Okiko(Japanese:Hưng tử),posthumously honored asEmpress Meishō(Minh chính thiên hoàng,Meishō-tennō,January 9, 1624 – December 4, 1696),was the 109thmonarch of Japan,[1]according to the traditionalorder of succession.[2]Her reign lasted from 1629 to 1643.[3]
Meishō lived within theInner Apartmentsof theHeian Palace,as opposed to the section reserved for the women of the Imperial Court. She had no children of her own, and was succeeded by her younger paternal half-brother,Go-Kōmyō.Her name was derived by combining the names of two previous empresses,Empress Genmei(707–715) and her daughterEmpress Genshō(715–724).
Okiko-naishinnōbecame empress following the abdication of her father. The succession (senso) was considered to have been received by the new monarch; and shortly thereafter, Empress Meishō is said to have acceded (sokui).[9][10]The events during her lifetime shed some light on her reign. The years of Meishō's reign correspond with the development and growth of theTokugawa shogunateunder the leadership ofTokugawa Iemitsu.[citation needed]
January 9, 1624:The birth of an Imperial princess who will become known by the posthumous name of Empress Meishō.[11]
1627(Kan'ei6): The "Purple Robe Incident"(Tử y sự kiện,shi-e jiken):Emperor Go-Mizunoo was accused of having bestowed honorific purple garments to more than ten priests despite theshogun's edict which banned them for two years (probably in order to break the bond between the Emperor and religious circles). The shogunate intervened and invalidated the bestowal of the garments.[citation needed]
December 22, 1629(Kan'ei 6, 8th day of the 11th month): The emperor renounced the throne in favor of his daughter.[12]The reign of the new empress was understood to have begun.[11]She was aged 5; and she would grow to become the first woman to occupy the throne sinceEmpress Shōtoku,the 48th sovereign who died in 770.[2]
1633(Kan'ei 10, 20th day of the 1st month): Earthquake in Odawara inSagami Province.[12]
1634(Kanei 11): ShogunTokugawa IemitsuvisitedMiyako;[12]and it is believed that Meishō's father actually ruled in her name until she abdicated in favor of her younger half-brother.[2]
1635(Kanei 12): An ambassador fromKing InjoofKoreais received in Miyako.[12]
1637(Kanei 14): A major rebellion occurs in theArimaandShimabarawith many Christians involved; shogunal forces are sent to quell the disturbance.[12]
1638(Kanei 15): The Arima and Shimabara revolt is crushed; and 37,000 of the rebels are killed. The Christian religion is banned in Japan under pain of death.[12]
1640(Kanei 17): A Spanish ship fromMacaubrought a delegation of 61 people toNagasaki.They arrived on July 6, 1640; and on August 9, all of them were decapitated and their heads were stuck on poles.[12]
1641(Kanei 18): Meishō's half brother, Prince Tsuguhito, was named Crown Prince.[2]
1643(Kanei 20): An ambassador from the King of Korea arrived in Japan.[13]
November 14, 1643(Kanei 20', 29th day of the 9th month): In the 15th year of Meishō- tennō's reign(Minh chính thiên hoàng 15 niên),the empress abdicated;[11]and the succession (senso) was received by her brother.[13]
1643(Kanei 20, 23rd day of the 4th month):Emperor Go-Kōmyōis said to have acceded to the throne (sokui).[13]
Empress Meishō reigned for fifteen years. Although there were seven other reigning empresses, their successors were most often selected from amongst the males of the paternal Imperial bloodline, which is why some conservative scholars argue that the women's reigns were temporary and that male-only succession tradition must be maintained in the 21st century.[14]Empress Gemmei, who was followed on the throne by her daughter, Empress Gensho, remains the sole exception to this conventional argument.[citation needed]
December 4, 1696:The former empress died at age 72.[11]
Kugyō(Công khanh)is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of theEmperor of Japanin pre-Meijieras. Even during those years in which the court's actual influence outside the palace walls was minimal, the hierarchic organization persisted.[citation needed]
In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Meishō's reign, this apex of theDaijō-kanincluded:
Kobayashi, Sadayoshi; Makino, Noboru (1994).Tây hương thị hưng vong toàn sử[Complete History of the Rise and Fall of the Saigo Clan] (in Japanese). Tokyo, Japan: Rekishi Chosakenkyu-jo.
