Ernest McFarland
Ernest McFarland | |
|---|---|
 McFarlandc. 1955 | |
| Chief Justice of the Arizona Supreme Court | |
| In office January 1, 1968 – December 31, 1968 | |
| Preceded by | Charles C. Bernstein |
| Succeeded by | Jesse Addison Udall |
| Justice of the Arizona Supreme Court | |
| In office January 4, 1965 – January 4, 1971 | |
| Preceded by | Edward W. Scruggs |
| Succeeded by | James Duke Cameron |
| 10thGovernor of Arizona | |
| In office January 3, 1955 – January 5, 1959 | |
| Preceded by | John Howard Pyle |
| Succeeded by | Paul Fannin |
| Senate Majority Leader | |
| In office January 3, 1951 – January 3, 1953 | |
| Deputy | Lyndon B. Johnson |
| Preceded by | Scott W. Lucas |
| Succeeded by | Robert A. Taft |
| Chairman of the Senate Democratic Caucus | |
| In office January 3, 1951 – January 3, 1953 | |
| Preceded by | Scott W. Lucas |
| Succeeded by | Lyndon B. Johnson |
| United States Senator fromArizona | |
| In office January 3, 1941 – January 3, 1953 | |
| Preceded by | Henry F. Ashurst |
| Succeeded by | Barry Goldwater |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Ernest William McFarland October 9, 1894 Earlsboro,Oklahoma,U.S. |
| Died | June 8, 1984(aged 89) Phoenix,Arizona,U.S. |
| Resting place | Greenwood/Memory Lawn Mortuary & Cemetery Phoenix, Arizona |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouses | Clare Collins
(m.1926; died 1930)Eveland Smith (m.1939) |
| Education | East Central University University of Oklahoma(BA) Stanford University(JD,MA) |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  United States |
| Branch/service |  United States Navy |
| Years of service | 1917–1919 |
| Battles/wars | World War I |
Ernest William McFarland(October 9, 1894 – June 8, 1984) was an American politician, jurist and, withWarren Atherton,one of the "Fathers of theG.I. Bill".He served in all three branches of government, two at the state level, one at the federal level. He was aDemocraticU.S. senatorfromArizonafrom 1941 to 1953 (Majority Leaderfrom 1951 to 1953) before becoming thetenth governor of Arizonafrom 1955 to 1959. Finally, McFarland sat as chief justice on theArizona Supreme Courtin 1968.
Early life
[edit]McFarland was born to William Thomas and Keziah (Smith) McFarland on October 9, 1894, in alog cabinon his family's farm inPottawatomie County, Oklahoma,nearEarlsboro.[1]When he was eight his family moved toOkemahfor a year, before returning to Earlsboro. This had the effect of delaying McFarland's education for a year, for Okemah at that time had no schools.[2]As a result, he graduated from Earlsburg High School in 1914.[3]
After high school, McFarland enrolled atEast Central State Normal SchoolinAda, Oklahoma.[4]He completed the required work for a temporaryteaching certificateafter onequarter.In late 1914 and early 1915, McFarland taught in a one-room school inSchoolton, Oklahoma,to raise funds for his education.[5]He then returned to East Central and taught mathematics at Ada High School to pay for his education.[6]Meanwhile, he was active in his school'sdebating societiesand began a friendship withRobert S. Kerr,who was a member of the same debate club.[6]McFarland completed his studies at East Central in mid-1915, and left the school with a lifetime teaching certificate.[7]
After East Central, McFarland enrolled at theUniversity of Oklahoma.[3]Working various part-time jobs, he initially studied mathematics with the intention of having a career in education. After a year he changed majors topre-law.Studying at an accelerated rate, McFarland graduated with abachelor's degreeon June 5, 1917.[7]
Following his graduation, McFarland enlisted in theU.S. Navysoon after theUS entered World War I.[8]He entered the military on December 11, 1917, as aseaman second classand was assigned to theGreat Lakes Naval Training Station.The climate on the shore ofLake Michigandid not agree with him, and he was admitted to a naval hospital on March 3, 1918, as suffering frompneumonia.[9]McFarland spent the next several months in the hospital dealing with a variety of problems, includingpericarditis,emphysema,andpleurisy.[10]It was not until early 1919 that he had recovered enough for a navy medical board to recommend he receive anhonorable discharge,which became effective on January 31, 1919.[11]
Early career
[edit]After leaving the navy, McFarland returned to Oklahoma for a short time before he decided to move toArizona.[12]He arrived inPhoenixon May 10, 1919, and after several days found employment at a local bank.[8][13]Seeing little opportunity for advancement at the bank, he applied to theStanford University Law School.Before leaving to begin classes, he filed for a 160 acres (65 ha)homesteadnearCasa Grande.[14]McFarland would later refer to the land as his "jackrabbitfarm ".[15]
McFarland attended law school for four quarters before he took a break. His parents and younger brother had moved to Arizona.[16]At the time, Stanford recommended all law students to spend a quarterinterningat a legal office. Feeling homesick after a year inCalifornia,McFarland worked at the Phoenix office of Phillips, Cox, and Phillips.[17]He was legal clerk for future Arizona GovernorJohn Calhoun Phillips.[8]
McFarland was also introduced to a variety of figures within the Arizona political establishment.[17]At the completion of his internship, he returned to Stanford. McFarland completed work on hisJuris Doctorin the summer quarter in 1922.[18]In addition, he had completed the class work for aMasters of Artsdegree inpolitical science.[17]McFarland was admitted to the Arizona Bar later that year.[4]
Upon graduation from law school, McFarland moved to Casa Grande to "prove up" his homestead claim and open his first legal practice.[19]The Arizona economy was doing poorly, and he found little legal work.[18]He dealt with the lack of work by becoming involved in politics.[19]McFarland worked forGeorge W. P. Hunt's campaign during the 1922 governor's race.[20]After Hunt won the election, McFarland received an appointment as assistantattorney general.[21]
In mid-1924, he returned to Stanford to complete work on his master's degree.[22]Later that year he was electedcounty attorneyforPinal County.As state law required the county attorney to reside in thecounty seat,McFarland moved toFlorence.He served three two-year terms in that position.[8]
McFarland married Clair Collins on January 1, 1926.[23]The couple had initially met at a Christmas party at Stanford in 1919.[14]They had corresponded after their initial meeting, and by the time McFarland was elected, Collins was working at a teacher at Florence's high school. The couple had a son, William Ernest, in 1927 and a daughter, Jean Clair, in February 1929. William became ill and died several days before his sister's birth, and Jean died two days after her birth.[23]
McFarland's wife suffered from depression following the loss of their two children.[8]She showed signs of improvement in 1930 as the couple expected a third child. The third child, Juliette, wasstillborn,and Clare McFarland developedpostpartumcomplications, which led to her death on December 12, 1930.[24]
By February 1930, McFarland represented the state duringEva Dugan's final appeal before her execution, a task that he found very unpleasant.[23][25]Shortly afterwards, he decided that he was tired of being a prosecutor.[25]Instead, McFarland ran for a seat on theSuperior Court in Pinal Countybut lost the race to the incumbent, Judge E. L. Green, by 1464 to 1358.[24]
Upon leaving office as county attorney, McFarland joined with his chief assistant, Tom Fulbright, to found the law office of McFarland and Fulbright.[8]The practice gained public recognition when McFarland won an appeal that determinedWinnie Ruth Juddto be insane, but its primary area of effort waswater law.[26]
Despite the success of his legal practice, McFarland still wished to become a judge.[27]He ran a second time in 1934, defeated E. L. Green 2543 to 1542 in theprimary,and was unopposed in thegeneral election.[28]In 1935, McFarland was sworn in, and he sat on the bench for the next six years.[8][4]
As his workload in Pinal County was light, he accepted cases from other parts of the state, which allowed him to sit on the bench in every county in the state and to gain experience in issues in all parts of the state.[28]As a judge, his rulings were well respected, and he was overturned on appeal only three times.[28]
While on the bench, McFarland became romantically involved with a widow, Edna Eveland Smith, who had a young daughter, Jewell.[29]She taught history and mathematics at Florence High School until the couple married[30]inTucsonon June 1, 1939.[31]McFarland also adopted his wife's daughter.[32]
US Senator
[edit]McFarland considered a run for a seat in theUS House of Representativesfollowing the resignation ofIsabella Greenwayand was repeatedly encouraged to run forArizona Attorney General.Realizing that he lacked the resources for a statewide campaign, he did not run for those offices.[33]
During the Senate election of 1940, McFarland counted on voters in Phoenix and Tucson to oppose any candidate from the other city.[30]He toured the state and reacquainted himself to various political leaders he had met during his time on the bench, but he waited to announce his intentions to run.[30]McFarland's late entry did not hurt him, for he won the primary by nearly two-to-one and defeated the incumbent,Henry F. Ashurst.[30]He went on to win the general election and took office in January 1941.[4]
His initial committee assignments were toIndian Affairs,Interstate Commerce,Irrigation and Reclamation,Judiciary,andPensions.[30]Shortly after arriving in the Senate, SenatorGerald Nyeconvinced the Senate to create acommittee looking into use of propaganda by the radio and motion picture industries.[30]SenatorBurton K. Wheelerrecommended McFarland be placed on Nye's committee under the assumption the freshman senator "would keep his mouth shut".[30]
Instead of remaining silent, McFarland became an outspoken critic of the committee and pointed out many accusations against films were being made by individuals who had not seen any of the films in question. McFarland gained national attention for his actions on the committee, with most of the nation viewing him favorably.[30]
As a member of the Communications subcommittee, McFarland was involved in hearings dealing with the impact of developments in airmail, radio, telephones, and teletypes to the nation's telegraph services. The US telegraph market was dominated byPostal Telegraphand Western Union. Postal had been borrowing money from theReconstruction Finance Corporationto maintain its infrastructure even though it was becoming obvious that Postal would be unable to pay back the loans. Those dealings with the FCC led McFarland to develop an interest in communications.[30]
McFarland's experience inWorld War Iled him to take an interest in the welfare of the troops duringWorld War II.[30]Arguing that many members of the military had left jobs, families, and schools to fight during the war, McFarland sponsored theG.I. Billas a means to assisting soldiers and sailors as they transitioned back into civilian life.[34]
McFarland was re-elected to the Senate in 1946[4]and received an honoraryL.L.D.from theUniversity of Arizonain 1950.[35]
In 1950, the Democratic membership of the Senate formed a 12-person team to ensure that at least one member of their party was on the floor of the Senate whenever the Senate was in session. That was done to ensure that the Democratic membership could be called to the floor if ever a vote was to be taken. McFarland was selected leader of the team and found it easier to remain on the floor himself than to find others to take the duty.[36]
During the 1950 election, the two leading candidates for Democratic majority leader lost their re-election bids. With other members of his party appreciative of his efforts, McFarland was encouraged to run for a leadership position in January 1951.[36]
McFarland was selected to be Senate Majority Leader for the82nd Congress.[37]As majority leader, McFarland hosted a monthly lunch meeting to which he invited all committee chairmen and all freshmen senators. He used the informal setting as a forum to conduct a variety of Senate business.[36]
For two years, McFarland had sat next toHarry Trumanwhile they were both in the Senate. Both men then friends during this time, a situation that made it easy for the Senate Majority Leader to work with Truman after he became president.[36]McFarland believed it was part of his duty as majority leader to inform the president of an accurate view of what his fellow senators felt:[36]"I never hesitated to present views contrary to those of the President in our conferences. As I've said before, I think that too frequently, the President is only told things people think he wants to hear. I would like to emphasize that it is not pleasant to present a view contrary to that of the President in such conferences."[36]He felt that his duties as majority leader were separate from those of representing the interests of his constituents.[36]
He spoke before Appropriations Committee to ask for funds to bring water from theColorado Riverto central Arizona.[36]He became an expert on water law because of his efforts on Irrigation and Reclamation Committee.[36]He lost to RepublicanBarry Goldwaterin the 1952 Senate elections. (This was the last time a Senate party leader lost a bid for reelection until 2004, whenJohn ThunedefeatedTom Daschlein South Dakota.)
Governor
[edit]
McFarland was electedgovernor of Arizonain 1954 and re-elected in 1956. He worked with members of the Bureau of Reclamation to pick a location for theGlen Canyon Dam,and he emphasized education during his two terms in office.
Television venture
[edit]Shortly after he returned from the Senate, he bought a 40 percent stake in the Arizona Television Company, a group seeking to build the lastVHFcommercialtelevision stationin Phoenix. McFarland had long been intrigued by the still-new medium.
In 1955, shortly after he had become governor, McFarland and his group openedKTVK,Phoenix's fourth television station. He chose the call letters "because TV would be our middle name." He bought full control of the station in 1977. KTVK was theABCaffiliate for much of Arizona until 1995 and then became one of the nation's most successful independent stations. It remained in the hands of McFarland's family until 1999.
Return to law
[edit]McFarland tried unsuccessfully to unseat Goldwater in the Senate elections of 1958. After serving as governor, he returned to his law practice and was elected justice of the Arizona Supreme Court in 1964. He took part inMiranda v. Arizonaand served as chief justice in 1968, thus completing a political "grand slam".
Later life
[edit]
In his mid-1970s, McFarland served as director of theFederal Home Loan Bank of San Franciscoand president of the Arizona Television Company. He died in Phoenix and is buried in that city'sGreenwood/Memory Lawn Mortuary & Cemetery.
Legacy
[edit]There is now a monument at theArizona State Capitolhonoring him as the "Father of the G.I. Bill." Also, theMcFarland State Historic ParkinFlorence, Arizona,contains a preservedcourthouseand other buildings from when Arizona was just a territory in 1878. McFarland purchased and donated them to theArizona State Parks Board.
References
[edit]- ^McMillan 2006,pp. 3, 6.
- ^McMillan 2006,p. 11.
- ^abKroman 1989,p. 99.
- ^abcdeGoff 1983,p. 66.
- ^McMillan 2006,p. 13.
- ^abMcMillan 2006,p. 14.
- ^abMcMillan 2006,p. 15.
- ^abcdefgKroman 1989,p. 101.
- ^McMillan 2006,p. 16.
- ^McMillan 2006,pp. 16–7.
- ^McMillan 2006,p. 17.
- ^McFarland 1979,p. 18.
- ^McMillan 2006,p. 20.
- ^abMcMillan 2006,p. 22.
- ^McFarland 1979,p. 27.
- ^McMillan 2006,p. 23.
- ^abcMcMillan 2006,p. 24.
- ^abMcMillan 2006,p. 25.
- ^abMcFarland 1979,p. 28.
- ^McMillan 2006,p. 26.
- ^McMillan 2006,p. 27.
- ^McMillan 2006,p. 28.
- ^abcMcMillan 2006,p. 33.
- ^abMcMillan 2006,p. 37.
- ^abMcFarland 1979,p. 33.
- ^McMillan 2006,p. 46.
- ^McFarland 1979,p. 37.
- ^abcMcMillan 2006,p. 49.
- ^McMillan 2006,pp. 50–1.
- ^abcdefghijKroman 1989,p. 102.
- ^McMillan 2006,p. 51.
- ^McMillan 2006,p. 52.
- ^McFarland 1979,p. 42.
- ^Kroman 1989,pp. 102, 4.
- ^McFarland 1979,pp. 23–4.
- ^abcdefghiKroman 1989,p. 104.
- ^"McFarland Gets Top Senate Post In New Congress".The Spartanburg Herald.Spartanburg, SC. January 3, 1951. p. 1.
- Goff, John S. (1983).Arizona Biographical Dictionary.Cave Creek, AZ: Black Mountain Press.OCLC10740532.
- Kroman, Karen K. (1989). "Ernest W. McFarland". In Myers, John L. (ed.).The Arizona governors, 1912–1990.Phoenix, AZ: Heritage Publishers. pp. 99–108.ISBN0-929690-05-2.
- McFarland, Ernest W. (1979).Mac: The Autobiography of Ernest W. McFarland.OCLC6195020.
- McMillan, James E. (Winter 1994). "Father of the GI Bill: Ernest W. McFarland and Veterans' Legislation".The Journal of Arizona History.35(4). Arizona Historical Society: 357–376.JSTOR41696204.
- McMillan, James E. (2006).Ernest W McFarland: Majority Leader of the United States Senate and Governor and Chief Justice of the State of Arizona.Prescott, AZ: Sharlot Hall Museum Press.ISBN0-927579-23-5.
- "Ernest W. McFarland".Stanford Law Review.29(5): 891–892. May 1977.doi:10.2307/1228138.JSTOR1228138.
External links
[edit]- McFarland State Historic Park
- McFarland Collection of historic documentsArchivedFebruary 9, 2019, at theWayback Machine
- Arizona State Capitol MonumentArchivedSeptember 5, 2019, at theWayback Machine
- Congress Biography
- Biography from the Senate
| Class 1 |  | |
|---|---|---|
| Class 3 | ||
| ||
| ||
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| People | |
| Other | |
- 1894 births
- 1984 deaths
- 20th-century American judges
- 20th-century American lawyers
- 20th-century American politicians
- American people of Scottish descent
- Chief justices of the Arizona Supreme Court
- Democratic Party governors of Arizona
- Democratic Party United States senators from Arizona
- East Central University alumni
- Justices of the Arizona Supreme Court
- Lawyers from Phoenix, Arizona
- Military personnel from Oklahoma
- People from Casa Grande, Arizona
- People from Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma
- Politicians from Phoenix, Arizona
- Stanford University alumni
- United States Navy personnel of World War I
- United States Navy sailors
- University of Oklahoma alumni