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Eliza Manningham-Buller

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The Right Honourable
The Baroness Manningham-Buller
LGDCB
Official Portrait, 2022
Chancellor of theOrder of the Garter
Assumed office
18 June 2024
MonarchCharles III
Preceded byThe Duke of Abercorn
Director-General of MI5
In office
7 October 2002 – 8 April 2007
Home Sec.David Blunkett
Charles Clarke
John Reid
Preceded byStephen Lander
Succeeded byJonathan Evans
Member of the House of Lords
Lord Temporal
Assumed office
2 June 2008
Life Peerage
Personal details
Born
Elizabeth Lydia Manningham-Buller

(1948-07-14)14 July 1948(age 76)
Northampton,England
Parent(s)Reginald Manningham-Buller, 1st Viscount Dilhorne
Lady Mary Lindsay
RelativesThe Baroness Nicholson of Winterbourne(first cousin)
Alma materNorthampton High School
Benenden School
Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford
OccupationPeer
ProfessionIntelligence Officer
Military service
AllegianceUnited Kingdom
Branch/serviceMI5
Years of service1974–2007
RankDirector General of MI5
Battles/warsInvestigation ofLockerbie bombing
AwardsLady Companion of the Order of the Garter
Dame Commander of the Order of the Bath
Eliza Manningham-Buller's voice
Recorded September 2011from the BBC Radio 4 programme theReith Lectures

Elizabeth Lydia Manningham-Buller, Baroness Manningham-Buller,LG,DCB(born 14 July 1948) is a retired British intelligence officer. She worked as a teacher for three years before joiningMI5,the British internal Security Service. She led the newly created Irish counter-terrorism section from 1992 and then became director in charge of surveillance and technical operations. She becameDirector General of MI5in October 2002 and, in that capacity, led the Security Service's response to the7 July 2005 London bombings.Following her retirement in April 2007, she became acrossbenchlife peerin 2008.[1]

She became chair of theConduct Committee,which is aselect committeeof theHouse of Lords,on 19 January 2022. As of 2020, she is listed as #86 inForbeslist of theWorld's 100 Most Powerful Women.[2]She was appointedChancellor of the Order of the GarterbyKing Charles IIIin June 2024, becoming the first woman to hold the position.[3]

Professional life[edit]

Lady Manningham-Buller worked as a teacher for three years atQueen's Gate School,Kensington,London from 1971 to 1974, having read English atLady Margaret Hall, Oxford,[4]before joining theSecurity Service.She was recruited to the Security Service at a drinks party when someone suggested that she see someone at the Ministry of Defence.[5]Specializing incounter-terrorismrather than MI5's then-classicalcounter-espionage,she was active at the time of theLockerbie bombingby Libya in 1988. She worked for K-branch against the IRA. During the early 1980s she was reportedly one of only five people aware thatOleg Gordievsky,the deputy head of the KGB at the Soviet embassy in London, was actually adouble agent.[6]

She was a senior liaison officer working out of Washington, D.C. to the US intelligence community over the period of the firstGulf War,before leading the newly created Irish counter-terrorism section from 1992 when MI5 were given the lead responsibility for such work (from theMetropolitan Police). Having been promoted to the management board of the Security Service the next year, Manningham-Buller became the director in charge of surveillance and technical operations. She was appointed Deputy Director General in 1997, and succeeded SirStephen Landeras Director General in 2002, the second woman to take on the role after DameStella Rimington.[7]

In the2005 Birthday Honours,Manningham-Buller was appointed aDame Commander of the Order of the Bath(DCB).[8]She resigned from MI5 on 21 April 2007,[9]and was succeeded by her deputy,Jonathan Evans.[10]She was raised to the peerage asBaroness Manningham-Buller,ofNorthamptonin theCounty of Northamptonshireon 2 June 2008.[11]

She reportedly joined the public speaking circuit.[12]She was appointed to the Court and Council ofImperial College Londonin 2009, becoming deputy chairman later that year, and named chairman in July 2011.[13]She became a governor of biomedical research charitythe Wellcome Trustin 2008 and the first female chair of the Trust on 1 October 2015.[14]She left the Wellcome Trust in 2021, being replaced as chair byJulia Gillardon 12 April 2021.[15]Since 2015, she has been the co-president ofChatham House.[16][17]

Baroness Manningham-Buller in the robes of a Lady Companion of the Garter during the Coronation of King Charles III in 2023

On St George's Day (23 April), 2014, Lady Manningham-Buller was appointed aLady Companion of the Order of the Garter(LG) byQueen Elizabeth II.[18]

She became chair of theConduct Committeeon 19 January 2022.[19]

She took part in the Royal Procession at theCoronation of Charles III and Camilla,carryingSt Edward's Staff.[20]

Personal life[edit]

Lady Manningham-Buller was the second daughter in a family of four, born toReginald Manningham-Buller, 1st Viscount Dilhorne,and his wife, the former Lady Mary Lindsay. Manningham-Buller's father, Lord Dilhorne (1905–1980) was a Conservative MP from 1943 to 1962. He was Britain's second highest legal officer, theSolicitor General.He later held the office ofLord Chancellorfor two years. He was created an hereditary peer with the titleViscount Dilhorne.Her mother, Lady Dilhorne, trained carrier pigeons that were used to fly coded messages inWorld War II.[21]The pigeons were dropped in wicker baskets with little parachutes over France and Germany and they were used to fly back to her mother's pigeon loft carrying intelligence.[5]One of the pigeons won theDickin Medal,and one brought back intelligence of theV-2 rocketproject inPeenemünde,Germany.[5]Lady Dilhorne died inOxfordshireon 25 March 2004, aged 93.[21]

Manningham-Buller was educated atNorthampton High SchoolandBenenden School.[5]

On 15 July 1991, she married David John Mallock and has five stepchildren by her husband's prior marriage.[22][23]

Public statements[edit]

Backing the War on Terror[edit]

Manningham-Buller has made speeches to invited audiences containing members of the press, as well as making court statements. On 17 June 2003, at a conference at theRoyal United Services Instituteshe gave her complete backing for theWar on Terrorand said that renegade scientists had given terror groups information needed to create chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) weapons. She also warned that the threat from international terrorism would be "with us for a good long time", which was whynew legislationhad been introduced.[24]

Speech on 7 July 2005 London bombings[edit]

On 10 September 2005, she spoke to an audience in theNetherlandsabout the7 July 2005 London bombingsand her disappointment that MI5 failed to stop attacks, even when in possession of intelligence, because of bureaucratic inertia. She added that "[the] world has changed and there needs to be a debate on whether some erosion of [the]civil libertieswe all value may be necessary to improve the chances of our citizens not being blown apart as they go about their daily lives. "[25][26]

Stance on gaining intelligence through torture[edit]

On 21 October 2005,BBC Newsreported Manningham-Buller's leaked court statement to theLaw Lordsregarding methods for collecting intelligence from overseas. This was part of an investigation by the Law Lords on whetherHer Majesty's Governmentshould have to be made aware whether the intelligence it is using was obtained throughtorture."Experience proves that detainee reporting can be accurate and may enable lives to be saved", she stated, also maintaining that obtaining information from foreign intelligence agencies, which initially enters the British intelligence system viaMI6,was vital in fighting terrorism. Regarding the ethics of how and where this intelligence is gathered she stated that "agencies will not often know the location or details of detention".[27]

Her example to support the need for intelligence gathering from overseas was the case of Mohammed Megeurba, an Algerian man who was questioned by agencies in his country. Evidence collected by this questioning led to a raid in London which led to theWood Green ricin plotbeing uncovered. Press have speculated that Megeurba was tortured to obtain this information, although Manningham-Buller has maintained neither she norMI5were aware of the "precise circumstances that attended their [Algerian agencies'] questioning of Megeurba". She emphasised that, had MI5 requested information regarding how the intelligence had been gathered, its request would have been ignored and the relationship between Britain and Algeria could have been damaged. She concluded by exemplifying the "importance of co-operation between states in countering the threat from international terrorism".Shami Chakrabarti,director of human rights organisationLiberty,commended Manningham-Buller for being "brutally honest" about the activities of intelligence agencies. She also stated that Britain should not "legitimise" torture as a means of intelligence gathering by accepting evidence gained in such a manner as evidence in court.[28]Manningham-Buller stated that the British intelligence services do not ask how intelligence is obtained "because that would make things difficult".[29]

Refusal to appear before the Joint Committee on Human Rights[edit]

On 23 January 2006, she refused to appear before the Joint Committee onHuman Rights in Parliamentto speak about "the extent to which the Service is, or could take steps to ensure it is, aware that information it receives from foreign agencies may have been obtained by the use of torture", and "any information which the Service may have about extraordinary renditions using UK airports".[30]

Speech on MI5 after the September 11 attacks[edit]

On 9 November 2006, Manningham-Buller gave a speech to the Mile End Group atQueen Mary, University of Londonas a guest of ProfessorPeter Hennessyin which she warned that her office was tracking 30 terror plots, and 200 groupings or networks, totalling over 1,600 individuals. She stated that MI5 had expanded by 50% since theSeptember 11 attacksand stood at roughly 2,800 staff. She reiterated her warning that the threat "may — I suggest will — include the use of chemicals, bacteriological agents, radioactive materials and even nuclear technology".[31][32]

This speech came three days afterDhiren Barotwas sentenced to 40 years for his part in the2004 Financial buildings plotin which he had a plan to build a radiologicaldirty bombthat involved setting fire to 10,000 smoke alarms. In September 2011 Eliza Manningham-Buller delivered one of the BBC RadioReith Lecturesand answered questions from an audience that included historianPeter Hennessyand novelistIan McEwan.[33]

Attack on 42-day terrorism detention[edit]

On 8 July 2008, Baroness Manningham-Buller made her maiden speech in theHouse of Lordssince her resignation. She told the House that she was against government plans to extend the time period for retaining terrorist suspects in the UK from 28 to 42 days. She told peers that she disagreed on a "practical basis as well as a principled one". She criticised the plans for terrorism detention as being not "in any way workable" and emphasised the need for all political parties to work together in finding a solution for dealing with terrorism. Furthermore, Lady Manningham-Buller maintained that "complete security" could never be achieved in a country and that civil liberties were at risk of being compromised if the plans were passed by theHouse of Lords.[34]

The speech, only 501 words long and lasting only four minutes, attracted praise from other Lords, includingBaroness Ramsay of Cartvale,who described it as "outstanding, thoughtful and valuable", but also significant attention in the media, given the Baroness's expertise in counter-terrorism issues. Martin Kettle, writing inThe Guardianon 11 July 2008, described it as "devastatingly succinct" and "the fatal shot" which would ensure that the Government's "plans were holed below the water line".[35]James Kirkup ofThe Daily Telegraphdescribed it as "a huge blow toGordon Brown's plans to extend the detention of terrorist suspects to 42 days ".[36]

Other peers supported Lady Manningham-Buller's stance against the plans, including former Attorney GeneralLord Goldsmith,former Lord ChancellorLord Falconerand former Chairperson of theJoint Intelligence Committee(JIC),Lady Neville-Jones.Nevertheless,Lord West of Spithead,who wasFirst Sea Lordof theRoyal Navyuntil 2006 and was then a juniorHome Officeminister spoke for the Government and implied that more stringent security measures were required to deal with the "unprecedented terrorist threat" to the UK.[37]

Lecture on torture in the House of Lords (9 March 2010)[edit]

Giving a lecture in the House of Lords, Baroness Manningham-Buller said "the government did lodge protests" to its US counterparts once the extent of torture was known. It is the first time that has been said publicly. Asked if she had known of the use of waterboarding and other techniques of pressure while she was Director General of MI5, from October 2002 until her retirement in April 2007, she said she had done, and had disapproved. "Nothing – not even the saving of lives – justifies torturing people... the Americans were very keen to conceal from us what they were doing [with suspects]".[38]

2010 Iraq inquiry comments[edit]

Baroness Manningham-Buller giving evidence to theIraq inquiryin July 2010 said the decision to go to war meant that "Our involvement in Iraq, for want of a better word, radicalised a whole generation of young people, some of them British citizens who saw our involvement in Iraq, on top of our involvement in Afghanistan, as being an attack on Islam," she said, before immediately correcting herself by adding "not a whole generation, a few among a generation". As a result, she said she was not "surprised" that UK nationals were involved in the 7 July 2005 bombings in central London. She said she believed the intelligence on Iraq's threat was not "substantial enough" to justify the action. A year after the invasion, she said MI5 was "swamped" by leads about terrorist threats to the UK.[39]

Desert Island Discs[edit]

Manningham-Buller was a castaway onDesert Island Discsbroadcast onBBC Radio 4in November 2007 giving her first interview after her retirement. She talked briefly about her personal life and her former professional life, including her reactions to the7 July 2005 London bombingsand the importance of protecting their agents. She explained that she had decided on her retirement date shortly after she took up the Director General job, choosing to retire with a total of 33 years' service in the security services. She chose an anthology of poems edited byTed HughesandSeamus Heaney,entitledThe Rattle Bag.[5]

The BBC Reith Lectures[edit]

In June 2011, the BBC announced Eliza Manningham-Buller would present the 2011Reith Lectures,alongside the Burmese pro-democracy leaderAung San Suu Kyiin a series entitled Securing Freedom.[40]Eliza Manningham-Buller's lectures broadcast onBBC Radio 4and theBBC World Servicein September 2011.[41]

In her first lecture, titled "Terror", recorded at BBCBroadcasting Housein London, she reflected on the lasting significance of 11 September 2001, asking was it a terrorist crime, an act of war, or something different. She also revealed details of her own role in the discussions involving international security agencies in the days following the attacks on New York and Washington DC and examined the impact the US-led invasion of Iraq had on the fight against al-Qaeda.[42]

In her second lecture, titled "Security", recorded at theLeeds City Museum,she stated that the use of torture is "wrong and never justified" and should be "utterly rejected even when it may offer the prospect of saving lives". She said that the use of torture had not made the world a safer place, adding that the use of water-boarding by the United States was a "profound mistake" and as a result America lost its "moral authority".[43]

In her third and final lecture, titled "Freedom", recorded at theBritish Libraryin London, she discussed foreign policy priorities since theSeptember 11 attacks.She stated that it was "necessary" to talk to dictators and terrorists, to protect security and said that the British government's decision to engage withColonel Gaddafiin 2003 was "the right decision". She went on to say that protecting British citizens would be impossible if the security services were restricted to talking only to those with shared values and cited examples where people once deemed terrorists were now part of the political establishment: "Look at Northern Ireland, where former terrorists are in government... look atMandelaand theANCwhich used terror tactics when it was in exile. "[44]During the recording of the final lecture she revealed that she had suffered an anxiety dream, in which she imagined that she was to be arrested for breaking theOfficial Secrets Actafter having given the lectures.[45]

Coat of arms[edit]

Coat of arms of Eliza Manningham-Buller
Coronet
Coronet of a Baron
Escutcheon
Quarterly: 1st & 4th, Sable, on a Cross Argent, quarterly pierced of the field, four Eagles displayed of the first(Buller);2nd & 3rd, Sable, a Fess Ermine, in chief three Griffins' Heads erased Or(Manningham)
Supporters
An Eagle wings elevated and addorsed Ermine beaked and legged Or gorged with a Ducal Coronet Gules therefrom a Line reflexed over the back and terminating in a knot Sable; Sinister: a Pegasus Azure winged crined unguled and queued Argent; both charged on the shoulder with a Portcullis chained Or.
Motto
ASQUILA NON CAPIT MUSCAS[46]
Orders
Order of the Garter(Appointed 23 April 2014)

Order of the Bath(Appointed DCB 2005)

Banner
The banner of the Baroness Manningham-Buller's arms used as Lady Companion of the Garter depicted atSt George's Chapel.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^"House of Lords Appointments Commission – New Non-Party-Political Peers (2008)".Archived fromthe originalon 3 September 2009.Retrieved8 May2008.
  2. ^"The World's 100 Most Powerful Women".Forbes.Retrieved24 December2020.
  3. ^Richard Palmer [@RoyalReporter] (13 June 2024)."The King has appointed The Baroness Manningham-Buller as Chancellor of the Order of the Garter"(Tweet) – viaTwitter.
  4. ^"LMH, Oxford – Prominent Alumni".Retrieved20 May2015.
  5. ^abcde"Desert Island Discs with Eliza Manningham-Buller".Desert Island Discs.23 November 2007.BBC.Radio 4.
  6. ^"Eliza Manningham-Buller profile".BBC News.9 November 2006.Retrieved10 November2006.
  7. ^"First lady of espionage".BBC News Online(8 September). 8 September 2001.Retrieved26 October2008.
  8. ^"No. 57665".The London Gazette(Supplement). 11 June 2005. p. 2.
  9. ^Bell, Dan (14 December 2006)."MI5 chief to resign after only four years in charge".The Guardian.ISSN0261-3077.Retrieved23 October2016.
  10. ^"New Director General Announced"(Press release). MI5. 7 March 2007. Archived fromthe originalon 9 March 2007.Retrieved9 July2007.
  11. ^"No. 58719".The London Gazette.5 June 2008. p. 8441.
  12. ^Profile,guardian.co.uk; accessed 30 May 2014.
  13. ^"Eliza Manningham-Buller appointed Chairman of Imperial College London".Imperial College London. 18 May 2011.
  14. ^"Eliza Manningham-Buller LG, DCB".The Wellcome Trust.
  15. ^"Board of Governors".Wellcome.
  16. ^"Former MI5 Director General Eliza Manningham-Buller Appointed Co-President of Chatham House".Risk Xtra. 14 August 2015.
  17. ^"Our Governance".Chatham House – International Affairs Think Tank.Retrieved9 January2022.
  18. ^"No. 60848".The London Gazette.24 April 2014. p. 8182.
  19. ^"Conduct Committee - membership".UK Parliament.Retrieved1 September2022.
  20. ^"Coronation order of service in full".BBC News.5 May 2023.Retrieved6 May2023.
  21. ^ab"'War secrets' pigeon trainer dies ".BBC News.1 April 2006.Retrieved10 November2006.
  22. ^Eliza Manningham-Buller: Life in the shadows,BBC News; accessed 30 May 2014.
  23. ^The Times,18 July 1991
  24. ^"Terror attack 'a matter of time'".BBC News.17 June 2003.Retrieved10 November2006.
  25. ^"MI5 head warns on civil liberties".BBC News.10 September 2005.Retrieved10 November2006.
  26. ^Manningham-Buller, Eliza (1 September 2006)."The international terrorist threat and the dilemmas in countering it"(Press release). MI5. Archived fromthe originalon 1 December 2006.Retrieved10 November2006.
  27. ^Hennessy, Peter (2010).The Secret State: Preparing For The Worst 1945 - 2010.Penguin.ISBN978-0141044699.
  28. ^"MI5's 'torture' evidence revealed".BBC. 21 October 2005.Retrieved18 October2006.
  29. ^Foreign Affairs Committee (15 February 2006)."Foreign Affairs – First Report".UK Parliament.Retrieved10 November2006.
  30. ^Joint Committee on Human Rights (24 July 2006)."Joint Committee on Human Rights – Twenty-Fourth Report".Parliament.Retrieved10 November2006.
  31. ^"MI5 tracking '30 UK terror plots'".BBC. 10 November 2006.
  32. ^Manningham-Buller, Eliza (9 September 2006)."The international terrorist threat to the UK"(Press release). MI5. Archived fromthe originalon 6 January 2007.Retrieved10 November2006.
  33. ^here.
  34. ^"Former MI5 head speaks out against 42-day detention".The Guardian.8 July 2008.Retrieved1 November2021.
  35. ^Kettle, Martin (11 July 2008)."The 42-day plan is dead, but its assassin may surprise you".The Guardian.London.Retrieved7 November2008.
  36. ^Kirkup, James (8 July 2008)."Eliza Manningham-Buller, former MI5 chief, savages 42-day detention plan".The Daily Telegraph.London. Archived fromthe originalon 10 July 2008.Retrieved7 November2008.
  37. ^"Ex-MI5 chief attacks 42-day plan".BBC. 8 July 2008.Retrieved7 August2008.
  38. ^"London protested at torture, says ex-MI5 chief".Financial Times.Archivedfrom the original on 10 December 2022.Retrieved10 March2010.
  39. ^"Iraq inquiry: Ex-MI5 boss says war raised terror threat".BBC News.20 July 2010.
  40. ^"Aung San Suu Kyi to present the BBC's Reith Lectures".BBC News.10 June 2011.
  41. ^"MI5 former chief decries 'war on terror'".The Guardian.2 September 2011.Retrieved1 November2011.
  42. ^"BBC Radio 4 – the Reith Lectures, Securing Freedom: 2011, Eliza Manningham-Buller: Terror".
  43. ^"Former MI5 head: Torture is 'wrong and never justified'".BBC News.7 September 2011.
  44. ^"Former MI5 head: Talks with Gaddafi was right decision".BBC News.13 September 2011.
  45. ^"Eliza Manningham-Buller's Reith Lecture Nightmare".Archived fromthe originalon 27 September 2012.Retrieved16 September2011.
  46. ^Morris, Susan, ed. (2020).Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage 2019.Debrett's.

External links[edit]

Government offices
Preceded by Director General of MI5
2002–2007 		Succeeded by
Honorary titles
Preceded by Chancellor of the Order of the Garter
2024–present 		Incumbent
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