Emilian dialects
(Redirected fromEmilian language)
 | This article includes a list of generalreferences,butit lacks sufficient correspondinginline citations.(December 2010) |
| Emilian | |
|---|---|
| Emigliân,emigliàn | |
| Pronunciation | IPA:[emiˈʎaːŋ] |
| Native to | Italy |
| Region | PrimarilyEmilia-Romagna.Border variants spoken in nearLombardy,TuscanyandVeneto's provinces. |
| Ethnicity | 3.3 million (2008)[1] |
Native speakers | Unknown,c.1.3 million (2006 estimate) (2006)[2] |
| Dialects | seeDialectal varietiessection |
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | egl |
| Glottolog | emil1241 |
| Linguasphere | 51-AAA-oka... -okh |
Emilian(Reggian,Parmesanand Modenese:emigliân,Bologneseemiliàn;Italian:emiliano) is aGallo-Italicunstandardised language spoken in thehistorical regionofEmilia,which is now in the western part ofEmilia-Romagna,Northern Italy.
Emilian has a defaultword orderofsubject–verb–objectand bothgrammatical gender(masculine and feminine) andgrammatical number(singular and plural). There is a strongT–V distinction,which distinguishes varying levels of politeness, social distance, courtesy, familiarity or insult. The alphabet, largely adapted from theItalian(Tuscan) one, uses a considerable number ofdiacritics.
Classification
[edit]Emilian is an unstandardizedGallo-Italic languagespoken in theEmilia-Romagnaregion in Northern Italy.
Besides Emilian, the Gallo-Italic family includesRomagnol,Piedmontese,LigurianandLombard,all of which maintain a level of mutual intelligibility with Emilian.
Dialectal varieties
[edit]The historical and geographical fragmentation of Emilian communities, divided in many local administrations (assignoriethen duchies, with reciprocal exchanges of land), has caused a high dialectal fragmentation, to the point the existence of an Emilian koiné has been questioned.
Linguasphere Observatoryrecognises the following dialects:[3]
- Mantuan,spoken in all but the very north of theProvince of Mantuain Lombardy. It has a strong Lombard influence.
- Vogherese (Pavese-Vogherese),spoken in theProvince of Paviain Lombardy. It is closely related phonetically and morphologically to Piacentine. It is also akin to Tortonese.[clarification needed]
- Piacentine,spoken west of theRiver Taroin theProvince of Piacenzaand on the border with the province of Parma. The variants of Piacentine are strongly influenced by Lombard, Piedmontese, and Ligurian.
- Parmesan,spoken in theProvince of Parma.Those from the area refer to the Parmesan spoken outside Parma asAriosoorParmense,although today's urban and rural dialects are so mixed that only a few speak the original. The language spoken inCasalmaggiorein theProvince of Cremonato the north of Parma is closely related to Parmesan.
- Reggiano(Arzân), spoken in theProvince of Reggio Emilia,although the northern parts (such asGuastalla,LuzzaraandReggiolo) of the province are not part of this group and closer to Mantuan.
- Modenese,spoken in the centre of theProvince of Modena,although Bolognese is more widespread in the Castelfranco area.
- Mirandolese,spoken in the northern part of theProvince of Modena,it is very different from the modenese dialect in the phonology, grammar and vocabulary.
- Bolognese,spoken in all theMetropolitan City of Bolognabut theRomagnolcomuniof:Imola,Dozza,Borgo Tossignano,Fontanelice,Castel del Rio,MordanoandCasalfiumanese(all beyond the riverSanterno); in aroundCastelfranco Emilia(Modena); in theProvince of Ferrara(Cento,Poggio Renatico,Sant'AgostinoandMirabello) and inPavana(Province of Pistoia,Tuscany).
- Ferrarese,spoken in theProvince of Ferrara(except for Cento and surroundings), southernVeneto,andComacchio.
- CarrareseandLunigianodialects, spoken inCarrara,Lunigiana,in almost all of theProvince of Massa-Carrarain northwesternTuscany,and a good portion of theProvince of La Speziain easternLiguria.Historically, this region has been part of Tuscany and the duchies ofModenaandParmaat different times, so it has a close economic relationship with the Emilian area and is geographically proximate due to theMagraandVararivers.
Other definitions include the following:[citation needed]
- Massese(mixed with some Tuscan features)
- Casalasco,spoken inCasalmaggiore,Lombardy.
- Comacchiese,as distinct from Ferrarese
Vocabulary
[edit]There is no widespread standard orthography. The words below are written in a nonspecific Emilian script.
| Emilian | IPA | English |
|---|---|---|
| êit, èlt | [ɛːjt] | high |
| lêregh | [ˈlɛːrɐg] | wide |
| longh, loangh | [loŋg] | long, tall |
| tōl, tegh | [toːl],[teg] | to take |
| fâṡ, fâż | [faːz],[faːð̠] | beech |
| bdoall | [b.dœl] | birch |
| znêr, żnèr | [ð̠nɛːr] | January |
| fervêr | [fɐrˈvɛr] | February |
| ed, ad | [ɐd] | and |
| dîṡ | [diːz] | to say, ten (only in Bolognese) |
| ê, é | [e] | (he/she) is |
| aloura | [ɐˈlɔu̯rɐ] | so, then |
Phonology
[edit]Consonants
[edit]| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alv./ Palatal |
Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | t͡ʃ | k | |
| voiced | b | d | d͡ʒ | ɡ | ||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | θ | s | ||
| voiced | v | ð | z | |||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Rhotic | r | |||||
| Approximant | central | j | w | |||
| lateral | l | ʎ | ||||
- Affricate sounds [t͡s,d͡z] can also be heard as alternates of fricative sounds /θ,ð/ particularly among southern dialects.
- In the Piacentino dialect, an /r/ sound can be heard as either an alveolar trill [r], or as a uvular fricative [ʁ] sound.
Vowels
[edit]| Front | Central | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i iː | y | u uː | ||
| Mid | e eː | ø | ə | o oː | |
| ɛ ɛː | œ | ʌ | ɔ ɔː | ||
| Open | æ | a aː | |||
- Rounded front vowel sounds /y,ø,œ/ and a mid-central vowel sound /ə/ are mainly common in the Piacentino and western dialects.
- In the Piacentino dialect, five vowel sounds being followed by /n/, are then recognized as nasalized[ĩẽãõũ],unless /n/ occurs between two vowel sounds.
Writing system
[edit]Emilian is written using aLatin scriptthat has never been standardised, and spelling varies widely among the dialects.
The dialects were largely oral and rarely written until some time in the late 20th century; a large amount of written media in Emilian has been created sinceWorld War II.
References
[edit]- ^Miani, Ivan (12 April 2008)."Request for New Language Code Element in ISO 639-3, page 1ISO 639-3 Registration Authority Request for New Language Code Element in ISO 639-3"(PDF).iso639-3.sil.org.Retrieved17 December2012.
- ^Istituto nazionale di statistica (20 April 2007).La lingua italiana, i dialetti e le lingue straniere, Anno 2006[The Italian language, dialects and foreign languages, Year 2006](PDF)(in Italian).Retrieved17 December2012– via portal-lem.com.
- ^"51-AAA-ok. emiliano + romagnolo".Linguasphere.
- ^Lepri, Luigi; Vitali, Daniele (2007).Dizionario bolognese-italiano, italiano bolognese / Dizionèri bulgnais-itagliàn, itagliàn-bulugnais(in Italian). Bologna: Pendragon.ISBN978-88-8342-594-3.
- ^Vocabolario reggiano-italiano(in Italian). Reggio: Torreggiani. 1832 – via Biblioteca Panizzi.
- ^Foresti, Fabio (2009).Profilo linguistico dell'Emilia-Romagna(in Italian). Roma: Laterza.
- ^Lepri, Luigi; Vitali, Daniele (2009).Dizionario bolognese-italiano italiano-bolognese / Dizionèri bulgnaiṡ-itagliàn itagliàn-bulgnaiṡ(2nd ed.). Bologna: Pendragon.
- ^Hajek, John (1997). "Emilia-Romagna". In Maiden, Martin; Parry, Mair (eds.).The Dialects of Italy.London: Routledge. p. 275.
Bibliography
[edit]- Colombini, F. (2007).La negazione nei dialetti emiliani: microvariazione nell'area modenese(MA thesis).University of Padua.
- Rognoni, Luca (2013). "Il sistema fonologico del dialetto modenese".L'Italia dialettale: rivista di dialettologia italiana.Vol. 74. pp. 135–148.ISBN9788846739957.
Further reading
[edit]- Foresti, Fabio (1997).Bibliografia dialettale dell'Emilia-Romagna e della Repubblica di San Marino (BDER).Bologna: Compositori.
- Mainoldi, Pietro (2000) [1950, Bologna: Società tipografica Mareggiani].Manuale dell'odierno dialetto bolognese, Suoni e segni, Grammatica – Vocabolario.Forni.ISBN9788827129173.
- Tuttle, E. F. (1991). "Nasalization in Northern Italy: Syllabic Constraints and Strength Scales as Developmental Parameters".Rivista di Linguistica.III:23–92.
External links
[edit]
For a list of words relating to Emilian dialects, see theEmilian languagecategory of wordsinWiktionary,the free dictionary.
- Emilian basic lexiconat the Global Lexicostatistical Database
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