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Eric XI of Sweden

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Eric XI
Contemporary bust of King Eric
King of Sweden
Reign1222 – 1229; 1234 – 1250
PredecessorJohn I
SuccessorValdemar
Born1216
Died2 February 1250(1250-02-02)(aged 33–34)
Sweden
SpouseCatherine Sunesdotter
HouseEric
FatherEric X
MotherRicheza of Denmark
King Eric on his gravestone inVarnhem Abbey.
Damaged 13th century bust assumed to be of King Eric

Eric XI Ericsson[A]orEric the Lisp and Lame[1](Swedish:Erik ErikssonorErik läspe och halte;Old Norse:Eiríkr Eiríksson;1216 – 2 February 1250) wasKing of Swedenfrom 1222 to 1229 and again from 1234 to 1250.[2]Being the last ruler of theHouse of Eric,he stood in the shadow of a succession of powerfulJarls,especially his brother-in-lawBirger Jarl,whosedescendantsruled as kings after his death.[3]

Background[edit]

Eric was the son ofEric X of SwedenandRicheza of Denmark.According to the chronicleErikskrönikan,written in the early 1320s, Eric is said to have been partly lame; "King Eric was lisping in his talk / Limping was, as well, his walk".[4]For this reason, later historians referred to him as "Erik the Lisp and Lame" which was apparently not used in his own time. Eric was born after his father, King Eric X, had already died (1216). The fifteen-year-oldJohn Ifrom the rivalHouse of Sverkerwas hailed king by the Swedish aristocracy, while Queen Richeza returned to her Danish homeland where her brotherValdemar Sejrruled.

Eric spent his early youth inDenmark,while Valdemar championed his rights to the Swedish throne and tried to prevent the coronation of John I.Pope Honorius IIIordered three North German bishops to investigate the issue in 1219, however to no avail. John I nevertheless died in 1222, whereby the House of Sverker became extinct in the male line.[5]

First reign[edit]

With no dynastic rivals at hand, the six-year-old Eric was hailed as king, sometime between August 1222 and July 1223. The Archbishop Olof Basatömer supported his cause and appears to have crowned him inSträngnäs Cathedralon 31 July 1223. During the minority of the king, a council was formed, consisting of Bishop Bengt ofSkara,the king's foster father Erengisle Vig, Stenar,Knut Kristinesson,andKnut Holmgersson (Knut the Tall).The two last-mentioned were second cousins of King Eric.[6]In 1225 Eric and his realm were taken under the protection of the Pope. In the same year a brief conflict withNorwayflared up, as KingHåkon Håkonsonmade an incursion intoVärmlandin retaliation for support given to Håkon's Norwegian enemies.[7]The members of the royal council were termedconsiliarii(Swedish:rådsherre), a term that now occurs for the first time in a Swedish context. However, the internal cohesion of the council was weak, and its members were considered notoriously unreliable. Knut Kristinesson went toNorwayin 1226 in order to claim the crown of this country, and Bishop Bengt died in 1228.[8]

In the next year 1229, a feud broke out, as Knut the Tall and a party of nobles, theFolkungParty, rose against the young ruler. The causes are not known, but a wish by some nobles to restrain the power of the Church might have had a role.[9]Eric was overthrown after theBattle of Olustra[sv;no;pt;uk].The battle is believed to have taken place in Olustra (Ostra) inSödermanland,althoughAlvastrainÖstergötlandhas been mentioned as a possible site. After his loss, the young king fled to Denmark where his uncleValdemar Sejrwas still ruling. Knut the Tall was crowned KingCanute II of Swedenin 1231, but his time was short and he died in 1234.[10]

Second reign[edit]

According to a Danish source, Eric returned to Sweden already in 1232, when Canute was still king. The SwedishErikskrönikanon the contrary asserts that he came back after King Canute's death, after a new round of fighting.[11]At any rate Eric was once again accepted as king and ruled until his own death in 1250. At first, he reconciled with the Folkung Party. The FolkungUlf Fase,who had been Jarl of the realm under Canute II, continued to serve in that function under Eric. Ulf Fase was an able politician who managed to prevent feuding between the noble factions for many years. As a king, Eric is depicted inErikskrönikanas good-natured but physically passive:

He liked to strengthen reason and right, and was pleased to care for his own kin. He maintained domestic honour and noble custom, and gave the peasant good peace, He well understood serious matters, but would not care much for tournaments.[12]
17th-century drawing of King Eric's seal

In fact he was relatively insignificant and heavily dependent on stronger men in his entourage; first Ulf Fase and, after his death (1248), the latter's kinsmanBirger Magnusson (Birger Jarl)(d. 1266). They were both scions of the large and influentialBjälbo familyfromÖstergötland,but entertained different political agendas. While Ulf pursued a policy of alliance with the Norwegian king, Birger strove to strengthen royal authority by allying closely with the Catholic Church. In about the late 1230s, King Eric's elder sister Ingeborg was married to Birger, in the latter's first marriage. Birger was purportedly the son of a female heiress of the Sverker dynasty, thus having royal blood.[13]

Eastward expansion[edit]

The rough extent of Swedish rule on Eric's ascension to the throne.

Sweden had a certain presence insouthwest Finlandby the early 13th century, although it is unclear to what extent this translated into political power. A bishopric existed inNousiainenand laterÅbo,which stood under the papal legate of the Baltic region. TheErikskrönikancontains a graphic description of amilitary expeditiontoTavastiafurther to the east that King Eric dispatched in an unspecified year, possibly in 1238–39 or 1249–50. While not literally acrusade,the professed aim was to Christianize still pagan lands. A sizable fleet was assembled under the leadership of Birger and sailed over to Tavastia (a problematic statement since Tavastia is an inland region). According to the highlypropagandistchronicle, the expedition was an unqualified success:

They took their banners and went ashore, The Christians were successful in the war. They let their shields shine all over the land, and so their helmets. They were keen to try their swords on the pagan Tavasts as I expect, they achieved gold and silver and large herds. The Tavasts then ran and were gone, the pagans lost and the Christians won. Anyone who wanted to serve them, and become Christian and accept baptism, they allowed to keep goods and life, and to live in peace without further strife. To any pagan who would not do that, they administered death.[14]

The expedition led to the establishment of a permanent fortress, Tavasteborg, and the formal Christianization of the region. As the chronicle has it, "I think the Russian king lost it".[15]The enterprise is not mentioned in other sources, and its circumstances are hotly debated among modern historians. It is possibly connected to a Swedish foray in theNovgorod Republicin 1240. A fleet of ships commanded by a certain Spiridon and accompanied by a few bishops went up theNeva River,but wereattacked and routedby the Novgorodian princeAlexander Nevsky.Details of the battle are partly legendary, and its significance might have been exaggerated in Russian historiography. According to a 14th-century source, the Swedish leader was a Belgerd, corresponding to Birger, though this may be a later construction.[16]

Renewed domestic feuding[edit]

Internal fighting once again broke out in 1247, shortly before (or possibly after) Ulf Fase's death. The Folkung Party warred with King Eric and Birger, but their peasant allies inUpplandlost theBattle of Sparrsätraand were punished by tightening royal taxation. The Folkung leaderHolmger Knutsson,a son of Canute II, fled toGästriklandbut was captured by Eric's men and beheaded.[17]

Shortly after the defeat of the uprising, Birger was appointed Jarl of the realm. As such he oversaw a clerical meeting inSkänningein February 1248, summoned by the papal legateWilliam of Sabina.On behalf ofPope Innocent IV,he urged the Swedes to stick to canonic-juridical praxis as laid down by Rome. The authority of the bishops was strengthened and Sweden was increasingly incorporated in the Catholic Church.[18]

Family and heirs[edit]

Eric married QueenCatherinein 1243 or 1244. She was the daughter of (Jarl) Sune Folkason of Bjälbo and an heiress of the House of Sverker. In that way the two long-competing royal houses were eventually united. Commonly, sources say that Eric was childless, but some sources claim that he had a couple of baby daughters who died.

Eric XI died on 2 February 1250, and was buried in the monastery ofVarnhem AbbeyinVästergötland.With him theHouse of Ericbecame extinct in the male line, with the possible exception of Canute II's son Filip (d. 1251).[19]Under these circumstances the throne went to the offspring of Birger Jarl and Ingeborg, the more since Birger was now in full control over the realm. Their eldest but still under-age sonValdemarwas elected king in 1250 to succeed Eric, possibly by-passing the sons, to the extent there were such, of Ingeborg's elder sisters.[20]Birger Jarl became the Regent, holding the true power in Sweden until his own death in 1266.Skáldatalreports thatÓláfr Þórðarsonwas one of Eric's courtskalds.

Notes[edit]

  1. ^Referring to Erik the Lisp and Lame as King Eric XI is a later invention, counting backwards fromEric XIV(1560–68). He and his brotherCharles IX(1604–1611) adopted numerals according to afictitious history of Sweden.The number of Swedish monarchs namedEricbefore Eric XIV (at least seven) is unknown, going back intoprehistory,and none of them used numerals. It would be speculative to try to affix a mathematically accurate one to this king.

References[edit]

  1. ^"Kings and Queens of Sweden — A thousand year succession".Royal Court of Sweden. Archived fromthe originalon 10 January 2010.Retrieved28 January2010.
  2. ^Erik "läspe och halte" Eriksson(Historiska personer)Archived10 November 2007 at theWayback Machine
  3. ^Demitz, Jacob Truedson (2020).Centuries of Selfies: Portraits commissioned by Swedish kings and queens.Preface byUlf Sundberg.Stockholm; New York: Vulkan Förlag. pp. 21–22, 105–106, 141.ISBN978-91-89179-63-9.
  4. ^Pipping,Erikskrönikan,pp. 4-5.
  5. ^Bolin, "Erik Eriksson"
  6. ^Knut "långe" Holmgersson(Historiska personer)Archived2007-11-11 at theWayback Machine
  7. ^Line,Kingship and State Formation in Sweden,p. 127.
  8. ^Bolin, "Erik Eriksson",sok.riksarkivet.se; accessed 31 January 2019.(in Swedish)
  9. ^Line,Kingship and State Formation in Sweden,p. 111.
  10. ^Line,Kingship and State Formation in Sweden,pp. 110-13.
  11. ^Pipping,Erikskrönikan,p. 3.
  12. ^Pipping,Erikskrönikan,p. 5.
  13. ^Line,Kingship and State Formation in Sweden,pp. 101, 116.
  14. ^Pipping,Erikskrönikan,p. 8-9.
  15. ^Pipping,Erikskrönikan,p. 10.
  16. ^Line,Kingship and State Formation in Sweden,pp. 442-43; Harrison, "Birger jarl och Aleksandr Nevskij".
  17. ^Line,Kingship and State Formation in Sweden,p. 118.
  18. ^Harrison,Sveriges historia: medeltiden,p. 134-6.
  19. ^He and his father Canute II were probably descendants ofEric the Saint,although the details are not quite certain; Line,Kingship and State Formation in Sweden,p. 568.
  20. ^Ingeborg had at least one, possibly more sisters, though their birth dates or birth order are not known. The sons of her documented sister Sophia (d. 1241) were dukes inMecklenburgbut made no known claims.

Further reading[edit]

  • Bolin, Sture, "Erik Eriksson",Svenskt biografiskt lexikon[1].
  • Harrison, Dick,Sveriges historia: medeltiden(Stockholm: Liber, 2002).
  • Harrison, Dick,Jarlens sekel - En berättelse om 1200-talets Sverige( Stockholm: Ordfront, 2002).ISBN91-7324-999-8
  • Harrison, Dick, "Birger jarl och Aleksandr Nevskij",Svenska DagbladetBlog, 1 May 2011[2].
  • Lagerqvist, Lars O.; Åberg, Nils,Litet lexikon över Sveriges regenter(Boda kyrkby: Vincent förlag, 2004).ISBN91-87064-43-X
  • Lindström, Henrik; Lindström, Fredrik,Svitjods undergång och Sveriges födelse(Stockholm: Albert Bonniers förlag, 2006).ISBN91-0-010789-1.
  • Line, Philip,Kingship and State Formation in Sweden 1130-1290(Leiden: Brill, 2007).
  • Pipping, Rolf (ed.),Erikskrönikan(Uppsala: Almqvist & Wicksell, 1921).

External links[edit]

Erik Eriksson the lisp and the lame
Born:1216Died:2 February 1250
Regnal titles
Preceded by King of Sweden
1222–1229 		Succeeded by
Preceded by King of Sweden
1234–1250 		Succeeded by
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