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Emancipation Day

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Emancipation Dayis observed in many former European colonies in theCaribbeanand areas of theUnited Stateson various dates to commemorate theemancipationofslaves of African descent.

In much of theformerly British territories in the CaribbeanEmancipation Day is marked on August 1, commemorating the anniversary of theSlavery Abolition Act 1833.On August 1, 1985,Trinidad and Tobagobecame the first independent country to declare Emancipation Day as apublic holidayto commemorate the abolition of slavery. Historically, August 1 was known as West Indian Emancipation Day and it became a key mobilisation tool and holiday for theantislavery movement in the United States.[1]

It is also observed in other areas in regard to the abolition of other forms ofinvoluntary servitude.

Trinidad and Tobago[edit]

On August 1, 1985Trinidad and Tobagobecame the first independent country in the world to declare a national holiday to commemorate the abolition of slavery.[2]

In Trinidad and Tobago, Emancipation Day replaced Columbus Discovery Day, which commemorated the arrival ofChristopher ColumbusatMorugaon 31 July 1498, as a national public holiday.[3][4]

The commemoration begins the night before with an all-night vigil and includes religious services, cultural events, street processions past historic landmarks, addresses from dignitaries including an address from the Prime minister of Trinidad and Tobago and ends with an evening of shows that include a torchlight procession to the national stadium.[5][6]

August 1[edit]

Political history of the Caribbean and Central America, 1830

TheSlavery Abolition Act 1833,which abolished slavery throughout theBritish Empire(with the exceptions "of the Territories in the Possession of theEast India Company",the" Island ofCeylon"and" the Island ofSaint Helena";the exceptions were eliminated in 1843), came into force the following year, on 1 August 1834.

The legislation only freed slaves below the age of six. Enslaved people older than six years of age were redesignated as "apprentices" and required to work, 40 hours per week without pay, as part ofcompensationpayment to their former owners. Full emancipation was finally achieved at midnight on 31 July 1838.[7]

The holiday is known as August Monday in Guyana, Dominica, The Bahamas, The Virgin Islands, and Saint Lucia, among other territories, as it's commemorated on the first Monday in August.

Antigua and Barbuda[edit]

Antigua and Barbudacelebrates carnival on and around the first Monday of August. Since 1834Antigua and Barbudahave observed the end of slavery. The first Monday and Tuesday in August was observed as a bank holiday so the populace can celebrate Emancipation Day. Monday isJ'ouvert,a street party that mimics the early morning emancipation.

Anguilla[edit]

Anguilla:In addition to commemorating emancipation, it is the first day of "August Week", the AnguillianCarnivalcelebrations.J'ouvertis celebrated August 1, as Carnival commences.

The Bahamas[edit]

The Bahamas:Celebrations are mainly concentrated in Fox Hill Village,Nassau,a former slave village whose inhabitants, according to folklore, heard about their freedom a week after everyone else on the island. The celebration known as the Bay Fest, beginning on August 1 and lasting several days, is held in the settlement ofHatchet Bayon the island ofEleuthera,and "Back to the Bay" is held in the settlement ofTarpum Bay,also on Eleuthera.

Barbados[edit]

Emancipation Day inBarbadosis part of the annual "Season of Emancipation", which began in 2005. The Season runs from April 14 to August 23.[8][9]Commemorations include:

Emancipation Day celebrations usually feature a walk fromIndependence SquareinBridgetownto the Heritage Village at the Crop Over Bridgetown Market on the Spring Garden Highway. At the Heritage Village, in addition to a concert, there is a wreath-laying ceremony as a tribute to the ancestors. Traditionally, the Prime Minister, the Minister for Culture, and representatives of the Commission for Pan African Affairs are among those laying wreaths.

Belize[edit]

Main article:Public holidays in Belize

Starting 2021, Belize joins other Caribbean nations in the observance of Emancipation Day on 1 August to commemorate the emancipation of enslaved people in the Caribbean in 1834.[10]

Bermuda[edit]

Bermudacelebrates its Emancipation Day on the Thursday before the first Monday in August, placing it in either July or August.[11]

Cup Match[edit]

Emancipation Day is marked by theCup Match,a two-day public holiday and cricket match, played by residents of the island, is unique to Bermuda. Cup Match started when members of Friendly Societies and Lodges inSomersetin the east andSt. George's Parish,in the west, gathered to mark the anniversary of theabolition of slavery.In 1902 a silver cup was introduced to the tournament, and that year the first official Cup Match cricket match was played on 12 June 1902. In the Public Holidays Act 1947 national public holidays were introduced on the Thursday and Friday before the first Monday in August, they were named Cup Match Day and Somers Day (named afterGeorge Somers,the founder of Bermuda).[12] In 1999 Cup Match Day was renamed Emancipation Day, and Somers Day was renamed Mary Prince Day in February 2020 to remember Bermudan writer and enslaved womanMary Prince.[13]

British Virgin Islands[edit]

British Virgin Islands:The first Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday of August are celebrated as "August Festival".

Canada[edit]

In March 2021, theCanadian House of Commonsvoted unanimously on a motion to recognize 1 August as Emancipation Day across Canada. However,African-Canadiancommunities have commemorated Emancipation Day since the 1800s, most notably Black communities in the towns ofWindsor,Owen Sound,Amherstburg,andSandwich,inOntario,and provinces includingNew BrunswickandNova Scotia.[14]

The first of August marks the day theSlavery Abolition Act 1833ended slavery in the British Empire in 1834 and, thus, also in Canada. However, the first colony in the British Empire to have anti-slavery legislation wasUpper Canada,now Ontario.John Graves Simcoe,the firstLieutenant Governor of Upper Canada,passed the 1793Act Against Slavery,banning the importation of slaves and mandating that children born to enslaved women would be enslaved until they were 25 years old, as opposed to in perpetuity.[15]This was the first jurisdiction in the British Empire to abolish the slave trade and limit slavery.[16]The Act Against Slavery was superseded by the Slavery Abolition Act.

In 2022, the celebrations of Emancipation Day in Canada were declared aNational Historic EventbyParks Canada.[17]

Nova Scotia[edit]

Emancipation Day was set on 1 August by theLegislative Assembly of Nova Scotiaon 13 April 2021. The event is marked with a provincial ceremony, as well as community-led events.Lieutenant Governor of Nova ScotiaArthur LeBlancsaid in 2022, "as a province, we come together to renew our commitment to equity, peace, and dignity for all. We continue to structure our institutions and communities around the value of inclusion so that past harms are not repeated." The province also recognizes 23 August as theInternational Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition,in recognition of people of African descent in Haiti and the Dominican Republic fighting for their freedom in 1791.[18]

Ontario[edit]

See also:Caribana
Moses Brantford Jr. leading an Emancipation Day parade down Dalhousie Street, Amherstburg, Ontario, 1894

In 2008, theprovincial legislaturedesignated August 1 asEmancipation Day.The act of parliament stated in its preamble: "it is important to recognize the heritage of Ontario’s Black community and the contributions that it has made and continues to make to Ontario. It is also important to recall the ongoing international struggle for human rights and freedom from repression for persons of all races, which can be best personified by Lieutenant Governor John Graves Simcoe and Dr Martin Luther King Jr. Accordingly, it is appropriate to recognize August 1 formally as Emancipation Day and to celebrate it."[19]

Notable Emancipation Day commemoriation include The Big Picnic, organised by the Toronto Division of theUniversal Negro Improvement Association(UNIA), which attracted thousands of attendees from the 1920s through to the 1950s. The first The Big Picnic was held in 1924, at Lakeside Park, in the community ofPort Dalhousie.[20]

In 1932, the first Emancipation Day Parade was held inWindsorand would come to be known as the "greatest freedom show on Earth". Organized by Walter Perry, the parade and festival boasted famous guests likeMartin Luther King Jr,Mary McLeod Bethune,Stevie Wonder,Benjamin Mays,Fred Shuttlesworth,Martha ReevesandThe Vandellas,andEleanor Roosevelt.Though Perry's death in 1968 had a significant influence on the end of the tradition, fears over theDetroit Riot of 1967caused the city's councillors to deny organizers necessary permits to stage an Emancipation Day celebration.[21][22]Owen Soundhas celebrated Emancipation with a picnic for 157 years, and now holds an Emancipation Festival.[16]

Toronto hosts theToronto Caribbean Carnival(known as Caribana until 2006), which is held the first Saturday in August ofCivic Holiday,observed on the first Monday of August. Started in 1967, it is a two-week celebration culminating in the long weekend, with the Kings and Queens Festival, Caribana parade, andOlympic Islandactivities.

Dominica[edit]

Dominica:The first Monday is celebrated as August Monday. It marks the end of slavery in 1834.[23]

Grenada[edit]

Grenada:The first Monday in August is celebrated as Emancipation Day with Cultural activities.

Guyana[edit]

Guyana:The first of August is celebrated as Emancipation Day with Cultural activities, and events; including family gathering where they cook traditional food such as cook-up.

Jamaica[edit]

Redemption SongbyLaura Facey(2003),Emancipation Park,Kingston, Jamaica

1 August, Emancipation Day inJamaicais a public holiday and part of a week-long cultural celebration, during which Jamaicans also celebrateJamaican Independence Dayon August 6, 1962. Both August 1 and August 6 are public holidays.

Emancipation Day had stopped being observed as a nation holiday in 1962 at the time of independence.[24]It was reinstated as a national public holiday under The Holidays (Public General) Act 1998 after a six-year campaign led byRex Nettleford,among others.[9][25][26]

Traditionally people would keep at vigil on July 31 and at midnight ring church bell and play drums in parks and public squares to re-enact the first moments of freedom for enslaved Africans.[27]On Emancipation Day there is a reenactment of the reading of the Emancipation Declaration in town centres especiallySpanish Townwhich was the seat of the Jamaican government when the Emancipation Act was passed in 1838.

Emancipation Park,a public park in Kingston, opened on the eve of Emancipation Day, July 31 in 2002, is named in commemoration of Emancipation Day.[28][29]

Saint Kitts and Nevis[edit]

Saint Kitts and Nevis:The first Monday and Tuesday of August are celebrated as "Emancipation Day" and also "Culturama" in Nevis.

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines[edit]

Saint Vincent and the Grenadinesalso celebrates August Monday.

South Africa[edit]

Emancipation Day celebrations inGreenmarket Square,Cape Townat midnight, 1 December 2016

The Slavery Abolition Act of 1833 came into full effect in theCape Colonyon the December 1, 1838, after a four-year period of forced apprenticeship. About 39,000 enslaved people were freed and £1.2 million[30](roughly equivalent to £4,175,000,000 as a proportion of GDP in 2016 pounds)[31]– of £3 million originally set aside by the British government – was paid out in compensation to 1,300 former slave holding farmers in the colony.[30]

December 1 is celebrated as Emancipation Day in South Africa most notably in the city ofCape Town.[32]

French West Indies[edit]

This includes eight territories currently underFrench sovereigntyin theAntillesislands of theCaribbean:

  • Martiniquecommemorates emancipation with a national holiday on May 22,[33]marking the slave resistance on that day in 1848 that forced GovernorClaude Rostolandto issue a decree abolishing slavery.[34]
  • Guadeloupecommemorates emancipation on May 27.[35]
  • Saint Martinhas a week-long celebration around May 27, commemorating the abolition of slavery.[36]

Central America[edit]

On the Caribbean Coast ofNicaraguathe emancipation of slavery took place in the month of August 1841 but with different dates.

BluefieldsandPearl Lagoonreceived their emancipation on August 10, 1841.

Corn Islandreceived its emancipation on August 27, 1841.

Suriname – July 1[edit]

Main article:Keti Koti

On 1 July,Keti Koti(Sranantongo:"the chain is cut" or "the chain is broken" )[37]is celebrated that marks Emancipation Day inSuriname,a former colony of theKingdom of the Netherlands.The day also remembers that enslaved people in Suriname would not be fully free until 1873, after a mandatory 10-year transition period during which time they were required to work on the plantations for minimal pay and with state sanctioned force.[38]

United States[edit]

See also:JuneteenthandEmancipation Proclamation

District of Columbia – April 16[edit]

TheDistrict of Columbiaobserves April 16 as Emancipation Day. On April 16, 1862,PresidentAbraham Lincolnsigned theDistrict of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act,an act ofCompensated emancipation,for the release of certain persons held to service or labor in the District of Columbia.[39]The Act, introduced by Massachusetts senator and ardent abolitionistHenry Wilson,freed about 3,100 slaves in the District of Columbia nine months before President Lincoln issued his broaderEmancipation Proclamation.[40]The District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act represents the only example of compensation by the federal government to former owners of emancipated slaves.[41]

On January 4, 2005,MayorAnthony A. Williamssigned legislation making Emancipation Day an officialpublic holidayin the District.[42]Although Emancipation Day occurs on April 16, by law when April 16 falls during a weekend, Emancipation Day is observed on the nearest weekday.[43]This affects theInternal Revenue Service'sdue date for tax returns,which traditionally must be submitted by April 15. As the federal government observes the holiday, it causes the federal and all state tax deadlines to be moved to the 18th if Emancipation Day falls on a Saturday or Sunday and to the 17th if Emancipation Day falls on a Monday.[44]Each year, activities are now held during this observed holiday, including the traditional Emancipation Day parade. The parade had taken place yearly from 1866 to 1901.[45]After a 101-year hiatus, DC's parade resumed in 2002, just three years ahead of the new holiday.[46]

Florida – May 20[edit]

Further information:History of slavery in FloridaandAfrican Americans in Florida
Emancipation Day Parade inLincolnville, Floridain the 1920s

ThestateofFloridaobserves emancipation in a ceremonial day on May 20. In the capital,Tallahassee,Civil War re-enactorsplaying the part ofMajor GeneralEdward McCookand otherunion soldiersact out the speech General McCook gave from the steps of theKnott Houseon May 20, 1865.[47]This was the first reading of theEmancipation Proclamationin Florida.[48]

Georgia – Saturday closest to May 29[edit]

Further information:History of slavery in Georgia (U.S. state)andAfrican Americans in Georgia (U.S. state)

Thomaston, Georgia,has been the site of an Emancipation Day celebration since May 1866. Organizers believe it is "the oldest, continuously observed annual emancipation event in the United States."[49]The annual event is scheduled for the Saturday closest to May 29.William Guilfordwas an early organizer of the event first held in 1866.

Kentucky and Tennessee – August 8[edit]

Further information:History of slavery in Kentucky,History of slavery in Tennessee,andAfrican Americans in Tennessee
"Celebration at Greeneville," organized bySam Johnson,"late a slave ofAndrew Johnson,"article published on page 4 of theKnoxville Daily Chronicle,August 9, 1871

Emancipation Day is celebrated on August 8 in Hopkinsville, Christian County; Paducah, McCracken County; and Russellville, Logan County Kentucky, as well as other communities in western Kentucky and for many years in Southern Illinois inHardin County.According to thePaducah Sunnewspaper, this is the anniversary of the day slaves in this region learned of their freedom in 1865. According to a PBS documentary, it celebrates the liberation of the people enslaved by U.S. PresidentAndrew Johnson,one of whom started the annual celebration in eastern Tennessee.[50][51]

In 1938,William A. Johnson,who was born enslaved to Andrew Johnson in 1858, spoke at a Tennessee Emancipation Day celebration atChilhowee Park.[52]

Johnson is one of the last surviving slaves in this section. January 1 was designated as Emancipation day but Andrew Johnson freed his slaves August 8 and Negroes of East Tennessee have always observed that date as Emancipation day. The celebration this year has been changed to August 9 because August 8 is on Sunday.[52]

Maryland – November 1[edit]

Emancipation Day is celebrated in Maryland on November 1. Maryland started officially recognizing Emancipation Day in 2013, when then-Governor Martin O’Malley signed a measure to celebrate the freeing of slaves in Maryland on Nov. 1. Slavery was abolished in Maryland just six months before the end of the Civil War. Maryland's slavery abolishment also was approved two months before the U.S. Constitution's 13th Amendment was passed by Congress, and a full year before the 13th Amendment was ratified.[53]

On November 1, 2020, Maryland GovernorLarry Hoganissued a proclamation recognizing Maryland Emancipation Day. "156 years ago, a new state constitution abolished slavery in Maryland. I have issued a proclamation recognizing Maryland Emancipation Day as we reflect on the legacies of the brave Marylanders who risked everything so that they and others might enjoy the promise of freedom."[54]

On October 30, 2020, Montgomery County Executive Marc Elrich and County Council President Sidney Katz, on behalf of the entire Council, presented a joint proclamation Friday proclaiming Sunday, November 1, as “Emancipation Day” in Montgomery County.[53]

Massachusetts - July 8[edit]

Further information:History of slavery in Massachusetts

Massachusetts Emancipation Day, also known as Quock Walker Day, was established by the state legislature in 2022 and first legally observed statewide in 2023.[55]It was observed in thetown of Lexingtonstarting in 2020.[55]The observance commemorates the 1783 decision in thefreedom suitofQuock Walker,which found slavery to be an unenforceable legal arrangement under the1780 Massachusetts Constitution.Massachusetts became the first state to record zero slaves in thefederal census of 1790,as slavery was abandoned in favor ofindentured servitudeor paidemployment.[55]

Mississippi – May 8[edit]

Further information:History of slavery in MississippiandAfrican Americans in Mississippi

InColumbus, Mississippi,Emancipation Day is celebrated on May 8, known locally as "Eight o' May". As in other southern states, the local celebration commemorates the date in 1865 when African Americans in eastern Mississippi learned of their freedom.[56]

Though the 13th amendment was ratified by the necessary three-quarters vote, Mississippi withheld its ratification document after the constitutional amendment was submitted to the states. Mississippi finally submitted the ratification document on February 7, 2013.[57][58]

South Carolina – January 1[edit]

Further information:History of slavery in South CarolinaandAfrican Americans in South Carolina

In South Carolina, Emancipation Day is celebrated on January 1. There are two reasons for the date. First, January 1, 1808, marked an official end to United States participation in the Atlantic slave trade. Additionally, on January 1, 1863, ColonelThomas Wentworth Higginsonread the Emancipation Proclamation, which went into effect on that day, to the members of the1st South Carolina Volunteer Infantry Regiment (Colored),which at the time was stationed incoastal South Carolina.[59][60]

Texas – June 19[edit]

Main article:Juneteenth
Further information:History of slavery in TexasandHistory of African Americans in Texas

In Texas, Emancipation Day is celebrated on June 19. It commemorates the announcement in Texas of the abolition of slavery made on that day in 1865. It is commonly known asJuneteenth.Since the late 20th century, this date has gained recognition beyond Texas, and became a federal holiday in 2021.

Virginia – April 3[edit]

Emancipation Day, April 3, in Richmond, Virginia, 1905

InRichmond, Virginia,April 3 is commemorated as Emancipation Day. April 3 marks the day, in 1865, that Richmond fell to the Union Army, who were led by theUnited States Colored Troops.[61]

Territories[edit]

Puerto Rico – March 22[edit]

Further information:Slavery in Puerto RicoandAfro-Puerto Ricans

Puerto Ricocelebrates Emancipation Day (Día de la Abolición de Esclavitud), an official holiday, on March 22. Slavery was abolished in Puerto Rico in 1873 while the island was still a colony of Spain.[62]

US Virgin Islands – July 3[edit]

Further information:Slavery in the Danish West Indies
Statue ofBuddhoeatFort Frederik,St. Croix

TheUnited States Virgin Islandscelebrates V.I. Emancipation Day (Danish West Indies Emancipation Day) as an official holiday on July 3. It commemorates theDanishGovernorPeter von Scholten's 1848 proclamation that "all unfree in theDanish West Indiesare from today emancipated, "following aslave rebellionled byJohn Gottlieb(Moses Gottlieb, General Buddhoe) inFrederiksted,Saint Croix.[63]

In addition to recognizing Emancipation Day, since 2017 the full week leading up to July 3 has been recognized as Virgin Islands Freedom Week.[64]Emancipation Day, Freedom Week, and the culmination of St. John Festival are celebrated throughout the U.S. Virgin Islands with concerts, dancing, workshops, a historical skit, and a reenactment of the walk to Fort Frederik.[65]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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  62. ^"Abolition of Slavery in Puerto Rico".World of 1898.Library of Congress.Retrieved1 March2016.
  63. ^"The slave rebellion on St. Croix and Emancipation".Rigsarkivet.Retrieved2018-08-12.
  64. ^Exec. Order No. 2017-06-26(June 26, 2017; inen)Governor of the United States Virgin Islands.Retrieved on 2020-07-03.
  65. ^"USVI Commemorating 172 Years Since Emancipation with Virtual Concerts, Marches and More".The St. Thomas Source. 2 July 2020.Retrieved2020-07-03.
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