List of Latin phrases (E)
This page is one of a series listing English translations of notableLatinphrases, such asveni, vidi, viciandet cetera.Some of the phrases are themselves translations ofGreek phrases,asancient Greekrhetoricandliteraturestarted centuries before the beginning ofLatin literatureinancient Rome.[1]
- This list covers the letterE.SeeList of Latin phrasesfor the main list.
Latin | Translation | Notes | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
e causa ignota | of unknown cause | Often used inmedicinewhen the underlying disease causing a symptom is not known. | ||
E pluribus unum | out of many, one | Literally, out of more (than one), one. The former national motto of theUnited States,which "In God We Trust" later replaced; therefore, it is still inscribed on many U.S. coins and on theU.S. Capitol.Also the motto ofS.L. Benfica.Less commonly written asex pluribus unum | ||
ecce Agnus Dei | behold the lamb of God | John the Baptistexclaims this after seeingJesus[2] | ||
ecce ancilla domini | behold the handmaiden of the Lord | From Luke 1:38 in theVulgateBible. Name of anoil paintingbyDante Gabriel Rossettiand motto ofBishopslea Preparatory School. | ||
ecce homo | behold the man | From theGospel of Johnin theVulgate19:5(Douay-Rheims),wherePontius Pilatespeaks these words as he presentsJesus,crowned with thorns, to the crowd. It is also the title ofNietzsche'sautobiographyand of the theme music byHoward Goodallfor theITVcomedyMr. Bean,in which the full sung lyric isEcce homo qui est faba( "Behold the man who is a bean" ). | ||
ecce panis angelorum | behold the bread of angels | From theCatholichymnLauda Sion;occasionally inscribed near the altar of Catholic churches; it refers to theEucharist,the Bread of Heaven; theBody of Christ.See also:Panis angelicus. | ||
editio princeps | first edition | The first published edition of a work. | ||
Ego sum | I am | Phrase from theGospel of Johnas atitle of Jesus(based on theKoine Greektermἐγώ εἰμιEgo eimi) | ||
ego te absolvo | I absolve you | Part of the formula ofCatholicsacramentalabsolution,i. e., spoken by apriestas part of theSacrament of Penance . | ||
ego te provoco | I challenge you | Used as a challenge; "I dare you". Can also be written aste provoco. | ||
eheu fugaces labuntur anni | Alas, the fleeting years slip by | FromHorace'sOdes,2, 14 | ||
ejusdem generis | of the same kinds, class, or nature | Fromthe canons of statutory interpretationinlaw.When more general descriptors follow a list of many specific descriptors, the otherwise wide meaning of the general descriptors is interpreted as restricted to the same class, if any, of the preceding specific descriptors. | ||
eluceat omnibus lux | let the light shine out from all | The motto ofSidwell Friends School | ||
emeritus | veteran | Retired from office. Often used to denote an office held at the time of one's retirement, as an honorary title, e. g.professor emeritusandprovost emeritus.Inclusion in one's title does not necessarily denote that the honorand is inactive in the pertinent office. | ||
emollit mores nec sinit esse feros | a faithful study of the liberal arts humanizes character and permits it not to be cruel | FromOvid,Epistulae ex Ponto(II, 9, 48). Motto ofUniversity of South Carolina. | ||
ens causa sui | existing because of oneself | Or "being one's own cause". Traditionally, a being that owes its existence to no other being, henceGodor a Supreme Being . | ||
ense petit placidam sub libertate quietem | by the sword she seeks a serene repose under liberty | Mottoof the U.S. state ofMassachusetts,adopted in 1775. | ||
entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem | entities must not be multiplied beyond necessity | Occam's razoror Law of Parsimony; arguments which do not introduce extraneous variables are to be preferred in logical argumentation. | ||
entitas ipsa involvit aptitudinem ad extorquendum certum assensum | reality involves a power to compel certain assent | A phrase used in modern Western philosophy on the nature of truth. | ||
eo ipso | by that very (act) | Technical term inphilosophyandlaw.Similar toipso facto.Example: "The fact that I am does noteo ipsomean that I think. "From the Latinablativeform ofid ipsum( "that thing itself" ). | ||
eo nomine | by that name | |||
epicuri de grege porcum | A pig from the herd (or sty) ofEpicurus | FromHorace,Epistles | ||
equo ne credite | do not trust the horse | FromVirgil,Aeneid,II. 48–49;a reference to theTrojan Horse. | ||
erga omnes | in relation to everyone | Used inlaw,especiallyinternational law,to denote a kind of universalobligation. | ||
ergo | therefore | Denotes a logical conclusion | .||
errantis voluntas nulla est | the will of a mistaken party is void | Roman legalprinciple formulated byPomponiusin theDigestof theCorpus Juris Civilis,stating that legal actions undertaken by man under the influence of error are invalid. | ||
errare humanum est | to err is human | Sometimes attributed toSeneca the Younger,but not attested:Errare humanum est, perseverare autem diabolicum, et tertia non datur(To err is human; to persist [in committing such errors] is of the devil, and the third possibility is not given.) Several authors contemplated the idea before Seneca:Livy,Venia dignus error is humanus(Storie,VIII, 35) andCicero:is Cuiusvis errare: insipientis nullius nisi, in errore perseverare(Anyone can err, but only the fool persists in his fault) (Philippicae,XII, 2, 5). Cicero, being well-versed in ancient Greek, may well have been alluding toEuripides' playHippolytussome four centuries earlier.[3]300 years laterSaint Augustine of Hipporecycled the idea in hisSermones,164, 14:Humanum fuit errare, diabolicum est per animositatem in errore manere.[4]The phrase gained currency in the English language afterAlexander Pope'sAn Essay on Criticismof 1711: "To err is human, to forgive divine" (line 325). | ||
erratum | error | I. e., mistake. Lists of errors in a previous edition of a work are often marked with the pluralerrata( "errors" ). | ||
eruditio et religio | scholarship and duty | Motto ofDuke University | ||
esse est percipi | to be is to be perceived | Motto ofGeorge Berkeleyfor hissubjective idealistphilosophical position that nothing exists independently of its perception by a mind except minds themselves. | ||
esse quam videri | to be, rather than to seem | Truly being a thing, rather than merely seeming to be a thing. The motto of many institutions. FromCicero,De amicitia(On Friendship), Chapter 26. Prior to Cicero,Sallustused the phrase inBellum Catilinae,54, 6, writing thatCatoesse quam videri bonus malebat( "preferred to be good, rather than to seem so" ). Earlier still,Aeschylusused a similar phrase inSeven Against Thebes,line 592:ou gar dokein aristos, all' enai thelei( "he wishes not to seem the best, but to be the best" ). Motto of the State of North Carolina. | ||
est modus in rebus | there is measure in things | there is a middle or mean in things, there is a middle way or position; fromHorace,Satires1.1.106;see also:Golden mean (philosophy).According to Potempski and Galmarini (Atmos. Chem. Phys.,9, 9471–9489, 2009) the sentence should be translated as: "There is an optimal condition in all things", which in the original text is followed bysunt certi denique fines quos ultra citraque nequit consistere rectum( "There are therefore precise boundaries beyond which one cannot find the right thing" ). | ||
esto perpetua | may it be perpetual | Said ofVenice,Italy, by the Venetian historianFra Paolo Sarpishortly before his death.Mottoof the U.S. state ofIdaho,adopted in 1867; ofS. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia,Sri Lanka; ofSigma Phi Society. | ||
esto quod es | be what you are | Motto ofWells Cathedral School | ||
et adhuc sub iudice lis est | it is still before the court | FromHorace,Ars Poetica(The Art of Poetry)1.78. | ||
et alibi(et al.) | and elsewhere | A less common variant onet cetera( "and the rest" ) used at the end of a list of locations to denote unenumerated/omitted ones. | ||
et alii,et aliae,et alia(et al.) | and others | Used similarly toet cetera( "and the rest" ) to denote names that, usually for the sake of space, are unenumerated/omitted.Aliiismasculine,and therefore it can be used to refer to men, or groups of men and women; the feminineet aliaeis proper when the "others" are all female, but as with manyloanwords,interlingual use, such as in reference lists, is often invariable.Et aliais neuter plural and thus in Latin text is properly used only for inanimate, genderless objects, but some use it as a gender-neutral alternative.[5]APA styleandMLA styleuses et al. if the work cited was written by more than three authors;AMA stylelists all authors if ≤6, and 3 + et al. if >6. AMA style forgoes the period (because it forgoes the period on abbreviations generally) and it forgoes the italic (as it does with other loanwords naturalized into scientific English); many journals that follow AMA style do likewise. | ||
et cetera(etc., &c.) | and the rest | In modern usage, used to mean "and so on" or "and more". | ||
et cum spiritu tuo | and with your spirit | The usual response to the phraseDominus vobiscumused in RomanCatholic liturgy,for instance at several points during theCatholic Mass.[6]Also used as a general form of greeting among and towards members of Catholic organisations. | ||
et facere et pati fortia Romanum est | Acting and suffering bravely is the attribute of a Roman | The words ofGaius Mucius ScaevolawhenLars Porsenacaptured him | ||
et facta est lux | And light came to beorwas made | FromGenesis,1:3: "and there was light". Motto ofMorehouse CollegeinAtlanta,Georgia,United States. | ||
et hoc genus omne | and all that sort of thing | Abbreviated ase.h.g.o.orehgo | ||
et in Arcadia ego | and inArcadia[am] I / I [am/exist] even in Arcadia | Phrased from the perspective of thepersonification of deathto indicate death's reality under even the most blissful of circumstances, associated in classical times with the then-pastoral Arcadia region of thePeloponnesein Greece;see alsomemento mori;also the name of paintings and TV episodes – seeEt in Arcadia ego (disambiguation). | ||
et lux in tenebris lucet | and light shines in the darkness | From theGospel of John1.5,Vulgate.Motto of thePontifical Catholic University of Peru.See alsoLux in Tenebris,1919 play byBertolt Brecht. | ||
et nunc reges intelligite erudimini qui judicatis terram | "And now, O ye kings, understand: receive instruction, you that judge the earth." | From theBook of Psalms,II.x. (Vulgate)Archived2016-03-06 at theWayback Machine,2.10 (Douay-Rheims). | ||
et passim(et pass.) | and throughout | Used in citations after a page number to indicate that there is further information in other locations in the cited resource. | ||
et sequentes(et seq.) | and the following (masculine/feminine plural) | Alsoet sequentia( "and the following things":neut.), abbreviations:et seqq.,et seq.,orsqq.Commonly used inlegal citationsto refer tostatutesthat comprise several sequential sections of acodeof statutes (e. g.National Labor Relations Act,29U.S.C.§ 159et seq.;New Jersey Prevention of Domestic Violence Act, N.J. Stat. Ann. § 2C:25-17et seq.). | ||
et suppositio nil ponit in esse | and a supposition puts nothing in being | More usually translated as "Sayin' it don't make it so". | ||
Et tu, Brute? | And you,Brutus? | Or "Even you, Brutus?" or "You too, Brutus?" Indicates betrayal by an intimate associate. FromWilliam Shakespeare,Julius Caesar,based on the traditional dying words ofJulius Caesar.However, these were almost certainly not Caesar's true last words:Plutarchquotes Caesar as saying inGreek,the language of the Roman elite at the time,καὶ σὺ τέκνον(Kaì sù téknon?), translated as "You too, (my) child?", quoting fromMenander. | ||
et uxor(et ux.) | and wife | A legal term. | ||
et vir | and husband | A legal term. | ||
Etiam si omnes, ego non | Even if all others, I will never | Saint PetertoJesus,from theVulgate,Gospel of Matthew26:33;New King James Version:Matthew 26:33). | ||
etsi deus non daretur | even if God were not a given | This sentence synthesizes a famous concept ofHugo Grotius(1625). | ||
evoles ut ira breve nefas sit; regna | arise, that your anger may [only] be a brief evil; control [it] | A bilingualpalindrome,yielding its English paraphrase, "Anger, 'tis safe never. Bar it! Use love!" | ||
ex abundanti cautela | out of an abundance of caution | Inlaw,describes someone taking precautions against a very remote contingency. "One might wear a belt in addition to bracesex abundanti cautela".[7]In banking, aloanin which thecollateralis more than the loan itself. Also the basis for the term "an abundance of caution" employed by United States PresidentBarack Obamato explain why the Chief Justice of theUS Supreme CourtJohn Robertshad to re-administer the presidential oath of office, and again in reference to terrorist threats. | ||
ex abundantia enim cordis os loquitur | for out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaketh. | From theGospel of Matthew,XII.xxxiv (Vulgate),12.34 (Douay-Rheims)and theGospel of Luke,VI.xlv (Vulgate),6.45 (Douay-Rheims).Sometimes rendered withoutenim( "for" ). | ||
ex aequo | from the equal | Denoting "on equal footing", i. e., in a tie. Used for those two (seldom more) participants of a competition who demonstrated identical performance. | ||
ex Africa semper aliquid novi | "(There is) always something new (coming) out of Africa" | Pliny the Elder,Naturalis Historia,8, 42 (unde etiam vulgare Graeciae dictum semper aliquid novi Africam adferre[8]), a translation of the Greek «Ἀεὶ Λιβύη φέρει τι καινόν». | ||
ex amicitia pax | peace from friendship | Often used on internal diplomatic event invitations. A motto sometimes inscribed on flags and mission plaques ofdiplomatic corps. | ||
ex animo | from the soul | Sincerely. | ||
ex ante | from before | Denoting "beforehand", "before the event", or "based on prior assumptions"; denoting a prediction. | ||
Ex Astris Scientia | From the Stars, Knowledge | The motto of the fictionalStarfleet AcademyofStar Trek.Adapted fromex luna scientia,which in turn derived fromex scientia tridens. | ||
ex cathedra | from the chair | A phrase applied to the declarations or promulgations of theCatholicSupreme Pontiff(Pope) when, preserved from the possibility of error by theHoly Spirit ,he solemnly declares or promulgates ( "from the chair" that was the ancient symbol of the teacher and governor, in this case of the Church) a dogmatic doctrine on faith or morals as being contained in divine revelation, or at least being intimately connected to divine revelation. Used, by extension, of anyone who is perceived as speaking as though with supreme authority. | ||
ex cultu robur | from culture [comes] strength | The motto ofCranleigh School,Surrey. | ||
ex debito Justitia | justice, which cannot be denied | on King's writ, to be granted to the subject[9] | ||
ex Deo | from God | |||
ex dolo malo | fromfraud | "From harmful deceit";dolus malusis the Latin legal term denoting "fraud". The full legal phrase isex dolo malo non oritur actio( "an action does not arise from fraud" ). When an action has its origin in fraud or deceit, it cannot be supported; thus, a court of law will not assist a man who bases his course of action on an immoral or illegal act. | ||
ex duris gloria | From suffering [comes] glory | Motto of Rapha Cycling club | ||
ex facie | from the face | Idiomatically rendered "on the face of it". A legal term typically used to state that a document's explicit terms are defective absent further investigation. Also, "contemptex facie"meanscontempt of courtcommitted outside of the court, as contrasted with contemptin facie. | ||
ex factis jus oritur | the law arises from the facts | |||
ex fide fiducia | from faith [comes] confidence | Motto ofSt George's College, HarareandHartmann House Preparatory School | ||
ex fide fortis | from faith [comes] strength | Motto ofLoyola SchoolinNew York City,New York,United States. | ||
ex glande quercus | from the acorn the oak | Motto of theMunicipal Borough of Southgate,London,England,United Kingdom. | ||
ex gratia | from kindness | More literally "from grace". Refers to someone voluntarily performing an act purely from kindness, as opposed to for personal gain or from being compelled to do it. Inlaw,anex gratiapayment is one made without recognizing anyliabilityorobligation. | ||
ex hypothesi | from the hypothesis | Denoting "by hypothesis" | ||
ex ignorantia ad sapientiam; ex luce ad tenebras(e.i.) | from ignorance into wisdom; from light into darkness | Motto of the fictionalMiskatonic Universityin Arkham, Massachusetts, from theCthulhu Mythos | ||
ex infra(e.i.) | "from below" | Recent academic notation denoting "from below in this writing". | ||
ex juvantibus | from that which helps | The medical pitfall in which response to a therapeutic regimen substitutes proper diagnosis. | ||
ex lege | from the law | |||
ex libris | from the books | Precedes a person's name, denoting "from the library of" the nominate; also a synonym for "bookplate". | ||
ex luna scientia | from the moon, knowledge | The motto of theApollo 13lunar mission, derived fromex scientia tridens,the motto ofJim Lovell'salma mater,theUnited States Naval Academy | ||
ex malo bonum | good out of evil | FromSaint Augustine of Hippo,"Sermon LXI", in which he contradicts the dictum ofSeneca the YoungerinEpistulae morales ad Lucilium,87:22:bonum ex malo non fit( "good does not come from evil" ). Also the alias of the song "Miserabile Visu" byAnberlinin the albumNew Surrender. | ||
ex mea sententia | in my opinion | |||
ex merito Justitiae | [9] | |||
ex mero motu | out of mere impulse, or of one's own accord | |||
ex nihilonihil fit | nothing comes from nothing | FromLucretius,and said earlier byParmenides;in conjunction with "creation":creatio ex nihilo– "creation out of nothing" | ||
ex novo | anew | something that has been newly made or made from scratch | ||
Ex Oblivione | from oblivion | The title of a short story byH. P. Lovecraft | ||
ex officio | from the office | By virtue or right of office. Often used when someone holds one office by virtue of holding another: for example, thePresident of Franceis anex officioCo-Prince of Andorra.A common misconception is that allex officio membersof a committee or congress may not vote; but in some cases they do. Inlawex officiocan also refer to an administrative or judicial office taking action of its own accord; in the latter case the more common term isex proprio motuorex meru motu,for example to invalidate a patent or prosecute infringers of copyright.[10] | ||
ex opere operantis | from the work of the one working | Theological phrase contrasted withex opere operato,referring to the notion that the validity or promised benefit of asacramentdepends on the person administering it | ||
ex opere operato | from the work worked | A theological phrase meaning that the act of receiving asacramentactually confers the promised benefit, such as abaptismactually and literally cleansing one'ssins.TheCatholic Churchaffirms that the source of grace is God, not just the actions or disposition of the minister or the recipient of the sacrament. | ||
ex oriente lux | light from the east | Originally refers to the sun rising in the east, but alludes to culture coming from the Eastern world. Motto of several institutions. | ||
ex oriente pax | peace comes from the east (i.e. from the Soviet Union) | Shown on the logo as used by East Germany'sCDU,a blue flag with two yellow stripes, a dove, and the CDU symbol in the center with the wordsex oriente pax. | ||
ex parte | from a part | A legal term that means "by one party" or "for one party". Thus, on behalf of one side or party only. | ||
ex pede Herculem | from his foot, so Hercules | From the measure of Hercules' foot you shall know his size; from a part, the whole. | ||
ex post | from after | "Afterward", "after the event". Based on knowledge of the past. Measure of past performance | ||
ex post facto | from a thing done afterward | Said of a law with retroactive effect | ||
ex professo | from one declaring [an art or science] | Or 'with due competence'. Said of the person who perfectly knows his art or science. Also used to mean "expressly".[11] | ||
ex rel.,or,ex relatio | [arising] out of the relation/narration [of the relator] | The term is a legal phrase; the legal citation guide called theBluebookdescribesex rel.as a "procedural phrase" and requires using it to abbreviate "on the relation of", "for the use of", "on behalf of", and similar expressions. An example of use is in court case titles such asUniversal Health Services, Inc. v. United States ex rel. Escobar. | ||
ex scientia tridens | from knowledge, sea power | TheUnited States Naval Academymotto. Refers to knowledge bringing men power over the sea comparable to that of thetrident-bearing Greek godPoseidon. | ||
ex scientia vera | from knowledge, truth | The motto of the College of Graduate Studies atMiddle Tennessee State University. | ||
ex silentio | from silence | In general, the claim that the absence of something demonstrates the proof of a proposition. Anargumentum ex silentio( "argument from silence") is an argument based on the assumption that someone's silence on a matter suggests (" proves "when a logicalfallacy) that person's ignorance of the matter or their inability to counterargue validly. | ||
ex situ | out of position | opposite of "in situ" | ||
ex solo ad solem | from the Earth to the Sun | The motto of theUniversity of Central Lancashire,Preston | ||
ex supra(e.s.) | "from above" | Recent academic notation for "from above in this writing". | ||
ex tempore | from [this moment of] time | "This instant", "right away" or "immediately". Also writtenextempore | ||
Ex turpi causa non oritur actio | From a dishonorable cause an action does not arise | A legal doctrine which states that a claimant will be unable to pursue a cause of action if it arises in connection with his own illegal act. Particularly relevant in the law of contract, tort and trusts. | ||
ex umbra in solem | from the shadow into the light | Motto ofFederico Santa María Technical University | ||
ex undis | from the waves [of the sea] | motto in the coat of arms ofEemsmond | ||
Ex Unitate Vires | union is strength, or unity is strength | Former motto ofSouth Africa | ||
ex vi termini | from the force of the term | Thus, "by definition" | ||
ex vita discedo, tanquam ex hospitio, non tanquam ex domo | I depart from life as from an inn, not as from home | Cicero,Cato Maior de Senectute(On Old Age) 23 | ||
ex vivo | out of or from life | Used in reference to the study or assay of living tissue in an artificial environment outside the living organism. | ||
ex voto | from the vow | Thus, in accordance with a promise. Anex votois also an offering made in fulfillment of a vow. | ||
ex vulgus scientia | from the crowd, knowledge | used to describe social computing, inThe Wisdom of Crowdsand discourse referring to it. | ||
excelsior | higher | "Ever upward!" Thestate motto of New York.Also a catchphrase used by Marvel Comics headStan Lee. | ||
exceptio firmat(orprobat)regulam in casibus non exceptis | The exception confirms the rule in cases which are not excepted | A juridical principle which means that the statement of a rule's exception (e.g., "no parking on Sundays" ) implicitly confirms the rule (i.e., that parking is allowed Monday through Saturday). Often mistranslated as "theexception that proves the rule". | ||
excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta | an excuse that has not been sought [is] an obvious accusation | More loosely, "he who excuses himself, accuses himself" —an unprovoked excuse is a sign of guilt. InFrench,qui s'excuse, s'accuse | ||
exeat | s/he may go out | A formal leave of absence | ||
exegi monumentum aere perennius | I have reared a monument more enduring than bronze | Horace,CarminaIII:XXX:I | ||
exempli gratia(e.g.) | for the sake of example, for example | |||
Exemplum virtutis | a model of virtue | |||
exercitus sine duce corpus est sine spiritu | an army without a leader is a body without a spirit | On a plaque at the former military staff building of theSwedish Armed Forces | ||
exeunt | they leave | Third-person plural present active indicative of the Latin verbexire;also seen inexeunt omnes,"all leave"; singular:exit.Typically used as a stage direction in plays which means that one or more actors should leave the stage. | ||
experientia docet | experience teaches | This term has been used indermatopathologyto express that there is no substitute for experience in dealing with all the numerous variations that may occur with skin conditions.[29]The term has also been used ingastroenterology.[30]It is also the motto ofSan Francisco State University. | ||
experimentum crucis | experiment of the cross | Or "crucial experiment". A decisive test of a scientific theory. | ||
experto crede | trust the expert | Literally "believe one who has had experience". An author's aside to the reader. | ||
expressio unius est exclusio alterius | the expression of the one is the exclusion of the other | "Mentioning one thing may exclude another thing". A principle of legalstatutory interpretation:the explicit presence of a thing implies intention to exclude others; e.g., a reference in the Poor Relief Act 1601 to "lands, houses, tithes and coal mines" was held to exclude mines other than coal mines. Sometimes expressed asexpressum facit cessare tacitum(broadly, "the expression of one thing excludes the implication of something else" ). | ||
extra domum | [placed] outside of the house | Refers to a possible result of Catholic ecclesiastical legal proceedings when the culprit is removed from being part of a group like a monastery. | ||
extra Ecclesiam nulla salus | outside the Church [there is] no salvation | This expression comes from theEpistle to Jubaianus,paragraph 21, written by SaintCyprian of Carthage,a bishop of the third century. It is often used to summarise the doctrine that the Catholic Church is absolutely necessary for salvation. | ||
extra omnes | outside, all [of you] | It is issued by theMaster of the Papal Liturgical Celebrationsbefore a session of thepapal conclavewhich will elect a newpope.When spoken, all those who are notcardinals,or those otherwise mandated to be present at the conclave, must leave theSistine Chapel. | ||
extra territorium jus dicenti impune non paretur | he who administers justice outside of his territory is disobeyed with impunity | Refers toextraterritorialjurisdiction. Often cited inlaw of the seacases on thehigh seas. | ||
extrema ratio | "extreme solution", "last possibility", "last possible course of action" |
References
[edit]Notes
- ^Assertions, such as those byBryan A. GarnerinGarner's Modern English Usage,[13]that "eg" and "ie" style versus "e.g." and "i.e." style are two poles of British versus American usage are not borne out by major style guides and usage dictionaries, which demonstrate wide variation. To the extent anything approaching a consistent general conflict can be identified, it is between American and British news companies' different approaches to the balance between clarity and expediency, without complete agreement on either side of the Atlantic, and with little evidence of effects outside journalism circles, e.g. in book publishing or academic journals.
There is no consistent British style. For example,The Oxford Dictionary for Writers and Editorshas "e.g." and "i.e." with points (periods);[14]Fowler's Modern English Usagetakes the same approach,[15]and its newest edition is especially emphatic about the points being retained.[16]The Oxford Guide to Style(also republished inOxford Style Manualand separately asNew Hart's Rules) also has "e.g." and "i.e.";[17]the examples it provides are of the short and simple variety that often see the comma dropped in American usage as well. None of those works prescribe specifically for or against a comma following these abbreviations, leaving it to writers' own judgment.
Some specific publishers, primarily innews journalism,drop one or both forms of punctuation as a matter ofhouse style.They seem more frequently to be British than American (perhaps owing to theAP Stylebookbeing treated as ade factostandard across most American newspapers, without a UK counterpart). For example,The Guardianuses "eg" and "ie" with no punctuation,[18]whileThe Economistuses "eg," and "ie," with commas and without points,[19]as doesThe Timesof London.[20]A 2014 revision toNew Hart's Rulesstates that it is now "Oxford style" to not use a comma aftere.g.andi.e.(which retain the points), "to avoid double punctuation".[21]This is a rationale it does not apply to anything else, and Oxford University Press has not consistently imposed this style on its publications that post-date 2014, includingGarner's Modern English Usage.
By way of US comparison,The New York Timesuses "e.g." and "i.e.", without a rule about a following comma – like Oxford usage in actual practice.[22]The Chicago Manual of Stylerequires "e.g.," and "i.e.,".[23]TheAP Stylebookpreserves both types of punctuation for these abbreviations.[24]
"British" and "American" are not accurate as stand-ins forCommonwealthandNorth American Englishmore broadly; actual practice varies even among national publishers. The Australian government'sStyle Manual for Authors, Editors and Printerspreserves the points in the abbreviations, but eschews the comma after them (it similarly drops the title'sserial commabefore "and", which most UK and many US publishers would retain).[25]Editing Canadian Englishby theEditors' Association of Canadauses the periods and the comma;[26]so doesA Canadian Writer's Reference.[27]The government publicationThe Canadian Styleuses the periods but not the comma.[28]
Style guides are generally in agreement that both abbreviations areprecededby a comma or used inside a parenthetical construction, and are best confined to the latter and to footnotes and tables, rather than used in running prose.
References
- ^Peter A. Mackridge;Robert Browning;Donald William Lucas;et al."Greek literature".Encyclopædia Britannica.Retrieved5 August2024.
- ^"Ecce Agnus dei".
- ^Richard Rutherford (2003). Introduction.Medea and Other Plays.By Euripides. Translated by John Davie. London:Penguin Group.p. 153.ISBN0-14-044929-9.
- ^Caillau, Armand Benjamin(1838). "Sermones de Scripturis" [Conversations about the Scriptures].Sancti Aurelii Augustini Opera[St. Augustine works] (in Latin). Vol. 4. Paris: Parent-Desbarres. p. 412.
Humanum fuit errare, diabolicum est per animositatem in errore manere.
- ^"University of Minnesota Style Manual: Correct Usage"..umn.edu. 2010-11-22. Archived fromthe originalon 2010-08-19.Retrieved2011-01-19.
- ^"Traditional Latin Mass - MISSAL"(PDF).Retrieved2024-02-08.
- ^Gray, John (2006),"Lawyer's Latin (a vade-mecum)",Hale, London,ISBN9780709082774.
- ^"Pliny the Elder: the Natural History, Liber VIII".Penelope.uchicago.edu.Retrieved2011-01-19.
- ^abThe Selected Writings of SirEdward Coke[full citation needed]
- ^Law, Jonathan; Martin, Elizabeth A. (2009)."Ex proprio motu".A Dictionary of Law.Oxford University Press.
- ^Entry for "expressly" in: Meltzer, Peter E.The Thinker's Thesaurus: Sophisticated Alternatives to Common Words.W. W. Norton & Company, 2015 (3rd edition).ISBN0393338975,ISBN9780393338973.
- ^"Word Fact: What's the Difference Between i.e. and e.g.?".blog.Dictionary.com.IAC Publishing. August 19, 2014.RetrievedJuly 8,2017.
- ^Garner, Bryan A. (2016). "'e.g.' and 'i.e.'".Garner's Modern English Usage(4th ed.). pp. 322–323, 480.This is an internationalized expansion of what was previously published asGarner's Modern American Usage.
- ^Ritter, Robert M., ed. (2003). "'e.g.' and 'i.e.'".Oxford Style Manual.Oxford University Press. pp. 704, 768..Material previously published separately asThe Oxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors.
- ^Burchfield, R. W.;Fowler, H. W.,eds. (2004). "'e.g.' and 'i.e.'".Fowler's Modern English Usage(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 240, 376.
- ^Butterfield, Jeremy; Fowler, H. W., eds. (2015). "'e.g.' and 'i.e.'".Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage(4th ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 248, 393.
Both should always be printed lower case roman with two points and no spaces.
- ^Ritter, Robert M., ed. (2003). "3.8: e.g., i.e., etc.".Oxford Style Manual.Oxford University Press. pp. 69–70.
- ^"abbreviations and acronyms".The Guardian and Observer style guide.Guardian Media Group/Scott Trust.2017.RetrievedJuly 8,2017.
- ^"Abbreviations".The EconomistStyle Guide.2017.RetrievedJuly 8,2017.
- ^"'eg,' and ', ie'".The TimesOnline Style Guide.Archived fromthe originalon June 29, 2011.RetrievedJuly 8,2017.
- ^Waddingham, Anne, ed. (2014). "4.3.8: Other uses [of the comma]".New Hart's Rules: The Oxford Style Guide(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 79.
- ^Siegal, Allan M.;Connolly, William G.;Corbett, Philip B.; et al., eds. (2015). "'e.g.' and 'i.e.'".The New York TimesManual of Style(5th ed.). The New York Times Company/Three Rivers Press.E-book edition v3.1,ISBN978-1-101-90322-3.
- ^"5.250: i.e; e.g.".The Chicago Manual of Style(17th ed.).University of Chicago Press.2017.
- ^"'e.g.' and 'i.e.'".Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law(2009 ed.).Associated Press/Basic Books. pp. 95, 136.
- ^"6.73".Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers(5th ed.). Australian Government Publishing Service. 1996. p. 84.
- ^"4.22: Latin Abbreviations".Editing Canadian English: The Essential Canadian Guide(Revised and Updated (2nd) ed.). McClelland & Stewart/Editors' Association of Canada. 2000. pp. 52–53..States no rule about the comma, but illustrates use with it in §4.23 on the same page.
- ^Hacker, Diana; et al. (2008). "M4-d: Be sparing in your use of Latin abbreviations".A Canadian Writer's Reference(4th ed.). Bedford/St. Martin's. pp.308–309.This is a Canadian revision of an originally American publication.
- ^"12.03: Words commonly misused or confused".The Canadian Style(revised and expanded 2nd ed.). Dundurn Press/Public Works and Government Services CanadaTranslation Bureau.1997. pp. 233–234.
- ^Rapini, Ronald P. (2005).Practical dermatopathology.Elsevier Mosby.ISBN0-323-01198-5.
- ^Webb-Johnson AE (May 1950). "Experientia docet".Rev Gastroenterol.17(5): 337–43.PMID15424403.
Further reading
[edit]- Adeleye, Gabriel G. (1999). Thomas J. Sienkewicz; James T. McDonough Jr. (eds.).World Dictionary of Foreign Expressions.Wauconda, Illinois: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers.ISBN0865164223.
- Stone, Jon R. (1996).Latin for the Illiterati.London & New York: Routledge.ISBN0415917751.
External links
[edit]- Media related toLatin-language words and phrasesat Wikimedia Commons