Emperor Go-Sanjō
| Emperor Go-Sanjō Hậu tam điều thiên hoàng | |||||||||
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| Emperor of Japan | |||||||||
| Reign | May 22, 1068 – January 18, 1073 | ||||||||
| Enthronement | August 21, 1068 | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Go-Reizei | ||||||||
| Successor | Shirakawa | ||||||||
| Born | Takahito (Tôn nhân, たかひと)[1] September 3, 1034[2] Heian-kyō(Present:Kyoto,Japan)[3] | ||||||||
| Died | June 15, 1073 (aged 38)[4] Heian-kyō(Present:Kyoto,Japan)[5] | ||||||||
| Burial | Ensō-ji no misasagi( viên tông tự lăng ) (Kyoto) | ||||||||
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| House | Imperial House of Japan | ||||||||
| Father | Emperor Go-Suzaku | ||||||||
| Mother | Teishi | ||||||||
Emperor Go-Sanjō(Hậu tam điều thiên hoàng,Go-Sanjō-tennō,September 3, 1034 – June 15, 1073)[6]was the 71stemperor of Japan,[7]according to the traditionalorder of succession.[8]His given name wasTakahito(Tôn nhân).[9]
Go-Sanjō's reign spanned the years from1068 through 1073.[10]
This 11th century sovereign was named after his grandfatherEmperor Sanjōandgo-( hậu ), translates literally as "later;" and thus, he is sometimes called the "Later Emperor Sanjō", or, in some older sources, may be identified as "Sanjō, the second" or as "Sanjō II."
It was during, and due to, Go-Sanjo's reign that theFujiwaragrip on power was broken; following Go-Sanjo's rule, their power continued to wane until 1150, where any semblance of their power disappeared.
Biography
[edit]
Before his ascension to theChrysanthemum Throne,his personal name ( húy,imina)[11]wasTakahito-shinnō(Tôn nhânThân vương,たかひとしんのう).[9]
Takahito-shinnōwas the second son ofEmperor Go-Suzaku.His mother was Empress (kōgō) Sadako ( trinh tử nội thân vương ), the third daughter ofEmperor Sanjō,making him the first Emperor in 170 years (sinceEmperor Uda) whose mother wasnotof Fujiwara descent paternally. His father and mother were grandchildren ofFujiwara no Michinagamaternally. The Empress mother of the future Emperor Go-Sanjō was also known as Teishi, and a Yōmei-mon In (1012–94).[12]His lack of connection with the Fujiwara meant he owed them no special loyalty - this meant that he could afford to oppose them.
Events of Go-Sanjō's life
[edit]Because PrinceTakahitowas not of Fujiwara descent, theKampaku,Fujiwara no Yorimichi neglected him, butEmperor Go-Suzakudecreed that upon his elder brother Chikahito's enthronement (asEmperor Go-Reizei), thatTakahitowould become the heir (kōtaitei). AsEmperor Go-Reizeihad no children of his own, upon his death,Takahitobecame emperor.
- May 22, 1068(Jiryaku4, 19th day of the 4th month): In the 4th year ofEmperor Go-Reizei's reign ( hậu lãnh tuyền thiên hoàng tứ niên ), he died at age 44; and the succession (senso) was received by his younger half-brother. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Go-Sanjo is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui).[13]
Yorimichi's younger brother Norimichi becamekampaku,but Go-Sanjō was determined to rule personally.
- 1069(Enkyū 1): Go-Sanjō issued theEnkyūShōen Regulation Decree (Enkyūis the name of theerain which the decree was issued); and the emperor called for the establishment of a government office to certify Shōen records.
- 1070(Enkyū 2): Go-Sanjō ordered a preliminary system of laws and a bureaucracy for regulating silk.
- 1072(Enkyū 4): As the Ritsuryō system of centralized authority had largely failed by this time, Go-Sanjō became interested in strengthening the finances of theImperial Household.
- January 18, 1073(Enkyū 4, 8th day of the 12th month): In the 6th year of Emperor Go-Sanjō's reign ( hoàn võ thiên hoàng lục niên ), the emperor abdicated in favor of his son, and the succession (senso) was received by his son. Shortly thereafter,Emperor Shirakawais said to have acceded to the throne (sokui).[14]
- May 11, 1073(Enkyū 5, 21st day of the 4th month): Go-Sanjō entered the Buddhist priesthood; and his new priestly name became Kongō-gyō.[15]
- June 15, 1073(Enkyū 5, 7th day of the 5th month): The former-Emperor Go-Sanjō died at the age of 40.[15]
Go-Sanjō is buried amongst the "Seven Imperial Tombs" atRyōan-jiinKyoto.[16]
The actual site of Go-Sanjō'sgraveis known.[7]This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorialShintoshrine(misasagi) atKyoto.
TheImperial Household Agencydesignates this location as Go-Sanjō'smausoleum.It is formally namedYensō-ji no misasagi.[17]
The mound which commemorates the Hosokawa Emperor Go-Sanjō is today namedShu-zan.The emperor's burial place would have been quite humble in the period after Go-Sanjō died.[18]
These tombs reached their present state as a result of the 19th century restoration of imperial sepulchers (misasagi) which were ordered byEmperor Meiji.[18]
Kugyō
[edit]Kugyō(Công khanh)is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of theEmperor of Japanin pre-Meijieras. Even during those years in which the court's actual influence outside the palace walls was minimal, the hierarchic organization persisted.
In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Go-Sanjō's reign, this apex of theDaijō-kanincluded:
- Kampaku,Fujiwara Norimichi (997–1075).[12]
- Daijō-daijin,Fujiwara Norimichi.[12]
- Sadaijin,Fujiwara Morozone, 1042–1101.[12]
- Udaijin,Minamoto no Morofusa
- Naidaijin
- Dainagon
Eras of Go-Sanjō's reign
[edit]The years of Go-Sanjō's reign are more specifically identified by more than oneera nameornengō.[19]
Consorts
[edit]Go-Sanjō had three consorts.[15]
Empress (chugū):Imperial Princess Kaoruko( hinh tử nội thân vương ) later Saiin-no Kogo ( tây viện hoàng hậu ),[20]Emperor Go-Ichijō‘s daughter
Consort: Fujiwara Shigeko ( đằng nguyên mậu tử; d.1062), Fujiwara Kinnari‘s daughter and Fujiwara Yoshinobu‘s adopted daughter
- First Daughter: Imperial Princess Satoko ( thông tử nội thân vương; 1050-1131)
- First son: Imperial Prince Sadahito ( trinh nhân thân vương ) laterEmperor Shirakawa
- Second Daughter: Imperial Princess Toshiko ( tuấn tử nội thân vương; 1056-1132)
- Third Daughter: Imperial Princess Yoshiko ( giai tử nội thân vương; 1057-1130)
- Fourth Daughter: ImperialPrincess Tokushi( đốc tử nội thân vương; 1060–1114) marriedEmperor Horikawa
Consort:Minamoto Motoko( nguyên cơ tử; 1047-1134),Minamoto Motohira‘s daughter
- Second son: Imperial Prince Sanehito ( thật nhân thân vương; 1071-1085), a descendant ofthe Minamoto clan- Go-Sanjō Genji.
- Third son: Imperial Prince Sukehito ( phụ nhân thân vương; 1073-1119), a descendant ofthe Minamoto clan- Go-Sanjō Genji.
Consort: Fujiwara Akiko ( đằng nguyên chiêu tử ), Fujiwara Yorimune’s daughter
Lady-in-waiting: Taira Chikako ( bình thân tử ), Taira Tsunakuni’s daughter
- Son: Fujiwara Arisuke ( đằng nguyên hữu tá; d.1131), adopted byFujiwara no Akitsuna
Ancestry
[edit]| Ancestors of Emperor Go-Sanjō | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Notes
[edit]
- ^"Go-Sanjō | emperor of Japan | Britannica".www.britannica.com.
- ^"Go-Sanjō | emperor of Japan | Britannica".www.britannica.com.
- ^"Go-Sanjō | emperor of Japan | Britannica".www.britannica.com.
- ^"Go-Sanjō | emperor of Japan | Britannica".www.britannica.com.
- ^"Go-Sanjō | emperor of Japan | Britannica".www.britannica.com.
- ^"Go-Sanjō | emperor of Japan | Britannica".www.britannica.com.
- ^abImperial Household Agency(Kunaichō):Dương thành thiên hoàng (71)
- ^Ponsonby-Fane, Richard.(1959).The Imperial House of Japan,p. 76.
- ^abTitsingh, p. 166; Brown, p. 314; Varley, p. 198.
- ^Titsingh, Isaac. (1834).Annales des empereurs du Japon,pp. 166–168; Brown, Delmeret al.(1979).Gukanshō,pp. 314–315; Varley, H. Paul. (1980).Jinnō Shōtōki.p. 198-199.
- ^Brown, pp. 264; prior toEmperor Jomei,the personal names of the emperors were very long and people did not generally use them. The number of characters in each name diminished after Jomei's reign.
- ^abcdBrown, p. 314.
- ^Titsingh, p. 166; Brown, p. 313; Varley, p. 44; a distinct act ofsensois unrecognized prior toEmperor Tenji;and all sovereigns exceptJitō,Yōzei,Go-Toba,andFushimihavesensoandsokuiin the same year until the reign ofEmperor Go-Murakami.
- ^Titsingh, p. 169; Brown, p. 314; Varley, p. 44.
- ^abcBrown, p. 315.
- ^The "Seven Imperial Tombs" at Ryoan-ji are the burial places ofUda,Kazan,Ichijō,Go-Suzaku,Go-Reizei,Go-Sanjō, andHorikawa.
- ^Ponsonby-Fane, p. 421.
- ^abMoscher, G. (1978).Kyoto: A Contemplative Guide,pp. 277–278
- ^Titsingh, p. 165-168; Brown, p. 313-315.
- ^Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1915).The Imperial Family of Japan,p. x.
- ^"Genealogy".Reichsarchiv(in Japanese). 30 April 2010.Retrieved26 May2018.
References
[edit]- Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979).Gukanshō: The Future and the Past.Berkeley: University of California Press.ISBN978-0-520-03460-0;OCLC 251325323
- Moscher, Gouverneur. (1978).Kyoto: A Contemplative Guide.ISBN9780804812948;OCLC 4589403
- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard.(1959).The Imperial House of Japan.Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society.OCLC 194887
- Titsingh, Isaac.(1834).Nihon Odai Ichiran;ou,Annales des empereurs du Japon.Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.OCLC 5850691
- Varley, H. Paul.(1980).Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns.New York: Columbia University Press.ISBN978-0-231-04940-5;OCLC 59145842
See also
[edit]- Emperor of Japan
- List of Emperors of Japan
- Imperial cult
- Minamoto clan
- Emperor Go-Reizei
- Emperor Shirakawa
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