Emperor Taizu of Jin
| Emperor Taizu of Jin Kim thái tổ | |||||||||||||||||
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| Emperor of theJin dynasty | |||||||||||||||||
| Reign | 28 January 1115 – 19 September 1123 | ||||||||||||||||
| Successor | Emperor Taizong of Jin | ||||||||||||||||
| Born | 1 August 1068 | ||||||||||||||||
| Died | 19 September 1123(aged 55) | ||||||||||||||||
| Burial | Rui Mausoleum ( duệ lăng, in present-dayFangshan District,Beijing) | ||||||||||||||||
| Spouse | Empress Shengmu Empress Guangyi Empress Qinxian Empress Xuanxian Consort Yuan Consort Chong Dunuke | ||||||||||||||||
| Issue | Shengguo Woben Wolibu Wuzhu others | ||||||||||||||||
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| House | Wanyan | ||||||||||||||||
| Dynasty | Jin | ||||||||||||||||
| Father | Helibo | ||||||||||||||||
| Mother | Lady Nalan | ||||||||||||||||
| Emperor Taizu of Jin | |||||||
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| Chinese | Kim thái tổ | ||||||
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| Wanyan Aguda | |||||||
| Traditional Chinese | A cốt đả | ||||||
| Simplified Chinese | A cốt đả | ||||||
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| Wanyan Min | |||||||
| Traditional Chinese | Hoàn nhan mân | ||||||
| Simplified Chinese | Hoàn nhan mân | ||||||
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Emperor Taizu of Jin(August 1, 1068 – September 19, 1123), personal nameAguda,sinicisednameMin(Chinese:Mân;pinyin:Mín), was the founder and firstemperorof theJurchen-ledJin dynastyof China. He was originally the chieftain of theWanyantribe, the most dominant among the Jurchen tribes which were subjects of theKhitan-ledLiao dynasty.Starting in 1114, Aguda united the Jurchen tribes under his rule and rebelled against the Liao dynasty. A year later, he declared himself emperor and established the Jin dynasty. By the time of his death, the Jin dynasty had conquered most of the Liao dynasty's territories and emerged as a major power in northern China. In 1145, he was posthumously honoured with thetemple nameTaizuby his descendantEmperor Xizong.
The name [Wanyan] Aguda is transcribed[Wan-yen] A-ku-tainWade-Giles;[1]the alternative spellingAkutta(possibly from reconstruction ofJurchen language) appears in a very small number of books as well.[2][3]
Life
[edit]Aguda was an eighth-generation descendant ofHanpu,the great progenitor of the entireWanyanclan. His father wasHelibo,the chieftain of theWanyanclan. His mother was a daughter of the chieftain of the Nalan (Nã lại / noa lại) tribe. He was born in 1068 near theAshi Riverwithin present-dayHarbin,Heilongjiang Province.[4]He was well-known within his tribe for his bravery, and had participated in numerous campaigns against rival Jurchen tribes at the command of theKhitan-ledLiao dynasty.In 1109, during the height of a widespread famine, Aguda assisted his father in absorbing famished warriors from other Jurchen tribes to strengthen his own tribe. Later, he fought wars against other Jurchen tribes and succeeded in unifying all Jurchens under the Wanyan tribe's leadership.
In 1113, Aguda succeeded his elder brother,Wuyashu,as the leader of his tribe. Like other Jurchens, Aguda loathed what he considered the exploitation of his tribesmen by corrupt Liao officials. In 1112, when the Liao ruler,Emperor Tianzuo,went on a fishing expedition in Jurchen territory, he ordered all the chieftains to dance for him. Aguda became famous among the Jurchens when he was the only person who defied the order.[5]
In early 1114, Aguda sent spies into Liao territory and prepared to revolt against the Khitan regime, which he considered decadent. His chief advisors wereWanyan ZonghanandWanyan Xiyin.[6]In September, Aguda rallied his tribesmen (around 2,500 men) at Liushui ( lưu thủy; near present-day Lalin River inFuyu,Jilin Province) and openly rebelled against the Liao dynasty. His cavalry captured Ningjiangzhou ( ninh giang châu; present-day Fuyu, Jilin Province) and defeated a 7,000-strong Liao army at theBattle of Chuhedianin November. In January 1115, following a series of military successes, Aguda proclaimed himself emperor, established the Jin dynasty, and adopted theregnal name"Shouguo" (Thu quốc). In August, his army conquered Huanglong Prefecture ( hoàng long phủ; present-dayNong'an County,Jilin Province) and defeated 700,000 Liao troops with only 20,000 horsemen at theBattle of Hubudagang.By 1116, Aguda had completed the conquest of the entireLiaodong Peninsula.Between 1119 and 1122, his army repeatedly defeated Liao forces and captured all of the Liao dynasty's five capitals.
Since the Jin dynasty was an enemy of the Liao dynasty, theHan Chinese-ledNorthern Song dynastyconsidered the Jin dynasty to be their natural allies. In 1117, the Song dynasty sent emissaries to the Jin dynasty, ostensibly to buy horses, but in reality to negotiate an alliance against the Liao dynasty.[7]Between 1117 and 1123, seven Song delegations visited the Jurchens, and six Jin embassies went to the Song capital, Bianjing (present-dayKaifeng,Henan Province).[7]Between 1115 and 1123, the Jin and Song dynasties negotiated and formed theAlliance Conducted at Seaagainst the Liao dynasty. Under the conditions of the alliance, the Song dynasty would attack the Liao dynasty from the south, while in return, the Jin dynasty would hand over control of the Liao dynasty'sSixteen Prefecturesto the Song dynasty.
During the war against the Liao dynasty, Aguda also took time to establish the new feudal governmental system based on Jurchen tribal customs. He also organised the national agriculture with a collectivist system known as theMiŋgan Moumukə(Mãnh an mưu khắc). Furthermore, Aguda absorbed elements of Han Chinese culture and ordered his chancellorWanyan Xiyinto develop a uniqueJurchen writing system.
Aguda died in August 1123, at the age of 56. His death came a few months after the Jin and Song dynasties signed a treaty which recognised each other as equals and required the Song to pay the Jin an annual tribute of 200,000taelsof silver and 300,000 bolts of silk.[7]Aguda was succeeded by his younger brother,Wuqimai (Emperor Taizong).Wuqimai continued the campaign against the Liao dynasty and captured the Liao emperor,Emperor Tianzuoin 1125, thereby ending the Liao dynasty's existence. Soon after conquering the Liao dynasty, the Jin dynastywaged waragainst the Northern Song dynasty. Aguda was buried in the Rui Mausoleum (Duệ lăng) at Dafangshan (Đại phòng sơn) outside Zhongdu ( trung đô; present-dayBeijing).
Commemoration
[edit]Mounted statues of Aguda and his chief commander,Wanyan Zonghan,have been erected on the grounds of the Jin Dynasty History Museum (Kim thượng kinh lịch sử bác vật quán) at the former location of the old Jin capital, Shangjing (Thượng kinh),[8]which is near present-dayAcheng District,Harbin,Heilongjiang Province.
Family
[edit]Parents:
- Father:Helibo,posthumously honoured as Emperor Shizu
- Mother: Lady Nalan (Noa lại thị), posthumously honoured as Empress Yijian (Dực giản hoàng hậu)
Consort and their ewspective issue(s):
- Empress Shengmu, of Tangkuo clan ( thánh mục hoàng hậu đường quát thị )
- Wanyan Zongjun, EmperorHuizong( huy tông hoàn nhan tông tuấn ), 3rd son
- Wanyan Zongchao, Prince of Feng ( phong vương hoàn nhan tông triều ), 7th son
- Wanyan Zongjie, Prince of Zhao ( triệu vương hoàn nhan tông kiệt, d. 1127)
- Empress Guangyi, of the Peiman clan ( quang ý hoàng hậu bùi mãn thị )
- Wanyan Zonggan,Prince of Liao ( liêu vương hoàn nhan tông càn, d. 17 June 1141),[9]1st son
- Empress Qinxian, of theHesericlan ( khâm hiến hoàng hậu hột thạch liệt thị )
- Wanyan Zongwang,Prince Huansu of Song ( tống hoàn túc vương hoàn nhan tông vọng ), 2nd son
- Wanyan Zongjun, Prince of Chen ( trần vương hoàn nhan tông tuyển ), 6th son
- Wanyan Elu, Prince of Shen ( thẩm vương hoàn nhan ngoa lỗ )
- Empress Xuanxian of the Pusan clan ( tuyên hiến hoàng hậu phó tán thị )
- Wanyan Zongyao,Emperor Ruizong ( duệ tông hoàn nhan tông nghiêu, 1096 – 1135), 5th son
- Wanyan Eluduo,Prince of Bin ( bân vương hoàn nhan ngoa lỗ đóa )
- First Consort, of the Wugulun clan ( nguyên phi ô cổ luận thị )
- Wanyan Zongbi,Prince of Liang ( lương vương hoàn nhan tông bật, d. 19 November 1148), 4th son
- Wanyan Zongqiang,Prince of Wei ( vệ vương hoàn nhan tông cường, d. 1142), 8th son
- Wanyan Zongmin, Prince of Shu ( thục vương hoàn nhan tông mẫn, d. 1150), 9th son
- Consort Chong, of the Xiao clan ( sùng phi tiêu thị, d. 20 September 1150)
- Wanyan Xinilie,Prince of Ji ( kỷ vương hoàn nhan tập nê liệt )
- Wanyan Ningji,Prince of Xi ( tức vương hoàn nhan ninh cát )
- Wanyan Yansun,Prince of Ju ( cử vương hoàn nhan yến tôn )
- Lady Dunuke ( độc nô khả ) - a slave
- Wanyan Wohu, Prince of Ye ( nghiệp vương hoàn nhan oát hốt )
- Unknown:
- Wanyan Wulu ( hoàn nhan ngột lỗ; 21 November 1152), 1st daughter
- Married Tushan Dingge ( đồ đan định ca )
- Married Tushan Gong ( đồ đan cung )
- Princess of Bi ( tất quốc công chủ ), 2nd daughter
- Married Wugulun Elun ( ô cổ luận ngoa luận ) and had issue (one son)
- Princess Wanyan, 3rd daughter
- married Pucha Shijianu ( bồ sát thạch gia nô )[10]
- Wanyan Wulu ( hoàn nhan ngột lỗ; 21 November 1152), 1st daughter
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^And, thus, appears in this form in more old-fashioned literature in English, e.g.Herbert Franke's account inThe Cambridge History of China
- ^Chi-ming Tung, Jiming Dong,An outline history of China,p. 144
- ^Institute of Linguistics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.The Contemporary Chinese Dictionary: Chinese-English Edition.ISBN978-7-5600-3195-8.
- ^Su, Jinyuan ( tô kim nguyên ),Luận hoàn nhan a cốt đả đích chính trị, kinh tế cải cách (Discussion on Wanyan Aguda's political and economic reforms)Archived2020-10-20 at theWayback Machine,p. 1.
- ^Franke, 1997 (I), pp. 153–154
- ^Franke 1997(I), p. 154
- ^abcCHT, pp.224–226
- ^A cốt đả, niêm hãn điêu tượng lạc thànhArchived2007-08-24 at theWayback Machine( "Aguda's and Nianhan's statues completed" ), www.northeast.cn, 2005-09-19 (Including photos of the new statues)
- ^Father ofWanyan Liangwho came to power in 1150 after overthrowing and murdering his predecessor,Emperor Xizong,in a coup d'état.
- ^Aguda's maternal nephew
Sources
[edit]
- Herbert Franke,1997 (I): "Chinese Texts on the Jurchen (I): a Translation of the Jurchen in theSan ch'ao pei-meng hui-pien.Originally published inZantralasiatische Studien 9.Wiesbaden, 1975. Reprinted in: Herbert Franke and Hok-lam Chan, "Studies on the Jurchens and the Chin Dynasty", Variorum Collected Series Studies: CS591, Ashgate, 1997.ISBN0-86078-645-5.(The work whose name is transcribed inWade-GilesasSan ch'ao pei-meng hui-pienisXu Mengxin's (Từ mộng sân) "Collected Accounts of the Treaties with the North under Three Reigns" (Tam triều bắc minh hội biên,pinyin:San chao beimeng huibian). Franke translates and comments on Chapter 3 of this collection, which deals with the history and customs of the Jurchen people).
- Twitchett, Dennis;Franke, Herbert,eds. (1994).The Cambridge History of China, Volume 6: Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.ISBN978-0-521-24331-5.
- Jing-shen Tao,The Jurchen in Twelfth-Century China.University of Washington Press, 1976,ISBN0-295-95514-7.
- Guy Gavriel Kay,River of Starsis set in a fictionalized Liao China during the Jurchen invasion.
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