List of Latin phrases (E)

"sqq" redirects here. For the language code, seeSu' language.

This page is one of a series listing English translations of notableLatinphrases, such asveni, vidi, viciandet cetera.Some of the phrases are themselves translations ofGreek phrases,asancient Greekrhetoricandliteraturestarted centuries before the beginning ofLatin literatureinancient Rome.

This list covers the letterE.SeeList of Latin phrasesfor the main list.

Latin	Translation	Notes
e causa ignota	of unknown cause	Often used inmedicinewhen the underlying disease causing a symptom is not known.See alsoidiopathic.
E pluribus unum	out of many, one	Literally, out of more (than one), one. The former national motto of theUnited States,which "In God We Trust" later replaced; therefore, it is still inscribed on many U.S. coins and on theU.S. Capitol.Also the motto ofS.L. Benfica.Less commonly written asex pluribus unum
ecce Agnus Dei	behold the lamb of God	John the Baptistexclaims this after seeingJesus
ecce ancilla domini	behold the handmaiden of the Lord	From Luke 1:38 in theVulgateBible. Name of anoil paintingbyDante Gabriel Rossettiand motto ofBishopslea Preparatory School.
ecce homo	behold the man	From theGospel of Johnin theVulgate19:5(Douay-Rheims),wherePontius Pilatespeaks these words as he presentsJesus,crowned with thorns, to the crowd. It is also the title ofNietzsche'sautobiographyand of the theme music byHoward Goodallfor theITVcomedyMr. Bean,in which the full sung lyric isEcce homo qui est faba( "Behold the man who is a bean" ).
ecce panis angelorum	behold the bread of angels	From theCatholichymnLauda Sion;occasionally inscribed near the altar of Catholic churches; it refers to theEucharist,the Bread of Heaven; theBody of Christ.See also:Panis angelicus.
editio princeps	first edition	The first published edition of a work.
Ego sum	I am	Phrase from theGospel of Johnas atitle of Jesus(based on theKoine Greektermἐγώ εἰμιEgo eimi)
ego te absolvo	I absolve you	Part of the formula ofCatholicsacramentalabsolution,i. e., spoken by apriestas part of theSacrament of Penance(see alsoabsolvo).
ego te provoco	I challenge you	Used as a challenge; "I dare you". Can also be written aste provoco.
eheu fugaces labuntur anni	Alas, the fleeting years slip by	FromHorace'sOdes,2, 14
ejusdem generis	of the same kinds, class, or nature	Fromthe canons of statutory interpretationinlaw.When more general descriptors follow a list of many specific descriptors, the otherwise wide meaning of the general descriptors is interpreted as restricted to the same class, if any, of the preceding specific descriptors.
eluceat omnibus lux	let the light shine out from all	The motto ofSidwell Friends School
emeritus	veteran	Retired from office. Often used to denote an office held at the time of one's retirement, as an honorary title, e. g.professor emeritusandprovost emeritus.Inclusion in one's title does not necessarily denote that the honorand is inactive in the pertinent office.
emollit mores nec sinit esse feros	a faithful study of the liberal arts humanizes character and permits it not to be cruel	FromOvid,Epistulae ex Ponto(II, 9, 48). Motto ofUniversity of South Carolina.
ens causa sui	existing because of oneself	Or "being one's own cause". Traditionally, a being that owes its existence to no other being, henceGodor a Supreme Being(see alsoPrimum Mobile).
ense petit placidam sub libertate quietem	by the sword she seeks a serene repose under liberty	Mottoof the U.S. state ofMassachusetts,adopted in 1775.
entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem	entities must not be multiplied beyond necessity	Occam's razoror Law of Parsimony; arguments which do not introduce extraneous variables are to be preferred in logical argumentation.
entitas ipsa involvit aptitudinem ad extorquendum certum assensum	reality involves a power to compel certain assent	A phrase used in modern Western philosophy on the nature of truth.
eo ipso	by that very (act)	Technical term inphilosophyandlaw.Similar toipso facto.Example: "The fact that I am does noteo ipsomean that I think. "From the Latinablativeform ofid ipsum( "that thing itself" ).
eo nomine	by that name
epicuri de grege porcum	A pig from the herd (or sty) ofEpicurus	FromHorace,Epistles
equo ne credite	do not trust the horse	FromVirgil,Aeneid,II. 48–49;a reference to theTrojan Horse.
erga omnes	in relation to everyone	Used inlaw,especiallyinternational law,to denote a kind of universalobligation.
ergo	therefore	Denotes a logical conclusion(see alsocogito ergo sum).
errantis voluntas nulla est	the will of a mistaken party is void	Roman legalprinciple formulated byPomponiusin theDigestof theCorpus Juris Civilis,stating that legal actions undertaken by man under the influence of error are invalid.
errare humanum est	to err is human	Sometimes attributed toSeneca the Younger,but not attested:Errare humanum est, perseverare autem diabolicum, et tertia non datur(To err is human; to persist [in committing such errors] is of the devil, and the third possibility is not given.) Several authors contemplated the idea before Seneca:Livy,Venia dignus error is humanus(Storie,VIII, 35) andCicero:is Cuiusvis errare: insipientis nullius nisi, in errore perseverare(Anyone can err, but only the fool persists in his fault) (Philippicae,XII, 2, 5). Cicero, being well-versed in ancient Greek, may well have been alluding toEuripides' playHippolytussome four centuries earlier.300 years laterSaint Augustine of Hipporecycled the idea in hisSermones,164, 14:Humanum fuit errare, diabolicum est per animositatem in errore manere.The phrase gained currency in the English language afterAlexander Pope'sAn Essay on Criticismof 1711: "To err is human, to forgive divine" (line 325).
erratum	error	I. e., mistake. Lists of errors in a previous edition of a work are often marked with the pluralerrata( "errors" ).
eruditio et religio	scholarship and duty	Motto ofDuke University
esse est percipi	to be is to be perceived	Motto ofGeorge Berkeleyfor hissubjective idealistphilosophical position that nothing exists independently of its perception by a mind except minds themselves.
esse quam videri	to be, rather than to seem	Truly being a thing, rather than merely seeming to be a thing. The motto of many institutions. FromCicero,De amicitia(On Friendship), Chapter 26. Prior to Cicero,Sallustused the phrase inBellum Catilinae,54, 6, writing thatCatoesse quam videri bonus malebat( "preferred to be good, rather than to seem so" ). Earlier still,Aeschylusused a similar phrase inSeven Against Thebes,line 592:ou gar dokein aristos, all' enai thelei( "he wishes not to seem the best, but to be the best" ). Motto of the State of North Carolina.
est modus in rebus	there is measure in things	there is a middle or mean in things, there is a middle way or position; fromHorace,Satires1.1.106;see also:Golden mean (philosophy).According to Potempski and Galmarini (Atmos. Chem. Phys.,9, 9471–9489, 2009) the sentence should be translated as: "There is an optimal condition in all things", which in the original text is followed bysunt certi denique fines quos ultra citraque nequit consistere rectum( "There are therefore precise boundaries beyond which one cannot find the right thing" ).
esto perpetua	may it be perpetual	Said ofVenice,Italy, by the Venetian historianFra Paolo Sarpishortly before his death.Mottoof the U.S. state ofIdaho,adopted in 1867; ofS. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia,Sri Lanka; ofSigma Phi Society.
esto quod es	be what you are	Motto ofWells Cathedral School
et adhuc sub iudice lis est	it is still before the court	FromHorace,Ars Poetica(The Art of Poetry)1.78.
et alibi(et al.)	and elsewhere	A less common variant onet cetera( "and the rest" ) used at the end of a list of locations to denote unenumerated/omitted ones.
et alii,et aliae,et alia(et al.)	and others	Used similarly toet cetera( "and the rest" ) to denote names that, usually for the sake of space, are unenumerated/omitted.Aliiismasculine,and therefore it can be used to refer to men, or groups of men and women; the feminineet aliaeis proper when the "others" are all female, but as with manyloanwords,interlingual use, such as in reference lists, is often invariable.Et aliais neuter plural and thus in Latin text is properly used only for inanimate, genderless objects, but some use it as a gender-neutral alternative.APA styleandMLA styleuses et al. if the work cited was written by more than three authors;AMA stylelists all authors if ≤6, and 3 + et al. if >6. AMA style forgoes the period (because it forgoes the period on abbreviations generally) and it forgoes the italic (as it does with other loanwords naturalized into scientific English); many journals that follow AMA style do likewise.
et cetera(etc., &c.)	and the rest	In modern usage, used to mean "and so on" or "and more".
et cum spiritu tuo	and with your spirit	The usual response to the phraseDominus vobiscumused in RomanCatholic liturgy,for instance at several points during theCatholic Mass.Also used as a general form of greeting among and towards members of Catholic organisations.
et facere et pati fortia Romanum est	Acting and suffering bravely is the attribute of a Roman	The words ofGaius Mucius ScaevolawhenLars Porsenacaptured him
et facta est lux	And light came to beorwas made	FromGenesis,1:3: "and there was light". Motto ofMorehouse CollegeinAtlanta,Georgia,United States.See alsoFiat lux.
et hoc genus omne	and all that sort of thing	Abbreviated ase.h.g.o.orehgo
et in Arcadia ego	and inArcadia[am] I / I [am/exist] even in Arcadia	Phrased from the perspective of thepersonification of deathto indicate death's reality under even the most blissful of circumstances, associated in classical times with the then-pastoral Arcadia region of thePeloponnesein Greece;see alsomemento mori;also the name of paintings and TV episodes – seeEt in Arcadia ego (disambiguation).
et lux in tenebris lucet	and light shines in the darkness	From theGospel of John1.5,Vulgate.Motto of thePontifical Catholic University of Peru.See alsoLux in Tenebris,1919 play byBertolt Brecht.
et nunc reges intelligite erudimini qui judicatis terram	"And now, O ye kings, understand: receive instruction, you that judge the earth."	From theBook of Psalms,II.x. (Vulgate)Archived2016-03-06 at theWayback Machine,2.10 (Douay-Rheims).
et passim(et pass.)	and throughout	Used in citations after a page number to indicate that there is further information in other locations in the cited resource.See alsopassim.
et sequentes(et seq.)	and the following (masculine/feminine plural)	Alsoet sequentia( "and the following things":neut.), abbreviations:et seqq.,et seq.,orsqq.Commonly used inlegal citationsto refer tostatutesthat comprise several sequential sections of acodeof statutes (e. g.National Labor Relations Act,29U.S.C.§ 159et seq.;New Jersey Prevention of Domestic Violence Act, N.J. Stat. Ann. § 2C:25-17et seq.).
et suppositio nil ponit in esse	and a supposition puts nothing in being	More usually translated as "Sayin' it don't make it so".
Et tu, Brute?	And you,Brutus?	Or "Even you, Brutus?" or "You too, Brutus?" Indicates betrayal by an intimate associate. FromWilliam Shakespeare,Julius Caesar,based on the traditional dying words ofJulius Caesar.However, these were almost certainly not Caesar's true last words:Plutarchquotes Caesar as saying inGreek,the language of the Roman elite at the time,καὶ σὺ τέκνον(Kaì sù téknon?), translated as "You too, (my) child?", quoting fromMenander.
et uxor(et ux.)	and wife	A legal term.
et vir	and husband	A legal term.
Etiam si omnes, ego non	Even if all others, I will never	Saint PetertoJesus,from theVulgate,Gospel of Matthew26:33;New King James Version:Matthew 26:33).
etsi deus non daretur	even if God were not a given	This sentence synthesizes a famous concept ofHugo Grotius(1625).
evoles ut ira breve nefas sit; regna	arise, that your anger may [only] be a brief evil; control [it]	A bilingualpalindrome,yielding its English paraphrase, "Anger, 'tis safe never. Bar it! Use love!"
ex abundanti cautela	out of an abundance of caution	Inlaw,describes someone taking precautions against a very remote contingency. "One might wear a belt in addition to bracesex abundanti cautela".In banking, aloanin which thecollateralis more than the loan itself. Also the basis for the term "an abundance of caution" employed by United States PresidentBarack Obamato explain why the Chief Justice of theUS Supreme CourtJohn Robertshad to re-administer the presidential oath of office, and again in reference to terrorist threats.
ex abundantia enim cordis os loquitur	for out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaketh.	From theGospel of Matthew,XII.xxxiv (Vulgate),12.34 (Douay-Rheims)and theGospel of Luke,VI.xlv (Vulgate),6.45 (Douay-Rheims).Sometimes rendered withoutenim( "for" ).
ex aequo	from the equal	Denoting "on equal footing", i. e., in a tie. Used for those two (seldom more) participants of a competition who demonstrated identical performance.
ex Africa semper aliquid novi	"(There is) always something new (coming) out of Africa"	Pliny the Elder,Naturalis Historia,8, 42 (unde etiam vulgare Graeciae dictum semper aliquid novi Africam adferre), a translation of the Greek «Ἀεὶ Λιβύη φέρει τι καινόν».
ex amicitia pax	peace from friendship	Often used on internal diplomatic event invitations. A motto sometimes inscribed on flags and mission plaques ofdiplomatic corps.
ex animo	from the soul	Sincerely.
ex ante	from before	Denoting "beforehand", "before the event", or "based on prior assumptions"; denoting a prediction.
Ex Astris Scientia	From the Stars, Knowledge	The motto of the fictionalStarfleet AcademyofStar Trek.Adapted fromex luna scientia,which in turn derived fromex scientia tridens.
ex cathedra	from the chair	A phrase applied to the declarations or promulgations of theCatholicSupreme Pontiff(Pope) when, preserved from the possibility of error by theHoly Spirit(seePapal infallibility),he solemnly declares or promulgates ( "from the chair" that was the ancient symbol of the teacher and governor, in this case of the Church) a dogmatic doctrine on faith or morals as being contained in divine revelation, or at least being intimately connected to divine revelation. Used, by extension, of anyone who is perceived as speaking as though with supreme authority.
ex cultu robur	from culture [comes] strength	The motto ofCranleigh School,Surrey.
ex debito Justitia	justice, which cannot be denied	on King's writ, to be granted to the subject
ex Deo	from God
ex dolo malo	fromfraud	"From harmful deceit";dolus malusis the Latin legal term denoting "fraud". The full legal phrase isex dolo malo non oritur actio( "an action does not arise from fraud" ). When an action has its origin in fraud or deceit, it cannot be supported; thus, a court of law will not assist a man who bases his course of action on an immoral or illegal act.
ex duris gloria	From suffering [comes] glory	Motto of Rapha Cycling club(see alsoRapha (sportswear))
ex facie	from the face	Idiomatically rendered "on the face of it". A legal term typically used to state that a document's explicit terms are defective absent further investigation. Also, "contemptex facie"meanscontempt of courtcommitted outside of the court, as contrasted with contemptin facie.
ex factis jus oritur	the law arises from the facts
ex fide fiducia	from faith [comes] confidence	Motto ofSt George's College, HarareandHartmann House Preparatory School
ex fide fortis	from faith [comes] strength	Motto ofLoyola SchoolinNew York City,New York,United States.
ex glande quercus	from the acorn the oak	Motto of theMunicipal Borough of Southgate,London,England,United Kingdom.
ex gratia	from kindness	More literally "from grace". Refers to someone voluntarily performing an act purely from kindness, as opposed to for personal gain or from being compelled to do it. Inlaw,anex gratiapayment is one made without recognizing anyliabilityorobligation.
ex hypothesi	from the hypothesis	Denoting "by hypothesis"
ex ignorantia ad sapientiam; ex luce ad tenebras(e.i.)	from ignorance into wisdom; from light into darkness	Motto of the fictionalMiskatonic Universityin Arkham, Massachusetts, from theCthulhu Mythos
ex infra(e.i.)	"from below"	Recent academic notation denoting "from below in this writing".See alsoex supra.
ex juvantibus	from that which helps	The medical pitfall in which response to a therapeutic regimen substitutes proper diagnosis.
ex lege	from the law
ex libris	from the books	Precedes a person's name, denoting "from the library of" the nominate; also a synonym for "bookplate".
ex luna scientia	from the moon, knowledge	The motto of theApollo 13lunar mission, derived fromex scientia tridens,the motto ofJim Lovell'salma mater,theUnited States Naval Academy
ex malo bonum	good out of evil	FromSaint Augustine of Hippo,"Sermon LXI", in which he contradicts the dictum ofSeneca the YoungerinEpistulae morales ad Lucilium,87:22:bonum ex malo non fit( "good does not come from evil" ). Also the alias of the song "Miserabile Visu" byAnberlinin the albumNew Surrender.
ex mea sententia	in my opinion
ex merito Justitiae
ex mero motu	out of mere impulse, or of one's own accord
ex nihilonihil fit	nothing comes from nothing	FromLucretius,and said earlier byParmenides;in conjunction with "creation":creatio ex nihilo– "creation out of nothing"
ex novo	anew	something that has been newly made or made from scratch(see alsode novo)
Ex Oblivione	from oblivion	The title of a short story byH. P. Lovecraft
ex officio	from the office	By virtue or right of office. Often used when someone holds one office by virtue of holding another: for example, thePresident of Franceis anex officioCo-Prince of Andorra.A common misconception is that allex officio membersof a committee or congress may not vote; but in some cases they do. Inlawex officiocan also refer to an administrative or judicial office taking action of its own accord; in the latter case the more common term isex proprio motuorex meru motu,for example to invalidate a patent or prosecute infringers of copyright.
ex opere operantis	from the work of the one working	Theological phrase contrasted withex opere operato,referring to the notion that the validity or promised benefit of asacramentdepends on the person administering it
ex opere operato	from the work worked	A theological phrase meaning that the act of receiving asacramentactually confers the promised benefit, such as abaptismactually and literally cleansing one'ssins.TheCatholic Churchaffirms that the source of grace is God, not just the actions or disposition of the minister or the recipient of the sacrament.
ex oriente lux	light from the east	Originally refers to the sun rising in the east, but alludes to culture coming from the Eastern world. Motto of several institutions.
ex oriente pax	peace comes from the east (i.e. from the Soviet Union)	Shown on the logo as used by East Germany'sCDU,a blue flag with two yellow stripes, a dove, and the CDU symbol in the center with the wordsex oriente pax.
ex parte	from a part	A legal term that means "by one party" or "for one party". Thus, on behalf of one side or party only.
ex pede Herculem	from his foot, so Hercules	From the measure of Hercules' foot you shall know his size; from a part, the whole.
ex post	from after	"Afterward", "after the event". Based on knowledge of the past. Measure of past performance
ex post facto	from a thing done afterward	Said of a law with retroactive effect
ex professo	from one declaring [an art or science]	Or 'with due competence'. Said of the person who perfectly knows his art or science. Also used to mean "expressly".
ex rel.,or,ex relatio	[arising] out of the relation/narration [of the relator]	The term is a legal phrase; the legal citation guide called theBluebookdescribesex rel.as a "procedural phrase" and requires using it to abbreviate "on the relation of", "for the use of", "on behalf of", and similar expressions. An example of use is in court case titles such asUniversal Health Services, Inc. v. United States ex rel. Escobar.
ex scientia tridens	from knowledge, sea power	TheUnited States Naval Academymotto. Refers to knowledge bringing men power over the sea comparable to that of thetrident-bearing Greek godPoseidon.
ex scientia vera	from knowledge, truth	The motto of the College of Graduate Studies atMiddle Tennessee State University.
ex silentio	from silence	In general, the claim that the absence of something demonstrates the proof of a proposition. Anargumentum ex silentio( "argument from silence") is an argument based on the assumption that someone's silence on a matter suggests (" proves "when a logicalfallacy) that person's ignorance of the matter or their inability to counterargue validly.
ex situ	out of position	opposite of "in situ"
ex solo ad solem	from the Earth to the Sun	The motto of theUniversity of Central Lancashire,Preston
ex supra(e.s.)	"from above"	Recent academic notation for "from above in this writing".See alsoex infra.
ex tempore	from [this moment of] time	"This instant", "right away" or "immediately". Also writtenextempore
Ex turpi causa non oritur actio	From a dishonorable cause an action does not arise	A legal doctrine which states that a claimant will be unable to pursue a cause of action if it arises in connection with his own illegal act. Particularly relevant in the law of contract, tort and trusts.
ex umbra in solem	from the shadow into the light	Motto ofFederico Santa María Technical University
ex undis	from the waves [of the sea]	motto in the coat of arms ofEemsmond
Ex Unitate Vires	union is strength, or unity is strength	Former motto ofSouth Africa
ex vi termini	from the force of the term	Thus, "by definition"
ex vita discedo, tanquam ex hospitio, non tanquam ex domo	I depart from life as from an inn, not as from home	Cicero,Cato Maior de Senectute(On Old Age) 23
ex vivo	out of or from life	Used in reference to the study or assay of living tissue in an artificial environment outside the living organism.
ex voto	from the vow	Thus, in accordance with a promise. Anex votois also an offering made in fulfillment of a vow.
ex vulgus scientia	from the crowd, knowledge	used to describe social computing, inThe Wisdom of Crowdsand discourse referring to it.
excelsior	higher	"Ever upward!" Thestate motto of New York.Also a catchphrase used by Marvel Comics headStan Lee.
exceptio firmat(orprobat)regulam in casibus non exceptis	The exception confirms the rule in cases which are not excepted	A juridical principle which means that the statement of a rule's exception (e.g., "no parking on Sundays" ) implicitly confirms the rule (i.e., that parking is allowed Monday through Saturday). Often mistranslated as "theexception that proves the rule".
excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta	an excuse that has not been sought [is] an obvious accusation	More loosely, "he who excuses himself, accuses himself" —an unprovoked excuse is a sign of guilt. InFrench,qui s'excuse, s'accuse
exeat	s/he may go out	A formal leave of absence
exegi monumentum aere perennius	I have reared a monument more enduring than bronze	Horace,CarminaIII:XXX:I
exempli gratia(e.g.)	for the sake of example, for example	Exempli gratiāis usually abbreviated "e. g." or "e.g." (less commonly,ex. gr.). The abbreviation "e.g." is often interpreted (Anglicised) as 'example given'. The pluralexemplōrum gratiāto refer to multiple examples (separated by commas) is now not in frequent use; when used, it may be seen abbreviated as "ee.g." or even "ee.gg.", corresponding to the practice of doubling plurals in Latin abbreviations.E.g.is not usually followed by a comma in British English, but it often is in American usage.E.g.is often confused withi.e.(id est,meaning'that is'or'in other words').Some writing styles give such abbreviations without punctuation, asieandeg.
Exemplum virtutis	a model of virtue
exercitus sine duce corpus est sine spiritu	an army without a leader is a body without a spirit	On a plaque at the former military staff building of theSwedish Armed Forces
exeunt	they leave	Third-person plural present active indicative of the Latin verbexire;also seen inexeunt omnes,"all leave"; singular:exit.Typically used as a stage direction in plays which means that one or more actors should leave the stage.
experientia docet	experience teaches	This term has been used indermatopathologyto express that there is no substitute for experience in dealing with all the numerous variations that may occur with skin conditions.The term has also been used ingastroenterology.It is also the motto ofSan Francisco State University.
experimentum crucis	experiment of the cross	Or "crucial experiment". A decisive test of a scientific theory.
experto crede	trust the expert	Literally "believe one who has had experience". An author's aside to the reader.
expressio unius est exclusio alterius	the expression of the one is the exclusion of the other	"Mentioning one thing may exclude another thing". A principle of legalstatutory interpretation:the explicit presence of a thing implies intention to exclude others; e.g., a reference in the Poor Relief Act 1601 to "lands, houses, tithes and coal mines" was held to exclude mines other than coal mines. Sometimes expressed asexpressum facit cessare tacitum(broadly, "the expression of one thing excludes the implication of something else" ).
extra domum	[placed] outside of the house	Refers to a possible result of Catholic ecclesiastical legal proceedings when the culprit is removed from being part of a group like a monastery.
extra Ecclesiam nulla salus	outside the Church [there is] no salvation	This expression comes from theEpistle to Jubaianus,paragraph 21, written by SaintCyprian of Carthage,a bishop of the third century. It is often used to summarise the doctrine that the Catholic Church is absolutely necessary for salvation.
extra omnes	outside, all [of you]	It is issued by theMaster of the Papal Liturgical Celebrationsbefore a session of thepapal conclavewhich will elect a newpope.When spoken, all those who are notcardinals,or those otherwise mandated to be present at the conclave, must leave theSistine Chapel.
extra territorium jus dicenti impune non paretur	he who administers justice outside of his territory is disobeyed with impunity	Refers toextraterritorialjurisdiction. Often cited inlaw of the seacases on thehigh seas.
extrema ratio	"extreme solution", "last possibility", "last possible course of action"

References

Notes

References

Further reading

• Adeleye, Gabriel G. (1999). Thomas J. Sienkewicz; James T. McDonough Jr. (eds.).World Dictionary of Foreign Expressions.Wauconda, Illinois: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers.ISBN0865164223.
• Stone, Jon R. (1996).Latin for the Illiterati.London & New York: Routledge.ISBN0415917751.

External links

• Media related toLatin-language words and phrasesat Wikimedia Commons