Elsevier

For other uses, seeElsevier (disambiguation).

Elsevier

Company type	Subsidiary
Industry	Publishing
Founded	1880(1880)
Headquarters	Amsterdam,Netherlands
Key people	Kumsal Bayazit, Chief Executive Officer
Revenue	£2.909 billion (2022)
Operating income	£1.078 billion (2022)
Net income	£2.021 billion (2022)
Number of employees	8,700
Parent	RELX
Website	www.elsevier.com

Elsevier(Dutch:[ˈɛlzəviːr]) is a Dutchacademic publishingcompany specializing in scientific, technical, and medical content. Its products include journals such asThe Lancet,Cell,theScienceDirectcollection ofelectronic journals,Trends,theCurrent Opinionseries, the online citation databaseScopus,the SciVal tool for measuring research performance, the ClinicalKey search engine for clinicians, and the ClinicalPath evidence-based cancer care service. Elsevier's products and services include digital tools fordata management,instruction, research analytics, and assessment.Elsevier is part of theRELX Group,known until 2015 as Reed Elsevier, a publicly traded company. According to RELX reports, in 2022 Elsevier published more than 600,000 articles annually in over 2,800 journals;as of 2018 its archives contained over 17 million documents and 40,000e-books,with over one billion annual downloads.

Researchers have criticized Elsevier for its high profit margins andcopyright practices.The company earned £942 million in profit with an adjustedoperating marginof 37% in 2018.Much of the research that Elsevier publishes is publicly funded; its high costs have led to accusations ofrent-seeking,boycotts, and the rise of alternate avenues for publication and access, such aspreprintservers andshadow libraries.

History

The original seal of the Elsevier family is used by Elsevier company as its logo.

Elsevier was founded in 1880and adopted the name and logo from theDutchpublishing houseElzevirthat was an inspiration but has no connection to the contemporary Elsevier.The Elzevir family operated as booksellers and publishers in theNetherlands;the founder,Lodewijk Elzevir(1542–1617), lived inLeidenand established that business in 1580. As a company logo, Elsevier used the Elzevir family'sprinter's mark,a tree entwined with a vine and the wordsNon Solus,which isLatinfor "not alone".According to Elsevier, this logo represents "the symbiotic relationship between publisher and scholar".

The expansion of Elsevier in the scientific field after 1945 was funded with the profits of the newsweeklyElsevier,which published its first issue on 27 October 1945. The weekly was an instant success and very profitable.The weekly was a continuation, as is stated in its first issue, of the monthlyElsevier,which was founded in 1891 to promote the name of the publishing house and had to stop publication in December 1940 because of theGerman occupation of the Netherlands.

In May 1939 Klautz established the Elsevier Publishing Company Ltd. in London to distribute these academic titles in theBritish Commonwealth(except Canada). When theNazis occupied the Netherlandsfor the duration of five years from May 1940, he had just founded a second international office, the Elsevier Publishing Company Inc. inNew York.

In 1947, Elsevier began publishing its first English-language journal,Biochimica et Biophysica Acta.

In 1971 the firm acquiredExcerpta Medica,a small medical abstract publisher based inAmsterdam.As the first and only company in the world that employed a database for the production of journals, it introduced computer technology to Elsevier.In 1978 Elsevier merged with Dutch newspaper publisher NDU, and devised a strategy to broadcast textual news to people's television sets throughViewdataandTeletexttechnology.

In 1979 Elsevier Science Publishers launched the Article Delivery Over Network Information System (ADONIS) project in conjunction with four business partners. The project aims to find a way to deliver scientific articles to libraries electronically, and would continue for over a decade.In 1991, in conjunction with nine American universities, Elsevier's The University Licensing Project (TULIP) was the first step in creating published, copyrighted material available over the Internet. It formed the basis forScienceDirect,launched six years later.In 1997, after almost two decades of experiments, ScienceDirect was launched as the first online repository of electronic (scientific) books and articles. Though librarians and researchers were initially hesitant regarding the new technology, more and more of them switched to e-only subscriptions.

In 2004 Elsevier launchedScopus- a multidisciplinary metadata database of scholarly publications, only the second of such kind (after theWeb of Science,although freeGoogle Scholarwas also launched in 2004).Scopuscovers journals, some conference papers and books from various publishers, and measures performance on both author and publication levels.In 2009 SciVal Spotlight was released. This tool enabled research administrators to measure their institution's relative standing in terms of productivity, grants, and publications.

In 2013, Elsevier acquiredMendeley,a UK company making software for managing and sharing research papers. Mendeley, previously an open platform for sharing of research, was greatly criticized for the sale, which users saw as acceding to the "paywall"approach to research literature. Mendeley's previously open-sharing system now allows exchange of paywalled resources only within private groups.The New Yorkerdescribed Elsevier's reasons for buying Mendeley as two-fold: to acquire its user data, and to "destroy or coöpt anopen-scienceicon that threatens itsbusiness model".

Company statistics

During 2018,researchers submitted over 1.8 millionresearch papersto Elsevier-based publications. Over 20,000 editors managed the peer review and selection of these papers, resulting in the publication of more than 470,000 articles in over 2,500 journals.Editors are generally unpaid volunteers who perform their duties alongside a full-time job in academic institutions,although exceptions have been reported. In 2013, the five editorial groups Elsevier,Springer,Wiley-Blackwell,Taylor & Francis,andSAGE Publicationspublished more than half of all academic papers in the peer-reviewed literature.At that time, Elsevier accounted for 16% of the world market in science, technology, and medical publishing.In 2019, Elsevier accounted for the review, editing and dissemination of 18% of the world's scientific articles.About 45% of revenue by geography in 2019 derived from North America, 24% from Europe, and the remaining 31% from the rest of the world. Around 84% of revenue by format came from electronic usage and 16% came from print.

The firm employs 8,100 people.The CEO is Kumsal Bayazit, who was appointed on 15 February 2019.In 2018, it reported a mean 2017gender pay gapof 29.1% for its UK workforce, while the median was 40.4%, the highest yet reported by a publisher in UK. Elsevier attributed the result to the under-representation of women in its senior ranks and the prevalence of men in its technical workforce.The UK workforce consists of 1,200 people in the UK, and represents 16% of Elsevier's global employee population.Elsevier's parent company, RELX, has a global workforce that is 51% female to 49% male, with 43% female and 57% male managers, and 29% female and 71% male senior operational managers.

In 2018, Elsevier accounted for 34% of the revenues of RELX group (£2.538 billion of £7.492 billion). Inoperating profits,it represented 40% (£942 million of £2,346 million). Adjusted operating profits (with constant currency) rose by 2% from 2017 to 2018.Profits grew further from 2018 to 2019, to a total of £982 million.the first half of 2019, RELX reported the first slowdown in revenue growth for Elsevier in several years: 1% vs. an expectation of 2% and a typical growth of at least 4% in the previous 5 years.Overall for 2019, Elsevier reported revenue growth of 3.9% from 2018, with the underlying growth at constant currency at 2%.In 2019, Elsevier accounted for 34% of the revenues of RELX (£2.637billion of £7.874billion). In adjustedoperating profits,it represented 39% (£982m of £2.491bn). Adjusted operating profits (with constant currency) rose by 2% from 2018 to 2019.

In 2019, researchers submitted over two millionresearch papersto Elsevier-based publications. Over 22,000 editors managed the peer review and selection of these papers, resulting in the publication of about 500,000 articles in over 2,500 journals.

In 2020 Elsevier was the largest academic publisher, with approximately 16% of the academic publishing market and more than 3000 journals.

Market model

Products and services

Products and services include electronic and print versions of journals, textbooks andreference works,and cover thehealth,life, physical, andsocial sciences.

The target markets are academic and government research institutions, corporate research labs, booksellers, librarians, scientific researchers, authors, editors, physicians, nurses, allied health professionals, medical and nursing students and schools, medical researchers,pharmaceutical companies,hospitals, and research establishments. It publishes in 13 languages including English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Japanese, Hindi, and Chinese.

Flagship products and services include VirtualE,ScienceDirect,Scopus,Scirus,EMBASE,Engineering Village,Compendex,Cell,Knovel, SciVal, Pure, and Analytical Services, The Consult series (FirstCONSULT, PathCONSULT, NursingCONSULT, MDConsult, StudentCONSULT), Virtual Clinical Excursions, and major reference works such asGray's Anatomy,Nelson Pediatrics,Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary,Netter's Atlas of Human Anatomy,and online versions of many journalsincludingThe Lancet.

ScienceDirect is Elsevier's platform for online electronic access to its journals and over 40,000 e-books, reference works, book series, and handbooks. The articles are grouped in four main sections:Physical Sciences and Engineering,Life Sciences,Health Sciences,andSocial Sciences and Humanities.For most articles on the website, abstracts are freely available; access to the full text of the article (in PDF, and also HTML for newer publications) often requires a subscription or pay-per-view purchase.

In 2019, Elsevier published 49,000 freeopen accessarticles and 370 full open access journals. Moreover, 1,900 of its journals soldhybrid open accessoptions.

Pricing

The subscription rates charged by the company for its journals have been criticized; some very large journals (with more than 5,000 articles) charge subscription prices as high as £9,634, far above average,and many British universities pay more than a million pounds to Elsevier annually.The company has been criticized not only by advocates of a switch to theopen-accesspublication model, but also by universities whose library budgets make it difficult for them to afford current journal prices.

For example, in 2004, a resolution byStanford University's senate singled out Elsevier's journals as being "disproportionately expensive compared to their educational and research value", which librarians should consider dropping, and encouraged its faculty "not to contribute articles or editorial or review efforts to publishers and journals that engage in exploitive or exorbitant pricing".Similar guidelines and criticism of Elsevier's pricing policies have been passed by theUniversity of California,Harvard University,andDuke University.

In July 2015, theAssociation of Universities in the Netherlandsthreatened to boycott Elsevier, which refused to negotiate on anyopen accesspolicy for Dutch universities.After a year of negotiation, Elsevier pledged to make 30% of research published by Dutch researchers in Elsevier journals open access by 2018.

In October 2018, a complaint against Elsevier was filed with the European Commission, alleging anticompetitive practices stemming from Elsevier's confidential subscription agreements and market dominance. The European Commission decided not to investigate.

The elevated pricing of field journals in economics, most of which are published by Elsevier, was one of the motivations that moved theAmerican Economic Associationto launch theAmerican Economic Journalin 2009.

Mergers and acquisitions

RELX Group has beenactiveinmergers and acquisitions.Elsevier has incorporated other businesses that were either complementing or competing in the field of research and publishing and that reinforce itsmarket power,such asMendeley(after the closure of2collab),SSRN,bepress/Digital Commons,PlumX,Hivebench, Newsflo, Science-Metrix,andInterfolio.

Conferences

Elsevier also conducts conferences, exhibitions, and workshops around the world, with over 50 conferences a year covering life sciences, physical sciences and engineering, social sciences, and health sciences.

Shill review offer

According to theBBC,in 2009, the firm [Elsevier] offered a £17.25 Amazon voucher to academics who contributed to the textbookClinical Psychologyif they would go onAmazon.comandBarnes & Noble(a large US books retailer) and give it five stars. Elsevier responded by stating "Encouraging interested parties to post book reviews isn't outside the norm in scholarly publishing, nor is it wrong to offer to nominally compensate people for their time. But in all instances the request should be unbiased, with no incentives for a positive review, and that's where this particular e-mail went too far", and that it was a mistake by a marketing employee.

Blocking text mining research

Elsevier seeks to regulatetext and data miningwith private licenses,claiming that reading requires extra permission if automated and that the publisher holds copyright onoutput of automated processes.The conflict on research and copyright policy has often resulted in researchers being blocked from their work.In November 2015, Elsevier blocked a scientist from performingtext miningresearch at scale on Elsevier papers, even though his institution already pays for access to Elsevier journal content.The data was collected using theRpackage "statcheck".

Fossil fuel company consulting and advocacy

Elsevier is one of the most prolific publishers of books aimed at expanding the production offossil fuels.Since at least 2010 the company has worked with the fossil fuel industry to optimise fossil fuel extraction. It commissions authors, journal advisory board members and editors who are employees of the largest oil firms. In addition it markets data services and research portals directly to the fossil fuel industry to help "increase the odds of exploration success".

Criticism of academic practices

"Who's Afraid of Peer Review"

Main article:Who's Afraid of Peer Review?

In 2013, one of Elsevier's journals was caught in the sting set up byJohn Bohannon,published inScience,called "Who's Afraid of Peer Review?"The journalDrug Invention Todayaccepted an obviously bogus paper made up by Bohannon that should have been rejected by any good peer-review system.Instead,Drug Invention Todaywas among many open-access journals that accepted the fake paper for publication. As of 2014, this journal had been transferred to a different publisher.

Fake journals

Further information:Australasian Journal of Bone & Joint Medicine

At a 2009 court case in Australia whereMerck & Co.was being sued by a user ofVioxx,the plaintiff alleged that Merck had paid Elsevier to publish theAustralasian Journal of Bone and Joint Medicine,which had the appearance of being a peer-reviewedacademic journalbut in fact contained only articles favourable to Merck drugs.Merck described the journal as a "complimentary publication", denied claims that articles within it wereghost writtenby Merck, and stated that the articles were all reprinted from peer-reviewed medical journals.In May 2009, Elsevier Health Sciences CEO Hansen released a statement regarding Australia-based sponsored journals, conceding that they were "sponsored article compilation publications, on behalf of pharmaceutical clients, that were made to look like journals and lacked the proper disclosures." The statement acknowledged that it "was an unacceptable practice."The Scientistreported that, according to an Elsevier spokesperson, six sponsored publications "were put out by their Australia office and bore theExcerpta Medicaimprint from 2000 to 2005, "namely theAustralasian Journal of Bone and Joint Medicine(Australas. J. Bone Joint Med.), theAustralasian Journal of General Practice(Australas. J. Gen. Pract.), theAustralasian Journal of Neurology(Australas. J. Neurol.), theAustralasian Journal of Cardiology(Australas. J. Cardiol.), theAustralasian Journal of Clinical Pharmacy(Australas. J. Clin. Pharm.), and theAustralasian Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine(Australas. J. Cardiovasc. Med.).Excerpta Medica was a "strategic medical communications agency" run by Elsevier, according to the imprint's web page.In October 2010, Excerpta Medica was acquired by Adelphi Worldwide.

Chaos, Solitons & Fractals

There was speculationthat the editor-in-chief of Elsevier journalChaos, Solitons & Fractals,Mohamed El Naschie,misused his power to publish his own work without appropriate peer review. The journal had published 322 papers with El Naschie as author since 1993. The last issue of December 2008 featured five of his papers.The controversy was covered extensively in blogs.The publisher announced in January 2009 that El Naschie had retired as editor-in-chief.As of November 2011the co-Editors-in-Chief of the journal were Maurice Courbage and Paolo Grigolini.In June 2011, El Naschie sued the journalNaturefor libel, claiming that his reputation had been damaged by their November 2008 article about his retirement, which included statements thatNaturehad been unable to verify his claimed affiliations with certain international institutions.The suit came to trial in November 2011 and was dismissed in July 2012, with the judge ruling that the article was "substantially true", contained "honest comment", and was "the product of responsible journalism". The judgement noted that El Naschie, who represented himself in court, had failed to provide any documentary evidence that his papers had been peer-reviewed.JudgeVictoria Sharpalso found "reasonable and serious grounds" for suspecting that El Naschie used a range of false names to defend his editorial practice in communications withNature,and described this behavior as "curious" and "bizarre".

Plagiarism

Elsevier's 'Duties of Authors' states that authors should ensure they have written entirely original works, and that proper acknowledgement of others' work must always be given. Elsevier claims plagiarism in all its forms constitutes unethical behaviour.Some Elsevier journals automatically screen submissions for plagiarism,but not all.

Albanian politician Taulant Muka claimed that Elsevier journalProcediahad plagiarized in the abstract of one of its articles. It is unclear whether or not Muka had access to the entirety of the article.

Scientific racism

Angela Sainihas criticized the two Elsevier journalsIntelligenceandPersonality and Individual Differencesfor having included on their editorial boards such well-known proponents ofscientific racismasRichard LynnandGerhard Meisenberg;in response to her inquiries, Elsevier defended their presence as editors.The journalIntelligencehas been criticized for having "occasionally included papers with pseudoscientific findings about intelligence differences between races."It is the official journal of theInternational Society for Intelligence Research,which organizes the controversial series of conferencesLondon Conference on Intelligence,described by theNew Statesmanas a forum for scientific racism.

In response to a 2019 open letter, efforts byRetraction Watchand a petition signed by over 1000 people, on 17 June 2020 Elsevier announced it was retracting an article thatJ. Philippe RushtonandDonald Templerpublished in 2012 in the Elsevier journalPersonality and Individual Differences.The article had claimed that there was scientific evidence that skin color was related to aggression and sexuality in humans.

One of their journals,Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,was involved in the manipulation of the peer review report.

Manipulation of bibliometrics

According to the signatories of theSan Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment(see alsoGoodhart's law), commercial academic publishers benefit from manipulation ofbibliometricsandscientometrics,such as thejournal impact factor.The impact factor, which is often used as aproxyofprestige,can influence revenues, subscriptions, and academics' willingness to contribute unpaid work.However, there's evidence suggesting that reliability of published research works in several fields maydecreasewith increasing journal rank.

Nine Elsevier journals, which exhibited unusual levels ofself-citation,had their journal impact factor of 2019 suspended fromJournal Citation Reportsin 2020, a sanction which hit 34 journals in total.

In 2023, the International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, which is published by Elsevier, was criticized for desk-rejecting a submitted article for the main reason that it did not cite enough articles from the same journal.

Control of journals

Resignation of editorial boards

The editorial boards of a number of journals have resigned because of disputes with Elsevier over pricing:

• In 1999, the entire editorial board of theJournal of Logic Programmingresigned after 16 months of unsuccessful negotiations with Elsevier about the price of library subscriptions.The personnel created a new journal,Theory and Practice of Logic Programming,withCambridge University Pressat a much lower price,while Elsevier continued publication with a new editorial board and a slightly different name (theJournal of Logic and Algebraic Programming).
• In 2002, dissatisfaction at Elsevier's pricing policies caused theEuropean Economic Associationto terminate an agreement with Elsevier designating Elsevier'sEuropean Economic Reviewas the official journal of the association. The EEA launched a new journal, theJournal of the European Economic Association.
• In 2003, the entire editorial board of theJournal of Algorithmsresigned to startACM Transactions on Algorithmswith a different, lower-priced, not-for-profit publisher,at the suggestion ofJournal of AlgorithmsfounderDonald Knuth.TheJournal of Algorithmscontinued under Elsevier with a new editorial board until October 2009, when it was discontinued.
• In 2005, the editors of theInternational Journal of Solids and Structuresresigned to start theJournal of Mechanics of Materials and Structures.However, a new editorial board was quickly established and the journal continues in apparently unaltered form.
• In 2006, the entire editorial board of the distinguishedmathematical journalTopologyresigned because of stalled negotiations with Elsevier to lower the subscription price.This board then launched the newJournal of Topologyat a far lower price, under the auspices of theLondon Mathematical Society.Topologythen remained in circulation under a new editorial board until 2009.
• In 2023, the editorial board of the open access journalNeuroImageresigned and started a new journal, because of Elsevier's unwillingness to reduce article-processing charges.The editors called Elsevier's $3,450 per article processing charge "unethical and unsustainable".

Editorial boards have also resigned over open access policies or other issues:

• In 2015,Stephen Leederwas removed from his role as editor of theMedical Journal of Australiawhen its publisher decided to outsource the journal's production to Elsevier. As a consequence, all but one of the journal's editorial advisory committee members co-signed a letter of resignation.
• In 2015, the entire editorial staff of thegeneral linguisticsjournalLinguaresigned in protest of Elsevier's unwillingness to agree to their terms ofFair Open Access.Editor-in-chief Johan Rooryck also announced that theLinguastaff would establish a new journal,Glossa.
• In 2019, the entire editorial board of Elsevier'sJournal of Informetricsresigned over the open-access policies of its publisher and founded open-access journal calledQuantitative Science Studies.
• In 2020, Elsevier effectively severed the tie between theJournal of Asian Economicsand the academic society that founded it, the American Committee on Asian Economic Studies (ACAES), by offering the ACAES-appointed editor, Calla Wiemer, a terminal contract for 2020. As a result, a majority of the editorial board eventually resigned.
• In 2023, the editorial board of the journalDesign Studiesresigned over Elsevier's 1) plans to increase publications seven-fold; 2) the appointment of an external Editor-in-Chief who had not previously published in the journal; and 3) changing the scope of the journal without consulting the editorial team or the journal's parent society.

"The Cost of Knowledge" boycott

Main article:The Cost of Knowledge

In 2003, various university librarians began coordinating with each other to complain about Elsevier's "big deal"journal bundling packages, in which the company offered a group of journal subscriptions to libraries at a certain rate, but in which librarians claimed no economical option was available to subscribe to only the popular journals at a rate comparable to the bundled rate.Librarians continued to discuss the implications of the pricing schemes, many feeling pressured into buying the Elsevier packages without other options.

On 21 January 2012, mathematicianTimothy Gowerspublicly announced he would boycott Elsevier, noting that others in the field have been doing so privately. The reasons for theboycottare high subscription prices for individual journals, bundling subscriptions to journals of different value and importance, and Elsevier's support forSOPA,PIPA,and theResearch Works Act,which would have prohibited open-access mandates for U.S. federally-funded research and severely restricted the sharing of scientific data.

Following this, a petition advocating noncooperation with Elsevier (that is, not submitting papers to Elsevier journals, not refereeing articles in Elsevier journals, and not participating in journal editorial boards), appeared on the site "The Cost of Knowledge". By February 2012, this petition had been signed by over 5,000 academics,growing to over 17,000 by November 2018.The firm disputed the claims, claiming that their prices are below the industry average, and stating that bundling is only one of several different options available to buy access to Elsevier journals.The company also claimed that its profit margins are "simply a consequence of the firm's efficient operation".The academics replied that their work was funded by public money, thus should be freely available.

On 27 February 2012, Elsevier issued a statement on its website that declared that it has withdrawn support from the Research Works Act.Although the Cost of Knowledge movement was not mentioned, the statement indicated the hope that the move would "help create a less heated and more productive climate" for ongoing discussions with research funders. Hours after Elsevier's statement, the sponsors of the bill,US House RepresentativesDarrell IssaandCarolyn Maloney,issued a joint statement saying that they would not push the bill in Congress.

Plan S

ThePlan Sopen-access initiative, which began in Europe and has since spread to some US research funding agencies, would require researchers receiving some grants to publish in open-access journals by 2020.A spokesman for Elsevier said "If you think that information should be free of charge, go toWikipedia".In September 2018,UBSadvised to sell Elsevier (RELX) stocks, noting that Plan S could affect 5-10% of scientific funding and may force Elsevier to reduce pricing.

Relationship with academic institutions

Colombia

For 14 years, Colciencias, now Minciencias, led negotiations with Elsevier, as a practical and effective response to the informative growth of presumptive problems, allowing a greater number of Higher Education Institutions to join this project, thanks to it saves the scale that is obtained. Colombia has converted in the fourth country with the largest number of documents indexed in Scopus in Latin America (except for Brazil), growing by 57% in the last five years, a rate visibly greater in neighboring countries.

The Colombian National Consortium "Consorcio Colombia"managed by Consortia S.A.S. agreed in 2016 to have better prices for the Consortium members. The current agreement is that (Colombia National Ministry of Science and Technology)Mincienciasand (Colombian National ministry of Education)Mineducaciónreintegrate money to institutions on the total payment of products, with the condition that money must be reinvested in academic and research resources.

Finland

In 2015, Finnish research organizations paid a total of 27 million euros in subscription fees. Over one-third of the total costs went to Elsevier. The information was revealed after successful court appeal following a denied request on the subscription fees, due to confidentiality clauses in contracts with the publishers.Establishing of this fact lead to creation of tiedonhinta.fi petition demanding more reasonable pricing and open access to content signed by more than 2800 members of the research community.While deals with other publishers have been made, this was not the case for Elsevier, leading to the nodealnoreview.org boycott of the publisher signed more than 600 times.

In January 2018, it was confirmed that a deal had been reached between those concerned.

France

The FrenchCouperin consortiumagreed in 2019 to a 4-year contract with Elsevier,despite criticism from the scientific community.

The FrenchÉcole Normale Supérieurehas stopped having Elsevier publish the journalAnnales Scientifiques de l'École Normale Supérieure(as of 2008).

Effective on 1 January 2020, theFrench Academy of Sciencesstopped publishing its 7 journalsComptes rendus de l'Académie des Scienceswith Elsevier and switched toCentre Mersenne.

Germany

Since 2018 and as of 2023,almost no academic institution in Germany is subscribed to Elsevier.

Germany's DEAL project (Projekt DEAL), which includes over 60 major research institutions, has announced that all of its members are cancelling their contracts with Elsevier, effective 1 January 2017. The boycott is in response to Elsevier's refusal to adopt "transparent business models" to "make publications more openly accessible".Horst Hippler, spokesperson for the DEAL consortium states that "taxpayers have a right to read what they are paying for" and that "publishers must understand that the route to open-access publishing at an affordable price is irreversible".In July 2017, another 13 institutions announced that they would also be cancelling their subscriptions to Elsevier journals.In August 2017, at least 185 German institutions had cancelled their contracts with Elsevier.In 2018, whilst negotiations were ongoing, around 200 German universities that cancelled their subscriptions to Elsevier journals were granted complimentary open access to them until this ended in July of the year.

On 19 December 2018, theMax Planck Society(MPS) announced that the existing subscription agreement with Elsevier would not be renewed after the expiration date of 31 December 2018. MPS counts 14,000 scientists in 84 research institutes, publishing 12,000 articles each year.

In 2023 Elsevier and DEAL reached a tentative agreement on apublish and read model,which would take effect until 2028 if at least 70% of the eligible institutions opt into it.

Hungary

In March 2018, the HungarianElectronic Information Service National Programmeentered negotiations on its 2019 Elsevier subscriptions, asking for a read-and-publish deal.Negotiations were ended by the Hungarian consortium in December 2018, and the subscription was not renewed.

Iran

In 2013, Elsevier changed its policies in response to sanctions announced by the USOffice of Foreign Assets Controlthat year. This included a request that all Elsevier journals avoid publishing papers by Iranian nationals who are employed by the Iranian government.Elsevier executive Mark Seeley expressed regret on behalf of the company, but did not announce an intention to challenge this interpretation of the law.

Italy

CRUI (an association of Italian universities) sealed a 5-year-long deal for 2018–2022,despite protests from the scientific community, protests focused on aspects such as the lack of prevention of cost increases by means of thedouble dipping.

Netherlands

In 2015, a consortium of all of Netherlands' 14 universities threatened to boycott Elsevier if it could not agree that articles by Dutch authors would be made open access and settled with the compromise of 30% of its Dutch papers becoming open access by 2018. Gerard Meijer, president ofRadboud UniversityinNijmegenand lead negotiator on the Dutch side noted, "it's not the 100% that I hoped for".

Norway

In March 2019, the Norwegian government on behalf of 44 institutions — universities, university colleges, research institutes, and hospitals — decided to break negotiations on renewal of their subscription deal with Elsevier, because of disagreement regarding open-access policy and Elsevier's unwillingness to reduce the cost of reading access.

South Korea

In 2017, over 70 university libraries confirmed a "contract boycott" movement involving three publishers including Elsevier. As of January 2018, whilst negotiations remain underway, a decision will be made as to whether or not continue the participating libraries will continue the boycott.It was subsequently confirmed that an agreement had been reached.

Sweden

In May 2018, theBibsam Consortium,which negotiates license agreements on behalf of all Swedish universities and research institutes, decided not to renew their contract with Elsevier,alleging that the publisher does not meet the demands of transition towards a more open-access model, and referring to the rapidly increasing costs for publishing.Swedish universities will still have access to articles published before 30 June 2018. Astrid Söderbergh Widding, chairman of the Bibsam Consortium, said, "the current system for scholarly communication must change and our only option is to cancel deals when they don't meet our demands for a sustainable transition to open access".Sweden has a goal of open access by 2026.In November 2019 the negotiations concluded, with Sweden paying for reading access to Elsevier journals and open access publishing for all its researchers' articles.

Taiwan

In Taiwan, more than 75% of universities, including the country's top 11 institutions, have joined a collective boycott against Elsevier. On 7 December 2016, the Taiwanese consortium, CONCERT, which represents more than 140 institutions, announced it would not renew its contract with Elsevier.

United States

In March 2018,Florida State University's faculty elected to cancel its $2 million subscription to a bundle of several journals. Starting in 2019, it will instead buy access to titlesà la carte.

In February 2019, theUniversity of Californiasaid it would terminate subscriptions "in [a] push for open access to publicly funded research."After months of negotiations over open access to research by UC researchers and prices for subscriptions to Elsevier journals, a press release by the UC Office of the President issued Thursday, 28 February 2019 stated "Under Elsevier's proposed terms, the publisher would have charged UC authors large publishing fees on top of the university's multimillion dollar subscription, resulting in much greater cost to the university and much higher profits for Elsevier."On 10 July 2019, Elsevier began restricting access to all new paywalled articles and approximately 5% of paywalled articles published before 2019.

In April 2020, theUniversity of North Carolinaelected not to renew its bundled Elsevier package, citing a failure "to provide an affordable path".Rather than extend the license, which was stated to cost $2.6 million annually, the university decided to continue subscribing to a smaller set of individual journals. TheState University of New YorkLibraries Consortium also announced similar outcome,with the help of estimates fromUnpaywall Journals.Similarly,MITannounced in June 2020 that it would no longer pay for access to new Elsevier articles.

In 2022 Elsevier and theUniversity of Michiganestablished an agreement to support authors who wish to publish open access.

Ukraine

In June 2020 the Ukrainian government cancelled subscriptions for all universities in the country after failed negotiations. The Ministry of Education stated that Elsevier indexes journals in its register which call themselves Russian but are from occupied territories.

Dissemination of research

Lobbying efforts against open access

Elsevier have been known to be involved in lobbying against open access.These have included the likes of:

• TheFederal Research Public Access Act(FRPPA)
• TheResearch Works Act
• PRISM.In the case of PRISM, theAssociation of American PublishershiredEric Dezenhall,the so-called "Pit Bull Of Public Relations".
• Horizon 2020
• Office of Science and Technology Policy(OSTP)
• TheEuropean Union'sOpen ScienceMonitor was criticised after Elsevier were confirmed as a subcontractor.
• UK Research and Innovation

Selling open-access articles

In 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017,Elsevier was found to be selling some articles that should have been open access, but had been put behind a paywall.A related case occurred in 2015, when Elsevier charged for downloading an open-access article from a journal published byJohn Wiley & Sons.However, whether Elsevier was in violation of the license under which the article was made available on their website was not clear.

Action against academics posting their own articles online

In 2013,Digimarc,a company representing Elsevier, told theUniversity of Calgaryto remove articles published by faculty authors on university web pages; although suchself-archivingof academic articles may be legal under thefair dealingprovisions in Canadiancopyright law,the university complied.Harvard Universityand theUniversity of California, Irvinealso receivedtakedown noticesfor self-archived academic articles, a first for Harvard, according toPeter Suber.

Months after its acquisition ofAcademia.edurivalMendeley,Elsevier sent thousands of takedown notices to Academia.edu, a practice that has since ceased following widespread complaint by academics, according to Academia.edu founder and chief executive Richard Price.

After Elsevier acquired the repositorySSRNin May 2016, academics started complaining that some of their work has been removed without notice. The action was explained as a technical error.

Sci-Hub and LibGen lawsuit

In 2015, Elsevier filed a lawsuit against the sitesSci-HubandLibGen,which make copyright-protected articles available for free. Elsevier also claimed illegal access to institutional accounts.

Initial rejection of the Initiative for Open Citations

Among the major academic publishers, Elsevier alone declined to join theInitiative for Open Citations.In the context of the resignation of theJournal of Informetrics'editorial board, the firm stated: "Elsevier invests significantly in citation extraction technology. While these are made available to those who wish to license this data, Elsevier cannot make such a large corpus of data, to which it has added significant value, available for free."

Elsevier finally joined the initiative in January 2021 after the data was already available with anOpen Data Commonslicense inMicrosoft Academic.

ResearchGate take down

A chamber of the Munich Regional Court has ruled that the research networking site ResearchGate has to take down articles uploaded without consent from their original publishers andResearchGatemust take down Elsevier articles. A case was brought forward in 2017 by theCoalition for Responsible Sharing,a group of publishers that includes Elsevier and theAmerican Chemical Society.

Awards

Elsevier has partnered with a number of organisations and lent its name to several awards.

Since 1987, Elsevier has partnered with the academic journalSpectrochimica Acta Part Bto award the Elsevier / Spectrochimica Acta Atomic Spectroscopy Award. This award is given each year for a jury-selected best paper of the year. The award is worth $1000.

Starting in 1987, theIBMS Elsevier Awardwas awarded in 1992, 1995, 1998, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007 by theInternational Bone and Mineral Societyin partnership with Elsevier, "for outstanding research and teaching throughout their career by an IBMS member in the fields of bone and mineral metabolism".

From 2007, theCoordenação de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior(CAPES) in Brazil partnered with Elsevier to award the CAPES Elsevier Award, the award being restricted to women from 2013 to encourage more women to pursue scientific careers. Several awards were awarded each year, as of 2014.

From 2011, theOWSD-Elsevier Foundation Awards for Early-Career Women Scientists in the Developing World(OWSD-Elsevier Foundation Awards) have been awarded annually to early-career women scientists in selected developing countries in four regions:Latin Americaand theCaribbean,EastandSoutheastAsiaand thePacific,CentralandSouthAsia, andSub-Saharan Africa.TheOrganization for Women in Science for the Developing World(OWSD), the Elsevier Foundation, andThe World Academy of Sciencesfirst partnered to recognize achievements of early-career women scientists in developing countries in 2011.

In 2016, the Elsevier Foundation awarded the Elsevier Foundation-ISC3 Green and Sustainable Chemistry Challenge. From 2021 and as of 2024,the annual award is known as the Elsevier Foundation Chemistry for Climate Action Challenge. Two prizes have been awarded each year; until 2020, the first prizewinner was awarded €50,000, and the second prize was €25,000. Since then, €25,000 has been awarded to each winner, usually an entrepreneur who has created a project or proposal that aids the fight againstclimate change.

Imprints

Elsevier uses itsimprints(that is,brand namesused in publishing) to market to different consumer segments. Many of the imprints have previously been the names of publishing companies that were purchased by Reed Elsevier.

• Academic Press
• Baillière Tindall
• BC Decker
• Butterworth–Heinemann
• CMP
• Cell Press
• Churchill Livingstone
• Digital Press
• Elsevier
• Gulf Professional Publishing
• GW Medical Publishing
• Hanley & Belfus
• Masson
• Medicine Publishing
• Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
• Mosby
• Newnes
• North-Holland Publishing Company
• Pergamon Press
• Pergamon Flexible Learning
• Saunders
• Syngress
• Urban & Fischer
• William Andrew
• Woodhead Publishing(including Chandos and Horwood)

See also

• List of Elsevier periodicals
• 2collab,a free researcher collaboration tool launched by Elsevier in 2007 and discontinued in 2011
• Sci-Hub,a website providing free access to otherwise paywalled academic papers that is involved in a legal case with Elsevier
• Bertelsmann
• Holtzbrinck Publishing Group
• Lagardère Publishing
• McGraw Hill Education
• News Corp
• Pearson plc
• Scholastic Corporation
• Thomson Reuters
• Wiley (publisher)

References

Sources

• Groen, Frances K. (2007).Access to medical knowledge: libraries, digitization, and the public good.Lanham, Mar.: Scarecrow Press. p. 217.ISBN978-0-8108-52723.

External links

• Official website
• Campaign success: Reed Elsevier sells international arms fairsArchived6 August 2018 at theWayback Machine
• Mary H. Munroe (2004)."Reed Elsevier Timeline".The Academic Publishing Industry: A Story of Merger and Acquisition.Archived fromthe originalon 20 October 2014 – via Northern Illinois University.