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Sex in film

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This article is about sex in mainstream film. For pornographic films, seePornographic film.
See also:Nudity in film
The Kiss(1896) contained what was regarded as the very first sex scene on film, drawing the general outrage of movie goers, civic leaders, and religious leaders, as utterly shocking,obsceneand completely immoral.

Sex in film,the presentation of aspects ofsexualityinfilm,especially human sexuality, has been controversial since the development of the medium. Films which display or suggest sexual behavior have been criticized by religious groups or have been banned or censored by governments, although attitudes have changed much along the years and a more permissive social environment has developed in certain parts of the world, notably inEurope,North America,AustraliaandNew Zealand.In countries with afilm rating system,films which contain explicit sex scenes typically receive a restricted classification.Nudity in filmmay be regarded as sexual or as non-sexual.

Anerotic filmis usually a film that has aneroticquality, meaning that it may arousesexualfeelings,[1]even if the stated or suggested intention of the film maker is to induce philosophical contemplation concerning theaestheticsof sexual desire, sensuality andromantic love.

Terminology

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Sex in film can be distinguished from a sex film, which usually refers to a pornographic sex film and sometimes to asex educationfilm. It should also be distinguished from nudity in film, though nudity can be presented in a sexualized context. For example,nudityin the context ofnaturismwould normally be regarded as non-sexual. Some people distinguish between "gratuitous sex" and sex scenes which are presented as integral to a film's plot or as part of the character development.

Sex scenes are the main feature of pornographic films. Insoftcorefilms, sexuality is less explicit.Eroticfilms are suggestive of sexuality, but need not contain nudity.

History

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Love scenes, erotic or not, have been present in films since thesilent eraofcinematography.Films that include sex or erotic scenes are to be found in a wide range of genres and sub-genres, with genres that have a sexual or erotic component typically including the term "erotic" in its description – such as erotic dramas,erotic thrillers,sex comedies,coming-of-age films,romantic dramas,besides others. Apornographic film,on the other hand, is a sex film which does not usually claim any artistic merit, but intends to provoke sexual arousal in the spectators and as such is mainly intended for so called "mature audiences", meaning adults. Some well known actors and actresses in Western countries have performed nude or partial nude scenes, or have dressed and behaved in ways considered sexually provocative bycontemporary standardsat some point in their careers. One famous case in point was American actressMarilyn Monroe,who early in her career in the film industry performed in sexually explicit short films (never widely circulated to the general public) before taking roles in films which did not require her to display sexual activity, but only that she could pose as a sexually attractive female. Her image has become an icon of American popular culture.[citation needed]

During theGolden Age of Pornbetween 1969 and 1984, severalAmerican pornographicfilms were released theatrically and received relatively positive attention from movie critics and the general public.[2][3]By the early 1980s, the rise ofhome videogradually led to the end of the era when people went to movie theaters to watch pornography.[4]

Sex is especially prevalent in theerotic thrillergenre which peaked in popularity in the 1990s.[5]A study published in May 2024 found that sex in feature films had declined dramatically since the year 2000. The study's author theorized that this could be due to changing audience tastes and social norms, the rising importance ofglobal marketconsiderations, the proliferation ofinternet pornographyand increased sensitivity to actors' working conditions.[6]

Production

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See also:Nudity clause

To minimize risk and conflict, and because an actor can feel vulnerable shooting a sex scene, agreements are signed prior to filming. Therein, specific terms of each sex scene are negotiated, including details of the sex scenes and the surroundings of the studio when the sex scenes will be shot. These "nudity riders" are written contracts commonly used by movie and television shows that intend to film sex ornude scenes.[7]These agreements can include very detailed descriptions such as how much the actors have to be nude, i.e. nude or semi-nude, and information on their attire. An agreement may stipulate that while an intimate scene is being shot, only people associated with the scene or material can remain. Also, whether photographs can be taken, and if these are to be used in the promotion of the film. Use of abody double,a person replacing the performer, is also regulated, as is the consequences of a performer agreeing to a nude scene but later deciding against doing it. The agreements apply to auditions too.

To tackle the physical and psychological safety of the actors involved in sex scenes, Intimacy Directors International (IDI),[8]a not for profit organization, was established. According to IDI, IDI provides anintimacy coordinatorwho works with actors and does following:

  1. Work professionally with actors to set rules when they engage in any type of sex scenes that includes simulated sex, nudity, and intimate scenes.
  2. They are a bridge between actors and producers.
  3. Direct scenes containing simulated sex, nudity and physical intimacy.
  4. Support actors and advocate for them.

Production companies may hire an intimacy coordinator in the following situations:

  • if an actor needs help in dealing with sensitive material.
  • if the director needs help directing a sex scene.
  • if the production company wants to make specific rules for the actors to feel safer.

Since the 2010s, film and TV productions increasingly employ intimacy coordinators to ensure the wellbeing of actors who participate in sex scenes, and to help prevent harassment and violations of consent.[9]

Europe

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Pedro Almodóvarof Spain is a prolific director who has included eroticism in many of his movies.Tinto Brassof Italy has dedicated his career to bringing explicit sexuality into mainstream cinema. His films are also notable forfeminist-friendly eroticism.[citation needed]French filmmakerCatherine Breillatcaused controversy withunsimulated sexin her filmsRomance(1999) andAnatomy of Hell(2004). In Italy, nudity and strong sexual themes go back to the silent era with films such asThe Last Days of Pompeii(1926).Lars von Trierof Denmark has included explicit/unsimulated sex scenes in some of his films, such asBreaking the Waves(1996),The Idiots(1998),Manderlay(2005),Antichrist(2009), andNymphomaniac(2013). He is also a co-founder of film companyPuzzy Power,a subsidiary of hisZentropa,with the goal of producinghardcorepornographic filmsfor women.Blue is the Warmest Colour(2013) sparked an international firestorm over its frank depiction of sexuality between two young women, yet managed to win thePalme d'Or,the highest prize awarded at the prestigiousCannes Film Festivalin May 2013.Love(2015) contains many explicit unsimulated sex scenes. The Finnishblack comedyfilmDogs Don't Wear Pants(2019) presents the viewer with a dive into the dark-toned world ofBDSM.[10]

United States

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Lorna(1964) was the first ofRuss Meyer's films where the leading actress,Lorna Maitland,was selected on the basis of her largebreastsize.

The inclusion in film of any form of sexuality has been controversial since the development of the medium.Kissing in films,for example, was initially considered by some to be scandalous.The Kiss(1896) contained a kiss, which was regarded as a sex scene and drew general outrage from movie goers, civic leaders, and religious leaders, as utterly shocking,obsceneand completely immoral. One contemporary critic wrote, "The spectacle of the prolonged pasturing on each other's lips was beastly enough in life size on the stage but magnified to gargantuan proportions and repeated three times over it is absolutely disgusting."[11]The Catholic Church called for censorship and moral reform – because kissing in public at the time could lead to prosecution.[12]Perhaps in defiance of the righteous indignation and "to spice up a film", the film was followed by many kiss imitators, includingThe Kiss in the Tunnel(1899) andThe Kiss(1900). Other producers would take the criticism on board, or in mock of the standard, and use an implicit kiss, which would be obstructed from view just as the lips would touch, such as shielding a possible kiss by placing say a hat in front of the actors' faces, or fading to grey just as a kiss is to take place, etc.[citation needed]

The display of cleavage created controversy. For example, producerHoward HughesdisplayedJane Russell's cleavage inThe Outlaw(1943) and inThe French Line(1953), which was found objectionable under theHays Codebecause of Russell's "breast shots in bathtub, cleavage and breast exposure" while some of herdecolletegowns were regarded to be "intentionally designed to give a bosom peep-show effect beyond even extreme decolletage".[13]Both films were condemned by theNational Legion of Decencyand were released only in cut versions.

The selection of actresses for a role on the basis of their breast size is controversial and has been described as contributing tobreast fetishism,[14]but has proved to be a draw card. Producers such asRuss Meyerproduced films which featured actresses with large breasts.Lorna(1964) was the first of his films where the main female part, played byLorna Maitland,was selected on the basis of breast size. The producers and exhibitors of the film were prosecuted for obscenity in several US states. Other large breasted actresses used by Meyer includeKitten Natividad,Erica Gavin,Tura Satana,andUschi Digardamong many others. The majority of them were naturally large breasted and he occasionally cast women in their first trimesters of pregnancy to enhance their breast size even further.[15]Author and directorWilliam Rotslersaid: "withLornaMeyer established the formula that made him rich and famous, the formula of people filmed at top hate, top lust, top heavy. "[16]

Blue Movie(1969), directed byAndy Warhol,[17][18][19]was the firstadult erotic filmdepicting explicitsexto receive wide theatrical release in theUnited States.[17][18][19]Blue Movieis a seminal film in theGolden Age of Pornand, according to Warhol, a major influence in the making ofLast Tango in Paris(1972), an internationally controversial erotic drama film.[19]Another explicit adult film of that period wasMona the Virgin Nymph(1970), that contained a number ofunsimulatednon-penetrative sexscenes. UnlikeBlue Movie,however,Monahad aplot.[20]To forestall legal problems, the film was screened without credits. The producer ofMona,Bill Osco,went on to produce other adult films,[21]such asFlesh Gordon(1974),Harlot(1971), andAlice in Wonderland(1976).

Boys in the Sand(1971)[22]was an Americangay pornographicfilm,[23]the first gay porn film to include credits, to achieve crossover success, to be reviewed byVariety,[24]and one of the earliest porn films, afterBlue Movie[17][18][25][26]to gain mainstream credibility, precedingDeep Throat(1972).

By genre

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In North American films, erotic films may be primarilycharacter drivenorplot driven,with considerable overlap. Most dramas center around character development, such asSteven Shainberg'sSecretary(2002). Comedy films, especially romantic comedies and romantic dramas, tend toward character interaction. Mystery films, thrillers, drama and horror films tend toward strong plots and premises.[27]Others combine both strong plots and characters.[27][28]

Erotic thrillers

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Erotic thrillersare a popular American erotic subgenre, with films such asDressed to Kill(1980),Angel Heart(1987),Basic Instinct(1992),Single White Female(1992),Color of Night(1994),Wild Things(1998),Eyes Wide Shut(1999), andThe Boy Next Door(2015).[27]In some films, the development of a sexual relationship (or even aone-night stand) is often used to create tension in the storyline, especially if the people involved should not be sleeping together, such as inOut of Sight(1998), where aU.S. Marshalhas sex with the criminal she is pursuing.

Horror

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Inhorror films,sex is often used to 'mark' characters that are doomed to die. Characters that engage in sex acts are often the first to be claimed by the antagonist(s), or will die shortly after their sex scene or (sometimes) in the middle of it. This convention of it being bad luck to have sex in a horror film is notably illustrated in theFriday the 13thfilm series, where supernatural villainJason Voorheestakes a special dislike to teenagers and young adults having sex because, as a young boy, he drowned in a lake while the camp counselors who should have been supervising him were having sex.

In some interpretations of this "rule", the sex acts themselves directly cause the character's demise. InCabin Fever,a man catches the deadly illness because a woman who was infected (but not yet symptomatic) seduces and has impulsive sex with him. They do not use acondombecause the careless woman believes she is healthy. Ironically, the woman (and the audience) only realize that she is infected because of red welts that are brought out by their rough lovemaking.Species(1995) and its sequels also feature many sexual deaths as virtually every human who mates with an alien in the franchise subsequently dies – female aliens kill human suitors regardless of whether they have poor genes, resist the alien's advances, or mate successfully. Human women who mate with alien men die shortly after sex as their abdomens burst during the unnaturally rapid pregnancy that always follows.

Most times in horror movies thetypical survivoris a young girl who is still a virgin. In the filmScream,which satirizes horror movies, this rule is somewhat broken as the characterRandy Meekspoints out that one of the rules of horrors is to not have sex. In an intersecting scene, the film's mainprotagonistSidney Prescottloses her virginity to Billy Loomis. After they finish, Billy is stabbed byGhostfaceand Sidney is then chased. Randy himself survives a gunshot wound at the end of the film because, as he explains, he is a virgin. However, he dies in the sequel,Scream 2,after which it is revealed that he lost his virginity sometime prior to his death.

Mexico

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In Mexico, many comedy films are based on sex, typically portraying men as unstoppable sex-seeking creatures and women as willing targets. Although the number of such comedies waned during the 1990s, domestic servants, bar workers, dancers and neighbors' wives continue to be depicted as potentially willing sexual partners.[citation needed]The filmsLa Tarea(1991),Miracle Alley(1995) andY Tu Mamá También(2001) are some of the most important examples of this.[according to whom?]

India

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Theentertainment industryis an important part of modern India, and is expressive ofIndian societyin general. Historically, both films andtelevisionlacked any frank depiction of sex. Even kissing scenes, for example, were banned by Indian film censors until late 1990s.[29]Since then, the entertainment industry has liberalized and someBollywoodfilms in the 2000s featured kissing scenes, butCentral Board of Film Certification's prohibitions against original nudity still continues, with many ofBollywoodstars refusing to do sex scenes.[30]On the other hand, implied rape scenes or scenes showingsexual assaultwere common until approximately the early 2000s.[31]With the entry ofover-the-top streaming servicessuch asNetflixandAmazon Prime Video,Art filmsand foreign films containing sexuality are, however, watched by Indians—their reach being limited to more liberal crowds.[32]

Taiwan

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A 2007 Taiwanese film titledLust, Cautionby directorAng Leeincluded multiple graphic sex scenes. The scenes were edited out for release in China and initially for Singapore, and were shown intact in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Malaysia, as well as elsewhere.

Television

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Manydrama series,and daytimesoap operasare based around sex. This commonly revolves around the development of personal relationships of the main characters, with a view of creatingsexual tensionin the series.

Partial nudity was considered acceptable on daytime television in the 1970s but disappeared after 2000, partly due to more conservative morals,[33][failed verification]and also to the prevalence of cable and satellite subscriptions. OnlyPBSoccasionally features nudity.

In 2008 and 2009, the French TV channelCanal+featured a series titledX Femmes(French forX Women), which consisted of ten short films shot by female directors with the goal of producing erotica from a female point of view.

Same-sex scenes in media

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Since approximately 2010, many mainstream films have shownsexual scenes between women.There have been various films which have been made which mainly focus on exploring the relationship between women. Because of the limited films featuring same-sex sex scenes before 2010s, researchers were unable to research people's views on the intimate scenes between women. In 2016, researchers Maria T. Soto-Sanfiel and Adriana Ibiti created a report on pleasurable sensations created by watching sexual scenes between women. People, includingheterosexualindividuals, reported that the scenes had different effects on theirsexual arousal.The reasons were different for everyone who identified themselves as either heterosexual orhomosexual,male or female. Lesbian women said that it brought back memories of their own experience and created pleasurable sensations while watching it.[34]Heterosexual women said that they got the same pleasurable sensations as watching heterosexual sex scenes. Heterosexual men related the scenes to their memories of pornography. French filmBlue Is the Warmest Colour,directed byAbdellatif Kechiche,was released in October 2013. The film is about a high school student Adele who lusts after art student Lea and falls in love with her. The film explores the lesbian relationship between them and their transformation as characters. To showcase their developing characters, the three-hour long film contained almost ten minutes of sexual scenes between them. These scenes were so long that even heterosexual scenes in movies have not exceeded the length. The scenes were shot in a close-up manner, showing great detail with bold and intimate camera angles.[34]Many critics expressed that if it was not a film, the sex scenes would be close topornography.The sex scenes were controversial and received mixed reviews. France set the age limit to 12 years, Singapore 21 years, and Brazil opposed to printBlu-rays.The movie earned around $20 million in US and Europe. It was shown at theCannes Film Festivaland awarded thePalme d'Or,along with many other international awards.[citation needed]

Carol,directed byTodd Haynesand released in November 2015, also caught much attention. Set during Christmas in 1952, it tells the story of a young woman named Therese Belivet (played byRooney Mara) falling in love with an older woman named Carol Aird (played byCate Blanchett). It includes 3 minutes of sex scenes between Carol and Therese. They were carefully shot with the actors shown half nude, avoiding explicit scenes.[35]Haynes, while talking about the production of the sex scenes, said that actors pretend that they are not nervous, adding: "But they are. So I try to create an environment that's comfortable and predictable. You set your shots, get rid of people that don't need to be there - and then you basically just go."[36]In the past, sex scenes between same-sex couple not only made the actors uncomfortable, but they were also stigmatized, considered shocking or even immoral. However, this has changed greatly and many films about same-sex relationships have been made.[citation needed]

There is also an increasing focus on gay male relationships in cinema. An Italian filmCall Me by Your Name,directed byLuca Guadagnino,was released in January 2017. Set in the summer of 1983, the film is about a 17-year-old American-Jewish man, named Elio (played byTimothee Chalamet), forming a relationship with a 24-year old graduate student Oliver.[37]

See also

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References

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  1. ^"Eroticism".Merriam-Webster.Retrieved7 August2011.
  2. ^Paasonen, Susanna; Saarenmaa, Laura (July 19, 2007).The Golden Age of Porn: Nostalgia and History in Cinema(PDF).RetrievedApril 30,2017.
  3. ^DeLamater, John;Plante, Rebecca F., eds. (June 19, 2015).Handbook of the Sociology of Sexualities.Springer. p. 416.ISBN9783319173412.RetrievedApril 30,2017.
  4. ^Nitke Barbara,in"American Ecstasy: The Photography of Barbara Nitke and The Golden Age of Pornography".AtomicLegdropZine.wordpress.com/. February 4, 2014. Archived fromthe originalon May 27, 2014.RetrievedJune 13,2014.
  5. ^Follows, Stephen (17 April 2022)."Are 'erotic thrillers' dying out?".Retrieved3 May2024.
  6. ^Follows, Stephen (May 2, 2024)."Why is sex in movies declining?".Retrieved3 May2024.
  7. ^Firemark, Gordon (2015-11-02)."Nudity Riders - What they are, why you need them".Entertainment Law Offices of Gordon P. Firemark.Retrieved2019-11-20.
  8. ^"Our Organization".intimacydirection.Retrieved2019-11-20.
  9. ^Martinelli, Marissa (29 October 2018)."HBO Will Use" Intimacy Coordinators "for All of Its Sex Scenes".Slate Magazine.Retrieved29 October2018.
  10. ^Mark Kermode:Dogs Don't Wear Pantsreview – darkly humorous BDSM tale.The Guardian,22 March 2020.
  11. ^"The Chap-book".Stone and Kimball. February 23, 1896 – via Google Books.
  12. ^"Sex in Cinema: Pre-1920s Greatest and Most Influential Erotic / Sexual Films and Scenes".www.filmsite.org.
  13. ^Doherty, Thomas & Doherty, Thomas Patrick (2007).Hollywood's censor: Joseph I. Breen & the Production Code Administration.Columbia University Press. p.310.ISBN978-0-231-14358-5.
  14. ^Latteier, Carolyn (1998).Breasts: The Women's Perspective on an American Obsession.Haworth Press. p. 117.ISBN978-0-7890-0422-2.
  15. ^Meyer, Russ (2000).A Clean Breast: The Life and Loves of Russ Meyer(3 volume set).(Under the pseudonym "Adolph Albion Schwartz" ). El Rio, TX: Hauck Pub Co.ISBN0-9621797-2-8.
  16. ^McDonough, Jimmy (2005).Big bosoms and square jaws: the biography of Russ Meyer, king of the sex film.London: Jonathan Cape.ISBN0-224-07250-1.,p.138
  17. ^abcCanby, Vincent(July 22, 1969)."Movie Review - Blue Movie (1968) Screen: Andy Warhol's 'Blue Movie'".New York Times.RetrievedDecember 29,2015.
  18. ^abcCanby, Vincent(August 10, 1969)."Warhol's Red Hot and 'Blue' Movie. D1. Print. (behind paywall)".New York Times.RetrievedDecember 29,2015.
  19. ^abcComenas, Gary (2005)."Blue Movie (1968)".WarholStars.org.RetrievedDecember 29,2015.
  20. ^"Pornography".Pornography Girl. Archived fromthe originalon May 6, 2008.RetrievedJuly 16,2013.The first explicitly pornographic film with a plot that received a general theatrical release in the U.S. is generally considered to be Mona (Mona the Virgin Nymph)...
  21. ^"Flesh Gordon Interview 3".PicPal.com. Archived fromthe originalon August 28, 2008.RetrievedJuly 16,2013.
  22. ^Powell, Mimi; Scott Dagostino; Bhisham Kinha."The Porn Power List".FAB magazine.Archived fromthe originalon February 22, 2008.RetrievedMarch 6,2008.
  23. ^"40 Years of Gay History: the Early Seventies".Advocate.com. Archived fromthe originalon October 11, 2007.RetrievedNovember 5,2007.
  24. ^Jeffrey Escoffier, "Beefcake to Hardcore: Gay Pornography and the Sexual Revolution," inSex Scene. Media and the Sexual Revolution,ed. Eric Schaefer, Duke University Press, 2014,ISBN9780822356424,pp. 319-347, at p. 319.
  25. ^Comenas, Gary (1969)."July 21, 1969: Andy Warhol's Blue Movie Opens".WarholStars.org.RetrievedJanuary 20,2016.
  26. ^Haggerty, George E. (2015).A Companion to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Studies.John Wiley & Sons. p. 339.ISBN9781119000853.RetrievedJanuary 20,2016.
  27. ^abcLundin, Leigh (2010-07-25)."Erotic Mystery Thrillers".Sex-n-violence.Criminal Brief.
  28. ^Ebert, Roger(March 24, 2010)."Chloe".Rogerebert.com. Archived fromthe originalon October 11, 2012.RetrievedMarch 1,2022.
  29. ^Ray, Arnab (February 25, 2013)."On Kissing, Bollywood and Rebellion".The New York Times.
  30. ^Singh, Prashant (August 25, 2014)."What’s the big deal about a kiss, asks Bollywood".Hindustan Times.
  31. ^Dias, Muditha (May 15, 2013)."Bollywood's culture of rape".ABC
  32. ^"Indians mature enough to handle sex in films: Konkona Sen".The Indian Express.December 3, 2010.
  33. ^Siegel, Tatiana (2006-04-03)."Erotic thrillers lose steam on big screen".The Hollywood Reporter.Hollywood. Archived fromthe originalon 2010-07-22.
  34. ^abSoto-Sanfiel, María T.; Ibiti, Adriana (2016-03-10). "Lesbian Sex in Mainstream Cinema and Audience Enjoyment".Sexuality & Culture.20(3): 555–578.doi:10.1007/s12119-016-9342-5.ISSN1095-5143.S2CID147703563.
  35. ^"'Carol': Cannes Review ".The Hollywood Reporter.16 May 2015.Retrieved2019-12-02.
  36. ^"Making of 'Carol': Why It Took 60 Years to Film the Lesbian Love Story".The Hollywood Reporter.5 January 2016.Retrieved2019-12-02.
  37. ^Lane, Anthony (2017-11-24).""Call Me by Your Name": An Erotic Triumph ".The New Yorker.ISSN0028-792X.Retrieved2019-12-02.

Further reading

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  • Andrews, David (2006)Soft in the Middle: the contemporary softcore feature in its contexts.Ohio State University Press,ISBN9780814210222
  • Brusendorff, Ove & Henningsen, Poul (1960)Erotica for the Millions.Los Angeles: the Book Mart
  • Durgnat, Raymond(1966)Eros in the Cinema.London: Calder & Boyars
  • Jahraus, Oliver & Neuhaus, Stefan (2003)Der erotische Film: Zur medialen Codierung von Ästhetik, Sexualität und Gewalt.Königshausen & Neumann,ISBN3826025822
  • Keesey, Douglas; Duncan, Paul (ed.) (2005)Erotic Cinema.Cologne:TaschenISBN3-8228-2546-8
  • Kyrou, Ado(1957)Amour-Érotisme au Cinéma.Le Terrain Vague
  • --do.-- (1963)Le Surréalisme au Cinéma.Le Terrain Vague
  • Lo Duca (1958, 1960, 1962)L'Érotisme au Cinéma.3 vols. Paris: Pauvert
  • McDonagh, Maitland (1996)The Fifty Most Erotic Films of All Time: from "Pandora's Box" to "Basic Instinct".New York: Carol Publishing GroupISBN0-8065-1697-6
  • Tohill, Cathal & Tombs, Pete (1994)Immoral Tales: sex and horror cinema in Europe, 1956-1984.London: Primitive PressISBN0-9524141-0-4
  • Tyler, Parker (1969)Sex Psyche Etcetera in the Film.Horizon Books
    • --do.--(1971) --do.-- (Pelican Book A1302.) Harmondsworth: Penguin BooksISBN0-14-021302-3
  • Walker, Alexander(1966)The Celluloid Sacrifice.London: Michael Joseph
    • --do.--(1968)Sex in the Movies: the celluloid sacrifice.(Pelican Book A989.) Harmondsworth: Penguin Books
  • Williams, Linda (2005)The Erotic Thriller in Contemporary Cinema.Edinburgh University Press,ISBN9780748611485
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