Eleanor cross

Geddington,Northamptonshire,the best-preserved of the original crosses, and the only triangular one

TheEleanor crosseswere a series of twelve tall and lavishly decorated stone monuments topped withcrosseserected in a line down part of the east of England.King Edward Ihad them built between 1291 and about 1295 in memory of his beloved wifeEleanor of Castile.The King and Queen had been married for 36 years and she stayed by the King's side through his many travels. While on aroyal progress,she died in theEast Midlandsin November 1290. The crosses, erected in her memory, marked the nightly resting-places along the route taken when her body was transported toWestminster Abbeynear London.

The crosses stood atLincoln,GranthamandStamford,all inLincolnshire;GeddingtonandHardingstoneinNorthamptonshire;Stony StratfordinBuckinghamshire;WoburnandDunstableinBedfordshire;St Albansand Waltham (nowWaltham Cross) inHertfordshire;Cheapsidein London; and Charing (nowCharing Cross) inWestminster.

Three of the medieval monuments – those at Geddington, Hardingstone and Waltham Cross – survive more or less intact; but the other nine, other than a few fragments, are lost. The largest and most ornate of the twelve was the Charing Cross. Several memorials and elaborated reproductions of the crosses have been erected, including theQueen Eleanor Memorial CrossatCharing Cross Station(built 1865).

Background

Procession and burials

Eleanor of Castile,Queen Consort of England 1272–1290

Eleanor of Castile died on 28 November 1290 atHarby, Nottinghamshire.Edward and Eleanor loved each other and much like his father, Edward was very devoted to his wife and remained faithful to her throughout their married lives. He was deeply affected by her death and displayed his grief by erecting twelve so-called Eleanor crosses, one at each place where her funeralcortègestopped for the night.

Following her death the body of Queen Eleanor was carried toLincoln,about 7 miles (11 km) away, where she was embalmed – probably either at theGilbertinepriory of St Catherinein the south of the city, or at the priory of the Dominicans.Herviscera,less her heart, were buried in the Angel Choir ofLincoln Cathedralon 3 December.Eleanor's other remains were carried to London, a journey of about 180 miles (290 km), that lasted 12 days. Her body was buried inWestminster Abbey,at the feet of her father-in-law KingHenry IIIon 17 December; while her heart was buried in the church of the London Dominicans' priory atBlackfriars(a house that she and Edward had heavily patronised) on 19 December, along with those of her young sonAlphonso, Earl of Chester,who had died in 1284, and ofJohn de Vesci,who had died in 1289.

Commemoration

Tomb monuments

Both the burial of Eleanor's body at Westminster and her visceral burial at Lincoln were subsequently marked by ornateeffigial monuments,both with similar life-sized gilt bronze effigies cast by the goldsmithWilliam Torell.Her heart burial at the Blackfriars was marked by another elaborate monument, but probably not with a life-sized effigy.The Blackfriars monument was lost following the priory'sdissolutionin 1538.The Lincoln monument was destroyed in the 17th century, but was replaced in 1891 with a reconstruction, not on the site of the original.The Westminster Abbey monument survives.

Crosses

Illumination from theTrès Riches Heures du Duc de Berry(c. 1412–1416) depicting a cross possibly representing one of themontjoiesofLouis IX

The twelve crosses were erected to mark the places where Eleanor's funeral procession had stopped overnight. Their construction is documented in the executors' account rolls, which survive from 1291 to March 1294, but not thereafter.By the end of that period, the crosses at Lincoln, Hardingstone, Stony Stratford, Woburn, Dunstable, St Albans and Waltham were complete or nearly so, and those at Cheapside and Charing in progress; but those at Grantham, Stamford and Geddington apparently not yet begun. It is assumed that these last three were erected in 1294 or 1295, and that they were certainly finished before the financial crisis of 1297 which brought a halt to royal building works.A number of artists worked on the crosses, as the account rolls show, with a distinction generally drawn between the main structures, made locally under the direction of master masons appointed by the King, and the statues of Eleanor, made ofCaen stone,and other sculptural details, brought from London. Master masons included Richard of Crundale, Roger of Crundale (probably Richard's brother), Michael of Canterbury, Richard of Stow, John of Battle and Nicholas Dymenge.Sculptors includedAlexander of Abingdonand William of Ireland, both of whom had worked at Westminster Abbey, who were paid £3 6s. 8d. apiece for the statues; and Ralph of Chichester.

Shrine of Little St Hugh

See also:Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln § Veneration

Drawing of the Shrine of Little St Hugh, Lincoln Cathedral, William Dugdale, 1641

The tomb ofLittle Saint Hugh of Lincolnwas rebuilt around the same time, likely by the same crafstmen and designers as the Eleanor crosses, featuring the Royal crest of arms, and decoration commemorating Eleanor.Stocker believes that the shrine "displays such close acquaintance with the Eleanor crosses that it has to be considered alongside them."

The cult of Little St Hugh venerated a falseritual murderallegation against the Jewish community of Lincoln, and was revived after theExpulsion of the Jewsin 1290. Eleanor had been widely disliked for large-scale buying and selling of Jewish bonds, with the aim of requisitioning the lands and properties of those indebted.It has been suggested that the proximity of the shrine's design to the Eleanor crosses was deliberate, in order to position Edward and Eleanor as protectors of Christians against supposed Jewish criminality.

Purpose and parallels

See also:market crossandpreaching cross

Eleanor's crosses appear to have been intended in part as expressions of royal power; and in part ascenotaphsto encourageprayers for her soulfrom travellers.On the pedestal of each was inscribed the phraseOrate pro anima( "Pray for [her] soul" ).

It was not unknown formemorial crossesto be constructed in the middle ages, although they were normally isolated instances and relatively simple in design. A cross in theStrand,near London, was said to have been erected byWilliam IIin memory of his mother,Queen Matilda(d. 1083).Henry IIIerected one atMerton,Surrey, for his cousin theEarl of Surrey(d. 1240). Another was erected atReadingfor Edward I's sisterBeatrice(d. 1275). Yet another, almost contemporary with the Eleanor crosses, was erected nearWindsorfor Edward's mother,Eleanor of Provence(d.1291).

The closest precedent for the Eleanor crosses, and almost certainly their model, was the series of nine crosses known asmontjoieserected along the funeral route of KingLouis IX of Francein 1271. These were elaborate structures incorporating sculptural representations of the King, and were erected in part to promote hiscanonisation(a campaign that in 1297 succeeded). Eleanor's crosses never aspired to this last purpose, but in design were even larger and more ornate than themontjoies,being of at least three rather than two tiers.

Locations

Lincoln

The surviving fragment of the Lincoln cross

(53°12′51″N00°32′47″W)
Eleanor rested on the first night of the journey atThe Priory of Saint Katherine without Lincolnand her viscera were buried inLincoln Cathedralon 3 December 1290. TheLincolncross was built between 1291 and 1293 by Richard of Stow at a total recorded cost of over £120, with sculptures by William of Ireland.John Leland,in the early 1540s, noted that "a litle without Barre [gate] is a very fair crosse and large".It stood at Swine Green,St Catherine's,an area just outside the city at the southern end of theHigh Street,but had disappeared by the early 18th century. The only surviving piece is the lower half of one of the statues, rediscovered in the 19th century and now in the grounds ofLincoln Castle.

Grantham

2015 plaque in Grantham

(52°54′37″N00°38′25″W)
Eleanor's bier spent the night of 4 December 1290 inGrantham,Lincolnshire.The master mason for the cross here is not known: it was probably constructed in 1294 or 1295. It stood at the upper end of the High Street. It was pulled down during theCivil War,but in February 1647 Grantham Corporation ordered that any stones that could be traced should be recovered for public use. No part is known to survive, but it is conceivable that the substantial steps of the standing Market Cross comprise stones that originally belonged to the Eleanor Cross. A letter from the 18th-century antiquaryWilliam Stukeley(now untraceable) is alleged to have stated that he had one of the lions from Eleanor's coats of arms in his garden.

A modern relief stone plaque to Eleanor was installed at theGrantham Guildhallin 2015.

Stamford

(52°39′22″N00°29′37″W)
Eleanor's bier spent the night of 5 December 1290, and possibly also that of 6 December, inStamford, Lincolnshire.The master mason for the cross here is not known: it was probably constructed in 1294 or 1295. There is conflicting evidence about its precise location, but it is now generally agreed that it stood just outside the town on theGreat North Road(modern Casterton Road, the B1081), in what is today the Foxdale area.

The cross was in decay by the early 17th century, and in 1621 the town council ordered some restoration work, although it is unknown whether this was carried out.Richard Symondsreported in 1645: "In the hill before ye come into the towne, stands a lofty large crosse built by Edward III [sic], in memory of Elianor his queene, whose corps rested there coming from the North. "In 1646 Richard Butcher, the Town Clerk, described it as "so defaced, that only the Ruins appeare to my eye".It had probably been destroyed by 1659, and certainly by the early 18th century.

In 1745,William Stukeleyattempted to excavate the remains of the cross, and succeeded in finding its hexagonal baseand recovering several fragments of the superstructure. His sketch of the top portion, which seems to have stylistically resembled the Geddington Cross, is found in his diaries in theBodleian Library,Oxford.A single small fragment from among Stukeley's finds, a carvedPurbeck marblerose, was rediscovered in about 1976, and identified as part of the cross in 1993.Following the closure ofStamford Museumin 2011, this fragment is now displayed in the Discover Stamford area at the town's library.

A modern monument was erected in Stamford in 2009 in commemoration of Eleanor: seeReplicas and imitationsbelow.

Geddington

The Geddington cross

(52°26′15″N00°41′07″W)
Eleanor's bier spent the night of either 6 or 7 December 1290, or possibly both, inGeddington,Northamptonshire.The master mason for the cross here is not known: it was probably constructed in 1294 or 1295. It was recorded byWilliam Camdenin 1607;and still stands in the centre of the village, the best-preserved of the three survivors.It is unique among the three in having a triangular plan, and a taller and more slender profile with a lower tier entirely covered with rosettediapering,instead of the arch-and-gable motif with tracery which appears on both the others; and canopied statues surmounted by a slender hexagonal pinnacle.It is possible that the other northern crosses (Lincoln, Grantham and Stamford) were in a similar relatively simple style; and that this reflects either the need to cut back expenditure in the latter stages of the project for financial reasons,or a decision taken at the planning stage to make the crosses progressively larger and more ornate as the sequence proceeded south.

An engraving of the Geddington cross (drawn byJacob Schnebbelieand engraved byJames Basire) was published by theSociety of Antiquariesin itsVetusta Monumentaseries in 1791.It was "discreetly" restored in 1892.

Hardingstone, Northampton

The Hardingstone cross

(52°13′02″N00°53′50″W)
Eleanor's bier spent the night of 8 December 1290, and perhaps also that of 7 December, atHardingstone,on the outskirts ofNorthampton.Thecrosshere was constructed between 1291 and 1292 by John of Battle, at a total recorded cost of over £100.William of Ireland and Ralph of Chichester carved the statues.A causeway leading from the town to the cross was constructed by Robert son of Henry.The cross is still standing, close toDelapré Abbey,on the side of theA508leading out of Northampton, and just north of the junction with theA45.The King stayed nearby atNorthampton Castle.

The monument is octagonal in shape and set on steps; the present steps are replacements. It is built in three tiers, and originally had a crowning terminal, presumably a cross.The terminal appears to have gone by 1460: there is mention of a "headless cross" at the site from whichThomas Bourchier,Archbishop of Canterbury, watchedMargaret of Anjou's flight following theBattle of Northampton.The monument was restored in 1713, to mark thePeace of Utrechtand the end of theWar of the Spanish Succession,and this work included the fitting of a new terminal in the form of aMaltese cross.Further repairs were undertaken in 1762.At a later restoration in 1840, under the direction ofEdward Blore,the Maltese cross was replaced by the picturesque broken shaft which is seen today.Later, less intrusive restorations were undertaken in 1877 and 1986.Further restoration work was completed in 2019.

The bottom tier of the monument has carvings of open books. These probably included painted inscriptions of Eleanor's biography and of prayers for her soul to be said by viewers, now lost.

John Leland,in the early 1540s, recorded it as "a right goodly crosse, caullid, as I remembre, the Quenes Crosse", although he seems to have associated it with the 1460 Battle of Northampton.It is also referred to byDaniel Defoein hisTour thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain,in reporting the Great Fire of Northampton in 1675: "... a townsman being at Queen's Cross upon a hill on the south side of the town, about two miles (3.2 km) off, saw the fire at one end of the town then newly begun, and that before he could get to the town it was burning at the remotest end, opposite where he first saw it."

Celia Fiennesin 1697 describes it as "a Cross, a mile off the town call'd High-Cross – it stands just in the middle of England – its all stone 12 stepps which runs round it, above that is the stone carv'd finely and there are 4 large Nitches about the middle, in each is the statue of some queen at length which encompasses it with other carvings as garnish, and so it rises less and less to the top like a tower or Piramidy."

An engraving of the Hardingstone cross (drawn byJacob Schnebbelieand engraved byJames Basire) was published by theSociety of Antiquariesin itsVetusta Monumentaseries in 1791.

Stony Stratford

Plaque in Stony Stratford

(plaque at52°03′32″N00°51′24″W)

Eleanor's bier spent the night of 9 December 1290 atStony Stratford,Buckinghamshire.The cross here was built between 1291 and 1293 by John of Battle at a total recorded cost of over £100.The supplier of the statues is uncertain, but some smaller carvings were provided by Ralph of Chichester.The cross stood at the lower end of the town, towards theRiver Ouse,onWatling Street(now the High Street), although its exact location is debated. It is said to have been of a tall elegant design (perhaps similar to that at Geddington). It was described byWilliam Camdenin 1607 asminus elegantem( "none of the fairest" ), suggesting that it was by this date in a state of decay.It is said to have been demolished in about 1643. In 1735, William Hartley, a man of nearly 80, could remember only the base still standing.Any trace has now vanished.

The cross is commemorated by a brass plaque on the wall of 157 High Street.

Woburn

(approximately at51°59′20″N00°37′10″W)

Eleanor's bier spent the night of 10 December 1290 atWoburn,Bedfordshire.Work on the cross here started in 1292, later than some of the others, and was completed in the spring of 1293. It was built by John of Battle, at a total recorded cost of over £100.As at Stony Stratford, the supplier of the statues is uncertain, but some of the carvings were provided by Ralph of Chichester.No part of the cross survives. Its precise location, and its fate, are unknown.

Dunstable

(51°53′10″N00°31′16″W)

Eleanor's bier spent the night of 11 December 1290 atDunstable,Bedfordshire.It rested first in the market place, before being carried intoDunstable Priorychurch, where the canons prayed in an overnightvigil.The cross was built between 1291 and 1293 by John of Battle at a total recorded cost of over £100.Some of the sculpture was supplied by Ralph of Chichester.It is thought to have been located in the middle of the town, probably in the market place, and was reported byWilliam Camdenas still standing in 1586.It is said to have been demolished in 1643 by troops under theEarl of Essex.No part survives, although some of the foundations are reported to have been discovered during roadworks at the beginning of the 20th century.

The Eleanor's Cross Shopping Precinct in High Street North contains a modern statue of Eleanor, erected in 1985.

St Albans

Plaque on theClock Tower, St Albans

(51°45′04″N00°20′26″W)

Eleanor's bier spent the night of 12 December 1290 atSt Albans,Hertfordshire.The cross here was built between 1291 and 1293 by John of Battle at a total recorded cost of over £100,with some of the sculpture supplied by Ralph of Chichester.It was erected at the south end of the Market Place, and for many years stood in front of the fifteenth-centuryClock Towerin the High Street, opposite the Waxhouse Gateway entrance to theAbbey.

In 1596, it was described as "verie stately".However, having fallen into decay, and having probably been further damaged during the Civil War, it was eventually demolished in 1701–02, to be replaced by amarket cross.This was demolished in turn in 1810, although the town pump it contained survived a little longer. Adrinking fountainwas erected on the site by philanthropist Isabella Worley in 1874: this was relocated to Victoria Square nearby in the late 20th century.

A late 19th-century ceramic plaque on the Clock Tower commemorates the Eleanor cross.

Waltham (now Waltham Cross)

The Waltham cross

(51°41′09″N00°01′59″W)
Eleanor's bier spent the night of 13 December 1290 in the parish ofCheshunt,Hertfordshire.The cross here was built in about 1291 by Roger of Crundale and Nicholas Dymenge at a total recorded cost of over £110.It probably became known asWaltham Crossbecause it stood at the way toWaltham Abbey,across theRiver Leain Essex, which was clearly visible from its site. The sculpture was byAlexander of Abingdon,with some items supplied by Robert of Corfe.The cross was located outside the village of Waltham, but as the village grew into a town in the 17th and 18th centuries, it began to suffer damage from passing traffic. In 1721, at the instigation ofWilliam Stukeleyand at the expense of theSociety of Antiquaries,two oakbollardswere erected "to secure Waltham Cross from injury by carriages".The bollards were subsequently removed by theturnpike commissioners,and in 1757 Stukeley arranged for a protective brick plinth to be erected instead, at the expense ofLord Monson.The cross is still standing, but has been restored on several occasions, in1832–1834,1885–1892, 1950–1953, and 1989–90.

The Society of Antiquaries published an engraving of the cross byGeorge Vertuefrom a drawing by Stukeley in itsVetusta Monumentaseries in 1721; and another, engraved byJames Basirefrom a drawing byJacob Schnebbelie,in the same series in 1791.

The original statues of Eleanor, which were extremely weathered, were replaced by replicas at the 1950s restoration.The originals were kept for some years at Cheshunt Public Library; but they were removed, possibly in the 1980s, and are now held by theVictoria & Albert Museum.A photograph formerly on the Lowewood Museum websiteshows one of the original statues in front of a staircase at the library.

Westcheap (now Cheapside)

The coronation procession ofEdward VIpassing the Cheapside cross in 1547: a 19th-century wood engraving based on a lost mural atCowdray House,Sussex

(51°30′51″N00°05′41″W)

Eleanor's bier reached theCity of Londonon 14 December 1290, and a site for the cross was selected in Westcheap (nowCheapside).Her heart was buried in theBlackfriarspriory on 19 December.The Cheapside cross was built from 1291 onwards by Michael of Canterbury at a total recorded cost of £226 13s. 4d.

Under a licence granted byHenry VIin 1441, the cross was extensively restored or rebuilt in 1484–86.It was subsequently regilded several times in the 16th century on the occasion of coronations and royal visits to the City.John Stowincluded a detailed account of the cross and its history in hisSurvay of Londonof 1598, updating it in 1603.

Although a number of images of the cross and its eventual destruction are known, these all postdate its various refurbishments, and so provide no certain guide to its original appearance.However, the chroniclerWalter of Guisboroughrefers to this and Charing Cross as being fashioned of "marble"; and it is likely that it was similar to the Hardingstone and Waltham Crosses, but even more ornate and boasting somePurbeck marblefacings.

The cross came to be regarded as something of a public hazard, both as a traffic obstruction and because of concerns about fragments of stone falling off; while in the post-Reformationperiod some of itsCatholicimagery aroused resentment, and elements were defaced in 1581, 1599 and 1600–01.Matters came to a head during the years leading up to the Civil War. To puritanical reformers, it was identified withDagon,the ancient god of thePhilistines,and was seen as the embodiment of royal and Catholic tradition. At least one riot was fought in its shadow, as opponents of the cross descended upon it to pull it down, and supporters rallied to stop them. AfterCharles Ihad fled London to raise an army, the destruction of the cross was almost the first order of business for the Parliamentary Committee for the Demolition of Monuments of Superstition and Idolatry, led bySir Robert Harley,and it was demolished on 2 May 1643.The downfall of the Cheapside Cross is an important episode oficonoclasmin English history.

Two Purbeck marble fragments of the original cross, displaying shields bearing theroyal arms of Englandand ofCastile and León,were recovered in 1838 during reconstruction of the sewer in Cheapside. They are now held by theMuseum of London.

Charing (now Charing Cross)

The cross atCharing Cross,Westminster

(51°30′26″N00°07′39″W) Eleanor's bier spent the final night of its journey, 16 December 1290, in theRoyal Mewsat Charing,Westminster,a few hundred yards north of Westminster Abbey.The area subsequently became known asCharing Cross.The cross here was the most expensive of the twelve, built ofPurbeck marblefrom 1291 onwards by Richard of Crundale, the senior royal mason, with the sculptures supplied byAlexander of Abingdon,and some items by Ralph de Chichester. Richard died in the autumn of 1293, and the work was completed by Roger of Crundale, probably his brother. The total recorded cost was over £700.

The cross stood outside the Royal Mews, at the top of what is nowWhitehall,and on the south side of what is nowTrafalgar Square.John Nordenin about 1590 described it as the "most stately" of the series, but by this date so "defaced by antiquity" as to have become "an old weather-beaten monument".It was also noted byWilliam Camdenin 1607.

It was ordered to be taken down by Parliament in 1643, and was eventually demolished in 1647.Following the demolition, a contemporary ballad ran:

Undone! undone! the lawyers cry,
They ramble up and down;
We know not the way toWestminster
NowCharing-Crossis down.

After theRestoration of Charles II,anequestrian statue of Charles IbyHubert Le Sueurwas erected on the site of the cross in 1675, and this still stands. The location is still known as Charing Cross, and since the early 19th century this point has been regarded as theofficial centre of London,in legislation and when measuring distances from London.

A new Eleanor cross was erected in 1865 outsideCharing Cross railway station,several hundred yards from the original site: seeReplicas and imitationsbelow.

A 100-metre-long (330-foot) mural byDavid Gentlemanon the platform walls ofCharing Cross underground station,commissioned byLondon Transportin 1978, depicts, in the form ofwood engravings,the story of the building of the medieval cross by stonemasons and sculptors.

Folk etymologyholds that the name Charing derives from Frenchchère reine(dear queen);but the name "Charing" for the area in fact pre-dates Eleanor's death and probably comes from the Anglo-Saxon wordċerring,meaning a bend, as it stands on the outside of a sharp bend in the River Thames (compareCharingin Kent).

Replicas and imitations

During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries several replica Eleanor crosses, or monuments more loosely inspired by them, were erected.

• The cross atIlam, Staffordshire,was built in 1840 by Jesse Watts-Russell ofIlam Hallto commemorate his wife, Mary.
• TheMartyrs' MemorialinOxford,commemorating the 16th-centuryOxford Martyrs,was erected in 1841–1843 to the designs ofGeorge Gilbert Scott.
• TheGlastonbury Market Cross,Somerset, was erected in 1846 to the designs ofBenjamin Ferrey.
• Banbury Cross,Oxfordshire, was erected in 1859 to commemorate the marriage ofVictoria, Princess RoyaltoPrince Frederick of Prussia:it was designed byJohn Gibbs.
• TheQueen Eleanor Memorial CrossatCharing Crossin London was erected in 1865 outsideCharing Cross railway stationon theStrand,a few hundred yards to the east of the site of the medieval cross. It does not pretend to be a faithful copy of the original, being larger and more ornate. It stands 70 ft (21 m) high and was commissioned by theSouth Eastern RailwayCompany for their newly opened Charing Cross Hotel. The cross was designed by the hotel architect,E. M. Barry,who is also known for his work onCovent Garden.It was constructed byThomas Earpof Lambeth fromPortland stone,Mansfieldstone (a fine sandstone) andAberdeen granite.It was restored to a substantial extent in 2009–10.
• The Ellesmere Memorial atWalkden,Lancashire, was erected in 1868 to the designs ofT. G. Jacksonto commemorate Harriet (d. 1866), wife of the1st Earl of Ellesmere.It originally stood at a road junction, but was moved into the churchyard in 1968.
• TheAlbert Memorial,inKensington Gardens,London, commissioned byQueen Victoriain memory of her husbandPrince Albert,and opened in 1872, was a far larger structure than any of the Eleanor crosses, but took inspiration from them. Its architect, SirGilbert Scott,claimed to have "adopt[ed] in my design the style at once most congenial with my own feelings, and that of the most touching monuments ever erected in this country to a Royal Consort – the exquisite 'Eleanor Crosses'".
• The Loudoun Monument,Ashby-de-la-Zouch,Leicestershire, was designed by SirGilbert Scottand erected in 1879 to commemorateEdith Rawdon-Hastings, 10th Countess of Loudoun(d. 1874), wife ofCharles Frederick Abney-Hastings.
• TheSledmere Crosswas erected inSledmere,East Riding of Yorkshire,in 1896–8, commissioned bySir Tatton Sykesand designed byTemple Lushington Moore.Sir Tatton's son,Sir Mark Sykes,later addedengraved brassesto turn it into a war memorial.
• TheQueen Victoria Monument, Birkenhead,Wirral,Merseyside, designed byEdmund Kirby,was unveiled in 1905.
• A modern monument inspired by (but not directly modelled on) the lost medieval cross was erected in Stamford in 2009.It was designed byWolfgang Buttressand sponsored by theSmith of Derby Group;and it stands in Sheepmarket, rather than at the original location. It takes the form of a tall stone and bronze spike: the carved detail is based on the single surviving fragment of the medieval cross.

Gallery

• 
  IlamCross, 1840
• 
  Martyrs' Memorial, Oxford,1841
• 
  Glastonbury Market Cross,1846
• 
  Banbury Cross,1859
• 
  Charing Cross,London, 1865
• 
  Ellesmere Memorial,Walkden,1868
• 
  Albert Memorial,London, 1872
• 
  Loudoun Memorial,Ashby-de-la-Zouch,1879
• 
  Sledmere Cross,1896
• 
  Queen Victoria Monument, Birkenhead,1905
• 
  The modern sculpture to Eleanor in Stamford, 2009

Sources

• Parsons, John Carmi (1995).Eleanor of Castile: queen and society in thirteenth-century England.Basingstoke: Macmillan.ISBN0333619706.

Further reading

• Alexander, Jonathan; Binski, Paul, eds. (1987). "The Eleanor crosses".Age of Chivalry: art in Plantagenet England, 1200–1400.London: Royal Academy of Arts. pp. 361–66.ISBN9780297791904.OL46862874M.
• Botfield, Beriah;Turner, T. Hudson, eds. (1841)."Liberationes factis per executores Dominae Alianorae consortis Edwardi Regis Angliae Primi".Manners and Household Expenses of England in the Thirteenth and Fifteenth Centuries.London:Roxburghe Club.pp. lvii–lxxxiv, 93–145.[An edition of the account rolls documenting payments for the construction of the crosses and monuments, 1291–94]
• Cockerill, Sara (2014).Eleanor of Castile: the shadow queen.Stroud: Amberley. pp. 342–59.ISBN9781445635897.
• Colvin, H. M.(1963). "Royal tombs and monuments, 1066–1485". In Colvin, H. M. (ed.).The History of the King's Works.Vol. 1. London: HMSO. pp. 477–90 (479–85).
• Crook, David (1990). "The last days of Eleanor of Castile: the death of a queen in Nottinghamshire, November 1290".Transactions of the Thoroton Society of Nottinghamshire.94:17–28.
• Galloway, James (1914).Historical Sketches of Old Charing: The Hospital and Chapel of Saint Mary Roncevall: Eleanor of Castile, Queen of England, and the Monuments Erected in her Memory.London: John Bale, Sons & Danielsson. pp.51–82.
• Gentleman, David(1979).A Cross for Queen Eleanor: the story of the building of the mediaeval Charing Cross, the subject of the decorations of the Northern Line platforms of the new Charing Cross Underground Station.London: London Transport.ISBN0-85329-101-2.
• Hastings, Maurice (1955).St Stephen's Chapel and its Place in the Development of Perpendicular Style in England.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 20–27.
• Hillaby, Joe (1994). "The ritual-child-murder accusation: its dissemination and Harold of Gloucester".Jewish Historical Studies.34:69–109.JSTOR29779954.
• Hillaby, Joe; Hillaby, Caroline (2013).The Palgrave Dictionary of Medieval Anglo-Jewish History.Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.ISBN978-0-23027-816-5.
• Hunter, Joseph(1842)."On the death of Eleanor of Castile, consort of King Edward the First, and the honours paid to her memory".Archaeologia.29:167–91.doi:10.1017/S0261340900001983.
• Liversidge, M. J. H. (1989). "Alexander of Abingdon". In Liversidge, W. J. H.; Liversidge, M. J. H. (eds.).Abingdon Essays: Studies in Local History.Abingdon. pp. 89–111.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Lovell, Walter (1892)."Queen Eleanor's Crosses"(PDF).Archaeological Journal.49:17–43.doi:10.1080/00665983.1892.10852513.
• Parsons, David, ed. (1991).Eleanor of Castile 1290–1990: essays to commemorate the 700th anniversary of her death.Stamford: Paul Watkins.ISBN1871615984.
• Parsons, John Carmi (1995).Eleanor of Castile: queen and society in thirteenth-century England.Basingstoke: Macmillan.ISBN0333619706.
• Powrie, Jean (1990).Eleanor of Castile.Studley: Brewin Books.ISBN0947731792.
• Stacey, Robert (2001)."Anti-Semitism and the Medieval English State".In Maddicott, J. R.; Pallister, D. M. (eds.).The Medieval State: Essays Presented to James Campbell.London: The Hambledon Press. pp. 163–77.
• David Stocker (1986). "The Shrine of Little St Hugh".Medieval Art and Architecture at Lincoln Cathedral.British Archaeological Association. pp. 109–117.ISBN978 0 907307 14 3.
• Stone, Lawrence(1955).Sculpture in Britain: the Middle Ages.Harmondsworth: Penguin. pp.142–45.
• Warrington, Decca (2018).The Eleanor Crosses: the story of King Edward I's lost queen and her architectural legacy.Oxford: Signal Books.ISBN978-1-909930-65-0.

External links

• A link to a short article with images describing the likely circumstances surrounding the transfer of Queen Eleanor's body to Westminster
• Sadraei, Agnieszka."Eleanor's Crosses".Art & Architecture.Courtauld Institute of Art.Archived fromthe originalon 20 June 2017.Retrieved14 June2019.
• Adrian Fletcher's Paradoxplace – Eleanor Cross Page
• "Stamford Eleanor Cross".Lincs To The Past.Lincolnshire Archives.Retrieved14 June2019.
• Coles, Ken (February 1980)."Queen Eleanor's Cross".The Stamford Historian.Stamford Survey Group. Archived fromthe originalon 19 February 2014.Retrieved3 April2013.