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Erich Rieger

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Erich Rieger
CitizenshipGermany
Alma materPh.D. (Technical University of Munich)[1]
Known forRieger periodicities
Scientific career
FieldsAstrophysics,Heliophysics,Geophysics
InstitutionsMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
(Garching,Germany)
ThesisInterpretation of the sintering processes in thorium powder compacts(1962)

Erich Otto Ernst Rieger(born 1935 inWürzburg,Germany) is a Germanastrophysicistwho spent his research career at theMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics(MPE) nearMunich.He is notable for his 1984 discovery of theperiodof ~154 days insolar flares.Since the discovery, the period has been confirmed in most heliophysics data in theSolar System,including theinterplanetary magnetic field,and has become known as theRieger period(PR).

Rieger periodicities

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Rieger period

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Rieger and coworkers discovered in 1984 a strong period of ~154 days in hard solar flares, at least since thesolar cycle 19.[2]The period has since been confirmed in most heliophysics data and theinterplanetary magnetic field,and is commonly known as theRieger period.[3]

Rieger-type periodicities

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Besides numerous confirmations of PR,itsresonanceharmonicswere reported as well, including5⁄6PR,2⁄3PR,1⁄2PR,1⁄3PR,and1⁄5PR,i.e., ~128, ~102, ~78, ~51, and ~31 days, calledRieger-type periodicities.[4]Types of data periodic with Rieger cycles includesolar flares,photosphericmagnetic flux,groupsunspot numbers,andprotonspeed. Various longer (1–2 years) modulations also were reported in almost all heliophysics data types. Besides the above mentioned, data types that exhibit long-periodic dynamics include solar flare index,solar radio flux,and others, except for the coronal index and 10.7 cmsolar flux.[5]

So far, these periodicities have been reported in different ranges, depending on data, location, epoch, and methodology, as 155–160 days, 160–165 days, 175–188 days, and 180–190 days.[6]Most of those studies indicate a leading periodicity ranging from 152 to 158 days, which appears to be dominant particularly in the time phase from ~1979–1983, corresponding to thesolar maximumactivity.[7]

Origin of Rieger resonance

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Various proposals exist as to the origin of the underlying resonant process behind PRin the dynamics of Sun-ejected particles and its modulations and harmonics, including possible influences of planetary constellations on the Sun.[8][9]One such report found that a damped periodically forced nonlinear oscillator, which exhibits both periodic and chaotic behavior, can simulate the process described by Rieger periodicities.[10]The entire Rieger resonance was detected in the interplanetary magnetic field as well, includingEarth's vicinity.[11]

Other work

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High-energy solar flares

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In 1989, Rieger provided strong evidence that flares with emissions >10 MeV are visible only near thesolar limb.[12]Gamma-ray-emitting flares are observed from sites located predominantly near the limb of the Sun; this effect was observed for flares detected at energies >0.3 MeV, but it is at energies >10 MeV that the effect is particularly pronounced.[13]Since in both of these cases the bulk of the emission isbremsstrahlungfrom primary electrons, these results imply that the radiating electrons areanisotropic.Thus, the anisotropy could result from the mirroring of the charged particles in the convergent chromospheric magnetic fields.

The emissions are strongly anisotropic, with more emission in the directions tangential to thephotospherethan in directions away from theSun.[14]In order to account for the anisotropy of thegamma-rayemission from high energy solar flares, invoked are electron transport in thecoronal regionand magnetic mirroring of converging magnetic flux tubes beneath thesolar transition region.As the gaseous models of the Sun cannot support the existence of a real surface, another mechanism must act as a surface.

Artificial comet

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Rieger was involved in the MPE early research initiatives, including the firstartificial comet,created by a cloud ofbariumions,and which was released by the German IRM (Ion Release Module) satellite in 1985.[15]

References

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  1. ^"Erich Rieger".Retrieved25 November2021.
  2. ^Rieger, E.; Share, G. H.; Forrest, D. J.; Kanbach, G.; Reppin, C.; Chupp, E. L. (1984). "A 154-day periodicity in the occurrence of hard solar flares?".Nature.312(5995). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 623–625.Bibcode:1984Natur.312..623R.doi:10.1038/312623a0.ISSN0028-0836.S2CID4348672.
  3. ^Chowdhury, Partha; Khan, Manoranjan; Ray, P.C. (8 January 2009)."Intermediate-term periodicities in sunspot areas during solar cycles 22 and 23".Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.392(1). Oxford University Press (OUP): 1159–1180.Bibcode:2009MNRAS.392.1159C.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.14117.x.ISSN0035-8711.S2CID121248083.
  4. ^Dimitropoulou, Michaila; Moussas, Xenophon; Strintzi, Dafni (2008)."Enhanced Rieger type periodicities' detection in X-ray solar flares and statistical validation of Rossby waves' existence".Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union.4(S257). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 159–163.doi:10.1017/s1743921309029226.ISSN1743-9213.S2CID122570191.
  5. ^Forgacs-Dajka, E.; Borkovits, T. (1 January 2007)."Searching for mid-term variations in different aspects of solar activity - looking for probable common origins and studying temporal variations of magnetic polarities".Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.374(1). Oxford University Press (OUP): 282–291.Bibcode:2007MNRAS.374..282F.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.11167.x.ISSN0035-8711.
  6. ^Gurgenashvili, Eka; Zaqarashvili, Teimuraz V.; Kukhianidze, Vasil; Oliver, Ramon; Ballester, Jose Luis; Dikpati, Mausumi; McIntosh, Scott W. (18 August 2017)."North–South Asymmetry in Rieger-type Periodicity during Solar Cycles 19–23".The Astrophysical Journal.845(2). American Astronomical Society: 137.arXiv:1707.08615.Bibcode:2017ApJ...845..137G.doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa830a.ISSN1538-4357.S2CID118807885.
  7. ^Chowdhury, Partha; Kudela, K.; Moon, Y.-J. (7 January 2016). "A Study of Heliospheric Modulation and Periodicities of Galactic Cosmic Rays During Cycle 24".Solar Physics.291(2). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 581–602.Bibcode:2016SoPh..291..581C.doi:10.1007/s11207-015-0832-7.ISSN0038-0938.S2CID124226330.
  8. ^Kurochkin, N. E. (1998). "Transient periodicity in solar activity".Astronomical & Astrophysical Transactions.15(1–4). Informa UK Limited: 277–279.Bibcode:1998A&AT...15..277K.doi:10.1080/10556799808201781.ISSN1055-6796.
  9. ^Abreu, J. A.; Beer, J.; Ferriz-Mas, A.; McCracken, K. G.; Steinhilber, F. (28 November 2012)."Is there a planetary influence on solar activity?".Astronomy & Astrophysics.548.EDP Sciences: A88.Bibcode:2012A&A...548A..88A.doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219997.ISSN0004-6361.
  10. ^Bai, Taeil; Cliver, E. W. (1990). "A 154 day periodicity in the occurrence rate of proton flares".The Astrophysical Journal.363.American Astronomical Society: 299.Bibcode:1990ApJ...363..299B.doi:10.1086/169342.ISSN0004-637X.
  11. ^Cane, H. V.; Richardson, I. G.; von Rosenvinge, T. T. (15 December 1998)."Interplanetary magnetic field periodicity of ~153 days".Geophysical Research Letters.25(24). American Geophysical Union (AGU): 4437–4440.Bibcode:1998GeoRL..25.4437C.doi:10.1029/1998gl900208.ISSN0094-8276.S2CID121571473.
  12. ^Vilmer, Nicole (13 July 2012)."Solar flares and energetic particles".Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.370(1970). The Royal Society: 3241–3268.Bibcode:2012RSPTA.370.3241V.doi:10.1098/rsta.2012.0104.ISSN1364-503X.PMID22665901.S2CID9212696.
  13. ^Ramaty, R., Simnett, G. M. (1991) Accelerated particles in solar flares. In: Sonett, C. P., Giampapa, M. S., Matthews, M. S. (Eds.)The Sun in Time,The University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, pp. 232–259.
  14. ^Miller, James A.; Ramaty, Reuven (1989). "Relativistic electron transport and bremsstrahlung production in solar flares".The Astrophysical Journal.344.American Astronomical Society: 973.Bibcode:1989ApJ...344..973M.doi:10.1086/167865.ISSN0004-637X.
  15. ^Rieger, E. (2013) Explosive rocket men. In:Reflections on 50 years of extraterrestrial research, 1963–2013.Monograph on the occasion of the golden jubilee of the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, pp. 18–21.

Further reading

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