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Emperor Kōnin

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Emperor Kōnin
Quang nhân thiên hoàng
Emperor of Japan
Reign770–781
EnthronementOctober 23, 770
PredecessorShōtoku
SuccessorKanmu
BornShirakabe (Bạch bích)
July 18, 708
DiedJanuary 11, 782(782-01-11)(aged 73)
Heijō-kyō (Nara)
Burial
Tahara no higashi no misasagi( điền nguyên đông lăng ) (Nara)
SpouseInoe
Issue
Posthumous name
Chinese-styleshigō:
Emperor Kōnin (Quang nhân thiên hoàng)

Japanese-styleshigō:
Ametsumune-takatsugi no Sumeramikoto (Thiên tông cao thiệu thiên hoàng)
HouseImperial House of Japan
FatherPrince Shiki
MotherKi no Tochihime

Emperor Kōnin(Quang nhân thiên hoàng,Kōnin-tennō,November 18, 708 – January 11, 782)was the 49themperor of Japan,[1]according to the traditionalorder of succession.[2]Kōnin's reign lasted from 770 to 781.[3]

Traditional narrative[edit]

The personal name of Emperor Kōnin (imina) was Shirakabe(Bạch bích).[4]As a son of Imperial Prince Shiki and a grandson ofEmperor Tenji,[5]his formal style was Prince Shirakabe. Initially, he was not in line for succession, asEmperor Tenmuand his branch held the throne.

He married ImperialPrincess Inoe,a daughter ofEmperor Shōmu,producing a daughter and a son. After his sister-in-lawEmpress Shōtokudied, he was named her heir. The high courtiers claimed the empress had left her will in a letter in which she had appointed him as her successor. Prior to this, he had been considered a gentle man without political ambition.

Kōnin had five wives and seven Imperial sons and daughters.[6]

Emperor Kōnin is traditionally venerated at his tomb; theImperial Household AgencydesignatesTahara no Higashi no Misasagi(Điền nguyên đông lăng,Tahara no Higashi Imperial Mausoleum),inNara, Nara,as the location of Kōnin'smausoleum.[1]

Events of Kōnin's life[edit]

  • September 8, 769(Jingo-keiun3, 4th day of the 8th month[7]): In the 5th year of Empress Shōtoku's reign, she died; she is said to have written a letter designating Senior Counselor Prince Shirakabe as her heir and crown prince.[8]
  • August 28, 770[9](Jingo-keiun 4, 4th day of the 8th month[10]): Exactly one (Japanese era-based) year later, the succession (senso) was received by Kōnin, who was the 62-year-old grandson ofEmperor Tenji.[11]
  • October 23, 770(Jingo-keiun 4, 1st day of the 10th month[12]): Emperor Kōnin was said to have acceded to the throne (sokui) in a formal ceremony, following the plans of the nobles and ministers to have him placed on the throne. The era name was also changed on this date, toHōki.[13]
  • 781(Ten'ō1, 4th month[14]): The emperor abdicated in favor of his son Yamabe, who becameEmperor Kanmu.Emperor Kōnin's reign had lasted for 11 years.[6]
  • 781(Ten'ō 1, 12th month[15]): Kōnin died at the age of 73.[16]

Eras of Kōnin's reign[edit]

The years of Kammu's reign are more specifically identified by more than oneera name(nengō).[17]

Legacy[edit]

Kōnin attempted to reconstruct the state finance and administrative organizations, which had been corrupted under the reign ofEmpress Kōken.

Political conflict around his successors[edit]

Soon after his enthronement in 770 (Hōki1), he promoted his wife Imperial Princess Inoe (or Inoue or Ikami, the exact pronunciation of her name is unknown) to the empress and appointed her son Imperial Prince Osabe to the crown prince in the next year. As a grandson ofEmperor Shōmuby his mother, Osabe was one of few descendants ofEmperor Tenmu,the line of Tenmu however didn't succeed to the throne finally. In 772 Osabe was deprived of his crown prince rank and Imperial Prince Yamabe, an issue by another woman, laterEmperor Kanmuwas named heir.

According to theShoku Nihongi(続 nhật bổn kỷ),the replacement happened as follows: in the third month of Hōki 3 (772), Inoe was accused of cursing her husband and Emperor Kōnin stripped her of the rank of Empress. In the fifth month of this year his son Osabe was deprived his crown prince status. In Hōki 4 (773), both were alleged to have murdered Imperial Princess Naniwa, a sister of Kōnin by cursing. This allegation made those two stripped of the rank of royals. Those two were together enclosed in a house inYamato Provinceand died two years later in the same day, on the 27th day of the fourth month of Hōki 6 (on the Julian Calendar, on May 29, 775).

In 772, soon after Osabe's deprivation of heir right, Prince Yamabe was named heir. His motherTakano no Niigasa,née Yamato no Niigasa, was a descendant ofKing Muryeong of Baekje.Since her clan had then no political power, his appointment had not been likely to happen without the deprivation of Osabe, the noblest male issue of Konin as the son of an Imperial Princess and Empress.

Today it is pointed out the accusations to Inoe and Osabe were likely to be plotted for depriving her son of the throne, and they were likely to be assassinated, byFujiwara no Momokawa.

The late years of Kōnin's reign and the early years of Kanmu's reign suffered disasters. The people took those disasters as vengeance of noble victims of political conflicts, including late Inoe and Osabe. In 800 during the reign of Kanmu, Princess Inoe who had deceased in 775 was restored to the rank of Empress of Kōnin. Several shrines and temples were also founded for redemption, including Kamigoryō Shrine (ja: Thượng ngự linh thần xã). He favoredKim Ama man from theKingdom of Silla.

Kugyō[edit]

Kugyō(Công khanh)is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of theEmperor of Japanin pre-Meijieras.

In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Kōnin's reign, this apex of theDaijō-kanincluded:

  • Sadaijin,Fujiwara no Nagate( đằng nguyên vĩnh thủ ) (714–771), 766–771.[6]
  • Sadaijin,Fujiwara no Uona( đằng nguyên ngư danh ) (721–783), 781–782.[6]
  • Udaijin,Ōnakatomi Kiyomaro ( đại trung thần thanh mi ) (702–788), 771–781.[6]
  • Naidaijin,Fujiwara no Yoshitsugu( đằng nguyên lương 継) (716–777), 771–777.[6]
  • Naidaijin,Fujiwara no Uona ( đằng nguyên ngư danh ) (721–783), 778–781
  • Dainagon,Fun'ya no Ōchi ( văn thất đại thị ) (704–780), 771–777
  • Dainagon,Fujiwara no Uona ( đằng nguyên ngư danh ) (721–783), 771–778
  • Sangi,Fujiwara no Momokawa( đằng nguyên bách xuyên ), 732–779.[6]

Consorts and children[edit]

Further information on terms related to imperial consorts:Kōkyū § consorts

Empress (deposed in 772): ImperialPrincess Inoe/Ikami ( tỉnh thượng nội thân vương ),Emperor Shōmu’s daughter

Hi:Princess Owari ( vĩ trương nữ vương, d. 804),Prince Yuhara’s daughter (son of Prince Shiki)

  • Third Son: Imperial Prince Hieda ( bại điền thân vương, 751–781)

Bunin:Takano no Niigasa( cao dã tân lạp ), Yamato no Ototsugu’s daughter

  • First Daughter: Imperial Princess Noto ( năng đăng nội thân vương, 733–781), married to Prince Ichihara
  • First Son: Imperial Prince Yamabe ( sơn bộ thân vương ) laterEmperor Kanmu
  • Second Son: ImperialPrince Sawara( tảo lương thân vương ), the Crown Prince (deposed in 785)

Bunin:Fujiwara no Sōshi ( đằng nguyên tào tử ), Fujiwara no Nagate’s daughter

Bunin:Ki no Miyako( kỷ cung tử ), Ki no Ineko’s daughter

Bunin:Fujiwara no Nariko ( đằng nguyên sản tử ), Fujiwara no Momokawa’s daughter

Court lady: Agatanushi no Shimahime ( huyện chủ 嶋 cơ ), Agatanushi no Emishi’s daughter

  • Imperial Princess Minuma ( di nỗ ma nội thân vương, d. 810), married to Prince Miwa ( thần vương )

Court lady (Nyoju): Agatainukai no Isamimi (Omimi) ( huyện khuyển dưỡng dũng nhĩ / nam nhĩ )

  • Hirone no Morokatsu ( quảng căn chư thắng ), removed from the Imperial Family by receiving the family name from Emperor (Shisei KōkaTứ tính hàng hạ ) in 787

Unknown Woman:

  • Prince Kaisei ( khai thành hoàng tử, 724–781)

Ancestry[edit]

[18]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^abEmperor Kōnin, Tahara no Higashi Imperial Mausoleum,Imperial Household Agency
  2. ^Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959).The Imperial House of Japan,p. 60.
  3. ^Brown and Ishida.Gukanshō,pp. 276–277; Varley, H. Paul.Jinnō Shōtōki,pp. 147–148; Titsingh, Isaac. (1834).Annales des empereurs du Japon,pp. 81–85.,p. 81, atGoogle Books
  4. ^Brown and Ishida,p. 276, Varley p. 149.
  5. ^Varley, p. 147.
  6. ^abcdefgBrown and Ishida,p. 277.
  7. ^Thần hộ cảnh vân tứ niên bát nguyệt tứ nhật
  8. ^Brown and Ishida,pp. 276–277.
  9. ^Julian dates derived fromNengoCalc
  10. ^Thần hộ cảnh vân tứ niên bát nguyệt tứ nhật
  11. ^Brown and Ishida,p. 276; Varley, p. 44, 148; a distinct act ofsensois unrecognized prior toEmperor Tenji;and all sovereigns exceptJitō,Yōzei,Go-Toba,andFushimihavesensoandsokuiin the same year until the reign ofEmperor Go-Murakami.
  12. ^Thần hộ cảnh vân tứ niên thập nguyệt nhất nhật
  13. ^Titsingh, p. 81;Brown and Ishida,p. 277; Varley, p. 44, 148.
  14. ^Thiên ứng nhất niên tứ nguyệt
  15. ^Thiên ứng nhất niên thập nhị nguyệt
  16. ^Brown and Ishida,p. 277; Varley, p. 148.
  17. ^Titsingh, p. 81;Brown and Ishida,p. 277.
  18. ^"Genealogy".Reichsarchiv(in Japanese). April 30, 2010.RetrievedJanuary 27,2018.

References[edit]

See also[edit]

Regnal titles
Preceded by Emperor of Japan:
Kōnin
770–781 		Succeeded by
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