marriage. It was formed as a splinter group that was created withJuanita Francesas its first chair.Summerskill became its first president.

Parliament

Summerskill entered politics at 32 when she was asked to fight the Green Lanes ward inHarringayin the Middlesex County Council elections.She then served as a councillor onMiddlesexCounty Councilfrom 1934 until 1941. She stood for a seat in theHouse of Commonsunsuccessfully at thePutney byelection in 1934andBuryat the1935 general election,before becoming LabourMember of Parliament(MP) forFulham Westata by-electionin 1938 thanks to the working women's vote. She caused some disquiet by taking the seat in her maiden name. When the Fulham West constituency was abolished for the1955 general election,she was returned to theHouse of Commonsas MP forWarrington.She had a London flat inEnnismore Gardens.

Summerskill was included inClement Attlee's Labour government following the election victory in 1945. She served as aParliamentary Secretaryin the Ministry of Food, and was later promoted to theMinistry of Social and National Insurance,heading the department she was profiled as the Minister of National Insurance, however she was not a cabinet minister.

As well as her service in government, Summerskill also served on the House of CommonsPolitical Honours Scrutiny Committeefrom 1967 to 1976.

Summerskill served asParliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Food(1945–50) and as Minister ofNational Insurance(1950–51). She was a member of the Labour Party'sNational Executive Committeefrom 1944 to 1958 and served as Chair of the Labour Party 1954–5). She left the House of Commons in 1961 and was created alife peerasBaroness Summerskill,ofKen Woodin theCounty of Londonon 4 February 1961.Furthermore, she was awarded an additional honour, being initiated into theOrder of the Companions of Honour(CH) in 1966.

Summerskill appears in a specially selected list ofFabian Societymembers from 1942 to 1947, showing continuity and prestige. An active feminist, she was instrumental in promoting women's causes throughout that period, starting with the Clean Milk Act in 1949. Later, as the president of the Married Women's Association, she campaigned in and outside the parliament to assure the equal rights of housewives and of divorced women, which resulted in the Married Women's Properties Act in 1964 and the Matrimonial Homes Act in 1967.

Letters to My Daughter

During the 1950s, Summerskill wrote a series of letters to her daughterShirley,who, like her mother, was an active feminist. Shirley studied medicine in Oxford at that time and later became a doctor and a Member of Parliament and of Cabinet. Edith Summerskill's letters to Shirley were collected and published in a bookLetters to My Daughter(1957). Summerskill outlines her belief that women are superior to men in almost every way. In support of such a theory Summerskill presents three "facts": firstly, that only women can enjoy two worlds of creative enterprise, thebiologicaland theintellectual.Secondly, she suggests women are physically stronger, live longer, and are constitutionally tougher, having greaterstamina.Finally, she believes women have equal if not greaterintellectthan men.

Although Summerskill's book contains only Edith's letters to her daughter, the mother's response to questions raised by the daughter creates a sense of an ongoing dialogue between the two, concerning issues of education for women, equality and achievements. In reply to Shirley's question about the part that married women are playing in the affairs of the country, her mother writes:

The insistent demand of women for recognition in spheres of work outside the home, which has quietly but unremittingly been advanced in the course of the last hundred years, has grudgingly been conceded. As a doctor and a Member of Parliament I am fully conscious of the fact that the doors both of the medical schools and of the House of Commons had to be forced by furious and frustrated women before their claims were recognized. It would be quite inaccurate to suggest that we were welcomed into the universities or into public life. (143)

Summerskill constantly struggles for and raises consciousness about women's equal rights. In response to Shirley's complaint about "the stock question" of the anti-feminists, "Why have not more women achieved eminence in the arts and sciences?" She answers: "Personally I am astounded that so many have distinguished themselves despite the conditions which society has imposed upon them" (181). Summerskill maintains that in spite of the difficulties and prejudices, women are making progress and have achievements in music, visual art, and literature as well as some advancement in science and technology (181). Yet Summerskill's conclusion in 1956 is similar to the oneVirginia Woolfreached twenty-five years earlier.Woolf writes that even when all the outward obstacles are overcome, she, or any other a woman, has not solved the problem of "my own experiences as a body" (1942: 206); Summerskill makes the parallel concession that for a woman, the "most powerful force, which takes her off the course" is the "biological urge to have a family" (187).

Personal life

Summerskill was married in 1925 to Dr Jeffrey Samuel. Their children took their mother's surname. Her daughter,Shirley Summerskill,also served as a physician, member of parliament and government minister. Her grandsonBen Summerskillbecame chief executive of the British gay equality charityStonewallin 2003.

Publications

• Babies without Tears(1941)
• Wanted—babies: A trenchant examination of a grave national problem(1943)
• Letters to my Daughter(1957)
• The Ignoble Art(1957)
• A Woman's World: Memoirs(1967)

External links

• Leigh Rayment's Peerage Pages
• Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs
• Hansard1803–2005:contributions in Parliament by Edith Summerskill
• Edith Summerskill: Life Peer - UK Parliament Living Heritage
• Centre for Advancement of Women in Politics profile
• Catalogue of the Edith Summerskill papers held at LSE Archives