Ethinylestradiol sulfate
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| Other names | EE sulfate; 17α-Ethynylestradiol 3-sulfate |
| Drug class | Estrogen;Estrogen ester |
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| Formula | C20H24O5S |
| Molar mass | 376.47g·mol−1 |
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Ethinylestradiol sulfate(EE sulfate), also known as17α-ethynylestradiol 3-sulfate,is anestrogen ester– specifically, the C3sulfuric acid(sulfate)esterof thesyntheticestrogenethinylestradiol(EE) – and is the majormetaboliteof EE.[1][2][3]Circulating levels of EE sulfate range from 6 to 22 times those of EE when EE is takenorally.[1][2][3]EE sulfate can betransformedback into EE (14–21%) viasteroid sulfatase,and it has been suggested that EE sulfate may serve as a circulating reservoir for EE, similarly to the case ofestrone sulfatewithestradiol.[4][5][3][1]However, the EE sulfate pool with EE is far smaller than the pool of estrone sulfate that occurs with estradiol (with estrone sulfate levels approximately 200-fold higher than estradiol levels on average with oral estradiol).[1]In addition, in contrast to the case of estrone sulfate andestrone,the conversion rate of EE sulfate back into EE is relatively low, and has been said probably isn't of clinical significance.[5]However, other studies have suggested that EE sulfate may nonetheless contribute up to 20% of total EE levels.[2][6]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^abcdKuhl H (August 2005). "Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens: influence of different routes of administration".Climacteric.8(Suppl 1): 3–63.doi:10.1080/13697130500148875.PMID16112947.S2CID24616324.
- ^abcKuhnz W, Blade H, Zimmermann H (6 December 2012)."Pharmacokinetics and Exogenous Natural and Synthetic Estrogens and Antiestrogens".In Oettel M, Schillinger E (eds.).Estrogens and Antiestrogens II: Pharmacology and Clinical Application of Estrogens and Antiestrogen.Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 284–285, 290.ISBN978-3-642-60107-1.
- ^abcFotherby K (August 1996). "Bioavailability of orally administered sex steroids used in oral contraception and hormone replacement therapy".Contraception.54(2): 59–69.doi:10.1016/0010-7824(96)00136-9.PMID8842581.
- ^Goldzieher JW, Mileikowsky G, Newburger J, Dorantes A, Stavchansky SA (1988). "Human pharmacokinetics of ethynyl estradiol 3-sulfate and 17-sulfate".Steroids.51(1–2): 63–79.doi:10.1016/0039-128x(88)90185-7.PMID3242167.S2CID21188869.
- ^abGoldzieher JW (6 December 2012)."Pharmacology of Contraceptive Steroids".In Shoupe D, Haseltine FP (eds.).Contraception.Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 19–.ISBN978-1-4612-2730-4.
- ^Mattison DR, Karyakina N, Goodman M, LaKind JS (September 2014). "Pharmaco- and toxicokinetics of selected exogenous and endogenous estrogens: a review of the data and identification of knowledge gaps".Critical Reviews in Toxicology.44(8): 696–724.doi:10.3109/10408444.2014.930813.PMID25099693.S2CID11212469.
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