Epididymal cyst
| Epididymal cyst | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Epidydymal cyst (benign tumor) | |
| Specialty | Urology |
| Symptoms | Scrotal mass and pain.[1] |
| Diagnostic method | Ultrasound.[2] |
Epididymal cystis a harmless sac in thetesticlesfilled with fluid.[2]The most frequent clinical presentation occurs when a routine physical examination yields an unexpected finding, which is then confirmed by scrotalultrasonography.[1]Although the exact cause of epididymal cysts is unknown, it is likely a congenital anomaly associated with hormonal imbalances during the embryonic stage of development.[3]
Signs and symptoms
[edit]An epididymal cyst, a benign cystic fluid collection in thescrotum,usually manifests as a painless swelling on top of thetesticleand can be inadvertently discovered during a physical examination.[2]The most typical clinical findings are scrotal mass and pain.[1]
Causes
[edit]The exact cause of an epididymal cyst is unknown, but it is most likely acongenital anomalyassociated withhormonal imbalancesduring embryonic life.[3]Previous research has shown a correlation between the development of epididymal cysts and maternal exposure to endocrine disrupting substances likediethylstilbestrolduring male fetal development.[4][5]It has been determined that the causes of epididymal cysts in children are vasal or epididymal obstruction and environmental endocrine disruptors.[6][7]There has also been a suggestion that thetesticular dysgenesis syndromemay include an epididymal cyst.[8]
Diagnosis
[edit]Anultrasoundis used to confirm 20–30% of epididymal cysts that are found during a physical examination.[2]
Treatment
[edit]An epididymal cyst usually resolves on its own over time and doesn't need to be surgically removed.[2]Nonetheless, patients who experience excruciating scrotal pain or whose cyst size does not appear to be involute are advised to have their epididymal cysts surgically removed.[3]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^abcHomayoon, Kaveh; Suhre, Chris D.; Steinhardt, George F. (2004). "Epididymal Cysts in Children: Natural History".Journal of Urology.171(3): 1274–1276.doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000110322.87053.99.ISSN0022-5347.PMID14767330.
- ^abcdeBoscarelli, Alessandro; Bellini, Tommaso (2021). "Epididymal cyst in children".European Journal of Pediatrics.180(9): 2723–2729.doi:10.1007/s00431-021-04080-5.ISSN0340-6199.PMID33851241.S2CID233225219.
- ^abcErikci, Volkan; Hoşgör, Münevver; Aksoy, Nail; Okur, Özkan; Yildiz, Melih; Dursun, Ahmet; Demircan, Yusuf; Örnek, Yilmazcan; Genişol, İncinur (2013). "Management of epididymal cysts in childhood".Journal of Pediatric Surgery.48(10). Elsevier BV: 2153–2156.doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2013.01.058.ISSN0022-3468.PMID24094972.
- ^Gill, W.R.; Schumacher, G.F.B.; Bibbo, M. (1977). "Pathological Seman and Anatomical Abnormalities of the Genital Tract in Human Male Subjects Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol in Utero".Journal of Urology.117(4). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 477–480.doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(17)58502-x.ISSN0022-5347.PMID850321.
- ^McLachlan, J. A. (1977). "Prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol in mice: Toxicological studies".Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health.2(3). Informa UK Limited: 527–537.Bibcode:1977JTEH....2..527M.doi:10.1080/15287397709529453.ISSN0098-4108.PMID846001.
- ^Jarvis, LJ; Dubbins, PA (March 1, 1989). "Changes in the epididymis after vasectomy: sonographic findings".American Journal of Roentgenology.152(3). American Roentgen Ray Society: 531–534.doi:10.2214/ajr.152.3.531.ISSN0361-803X.PMID2644777.
- ^Skakkebæk, Niels E. (2002). "Endocrine Disrupters and Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome".Hormone Research in Paediatrics.57(2). S. Karger AG: 43.doi:10.1159/000058100.ISSN1663-2818.PMID12065926.
- ^Skakkebæk, N.E.; Rajpert-De Meyts, E.; Main, K.M. (2001). "Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects: Opinion".Human Reproduction.16(5). Oxford University Press (OUP): 972–978.doi:10.1093/humrep/16.5.972.ISSN1460-2350.PMID11331648.
Further reading
[edit]- Posey, Zachary Q.; Ahn, Hyeong Jun; Junewick, Joseph; Chen, John J.; Steinhardt, George F. (2010). "Rate and Associations of Epididymal Cysts on Pediatric Scrotal Ultrasound".Journal of Urology.184(4S). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 1739–1742.doi:10.1016/j.juro.2010.03.118.ISSN0022-5347.PMID20728143.