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Polish people

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(Redirected fromEthnic Poles)
For a specific analysis of the population of Poland, seeDemographics of Poland.
This article is about Poles as an ethnic group. For Polish nationality law or citizenship, seePolish nationality law.For Poles living outside Poland, seePolish diaspora.

Poles
Polacy(Polish)
Theflag of Poland,one of the symbols of Polish people
Total population
c. 60 million[1]
Regions with significant populations
Poland37,394,000 (2011)[2]
United States10,600,000 (2015)[1][3][4]
Germany2,253,000 (2018)[5]
Brazil1,800,000 (2007)[6]
Canada1,010,705 (2013)[7]
France1,000,000 (2022)[8][9][10]
United Kingdom682,000 (2021)[11][12]
Other countries
Argentina500,000 (2014)[13]
Belarus288,000 (2019)[14]
Russia273,000 (2013)[15]
Australia216,056 (2006)[16]
Israel202,300 (2011) (Polish Jews,not ethnic Poles)[17]
Lithuania183,000 (2021)[18]
Ukraine144,130 (2001)[19]
Ireland112,500 (2018)[20]
Norway108,255 (2019)[21]
Italy97,000 (2016)[6][22]
Sweden75,323 (2012)[23]
Austria69,898 (2015)[24]
Spain63,000 (2019)[25]
Netherlands60,000 (2017)[15]
Belgium49,600 (2019)[25]
Latvia44,783 (2011)[26]
Denmark37,876 (2014)[27]
Kazakhstan34,057 (2018)[28]
South Africa30,000 (2014)[29]
Iceland20,927 (2022)[30]
Czech Republic20,305 (2017)[31]
Hungary20,000 (2018)[6][32]
Switzerland20,000 (2007)[6]
Paraguay16,748 (2012)[33]
Greece15,000 (2019)[25]
United Arab Emirates14,500 (2015)[15]
Chile10,000 (2007)[6]
Mexico10,000 (2007)[6]
Moldova10,000 (2007)[6]
Uruguay10,000 (2007)[6]
Slovakia5,282 (2021)[34]
Portugal4,326[35]
Japan1,762 (2023)[36]
Languages
Religion
PredominantlyRoman Catholicism[37]
Related ethnic groups
OtherWest Slavs
Especially otherLechites

Polish people,orPoles,[a]are aWest Slavicethnic groupandnation[38][39][40]who share a commonhistory,culture,thePolish languageand are identified with the country ofPolandinCentral Europe.Thepreambleto theConstitution of the Republic of Polanddefines the Polish nation as comprising all thecitizensof Poland, regardless of heritage or ethnicity. The majority of Poles adhere toRoman Catholicism.[37]

The population of self-declared Poles in Poland is estimated at 37,394,000 out of an overall population of 38,512,000 (based on the 2011 census),[41]of whom 36,522,000 declared Polish alone.[2][42][4]A wide-ranging Polish diaspora (thePolonia) exists throughoutEurasia,theAmericas,andAustralasia.Today, the largest urban concentrations of Poles are within theWarsaw metropolitan areaand theKatowice urban area.

Ethnic Poles are considered to be the descendants of the ancient West SlavicLechitesand other tribes that inhabited the Polish territories during thelate antiquityperiod. Poland'srecorded historydates back over a thousand years toc.930–960 AD, when theWestern Polans– an influential tribe in theGreater Polandregion – united various Lechitic clans under what became thePiast dynasty,[43]thus creating the first Polish state. The subsequentChristianization of Polandby theCatholic Church,in 966 CE, marked Poland's advent to the community ofWestern Christendom.However, throughout its existence, the Polish state followed a tolerant policy towards minorities resulting in numerous ethnic and religious identities of the Poles, such asPolish Jews.

Exonyms

See also:Name of Poland

The PolishendonymPolacyis derived from theWestern Polans,aLechitictribe which inhabited lands around theRiver WartainGreater Polandregion from the mid-6th century onward.[44]The tribe's name stems from theProto-Indo European*pleh₂-,which means flat or flatland and corresponds to thetopographyof a region that the Western Polans initially settled.[45][46]The prefixpol-is used in most world languages when referring toPoles(Spanishpolaco,Italianpolacche,Frenchpolonais,GermanPole).

Among other foreignexonymsfor the Polish people areLithuanianLenkai;HungarianLengyelek;TurkishLeh;Armenian:ԼեհաստանLehastan;andPersian:لهستان(Lahestān). These stem fromLechia,the ancient name for Poland, or from the tribalLendians.Their names are equally derived from theOld Polishtermlęda,meaning plain or field.[47]

Ethnogenesis

Main article:History of Poland
See also:Early Slavs,Western Slavs,andLechites
Fragment ofGesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum(1073) byAdam of Bremen,containing the name "Polans":"transOddaramsunt Polanos"

Slavshave been in the territory of modern-day Poland for over 1500 years.[48]During theMigration Period,central Europewas becoming increasingly settled by theearly Slavs(500–700 AD).[48]They organized intotribal units,of which the larger ones further west were later known as thePolish tribes(Lechites);[49]the names of many tribes are found on the list compiled by the anonymousBavarian Geographerin the 9th century.[50]In the 9th and 10th centuries the tribes gave rise to developed regions along the upperVistula(theVistulans),[50]theBaltic Seacoast and inGreater Poland.The ultimate tribal undertaking (10th century) resulted in a lastingpolitical structureand the creation of a Polishstate.[51]

Language

Main article:Polish language
Book of Henryków.Highlighted in red is the earliest known sentence written in theOld Polish language

Polishis the native language of most Poles. It is aWest Slavic languageof theLechitic groupand the sole official language in the Republic of Poland. Its written form uses thePolish alphabet,which is the basicLatin alphabetwith the addition of sixdiacritic marks,totalling 32 letters. Bearing relation toCzechandSlovak,it has been profoundly influenced byLatin,Germanand other languages over the course of history.[52][53]Poland is linguistically homogeneous – nearly 97% of Poland's citizens declare Polish as their mother tongue.[54]

Polish-speakers use the language in a uniform manner throughout most of Poland, though numerousdialectsand avernacular languagein certain regions coexist alongsidestandardPolish. The most commonlectsin Poland areSilesian,spoken inUpper Silesia,andKashubian,widely spoken in historic EasternPomerania(Pomerelia), today in the northwestern part of Poland.[55]Kashubian possesses its own status as a separate language.[56][57]TheGoral peoplein the mountainous south use their own nonstandard dialect, accenting and differentintonation.

The geographical distribution of thePolish languagewas greatly affected by the border changes and population transfers that followed theSecond World War– forcedexpulsionsand resettlement during that period contributed to the country's current linguistic homogeneity.

Culture

Main article:Culture of Poland
ThePolish White Eagleis Poland's enduringnational and cultural symbol

The culture of Poland is closely connected with its intricate 1,000-yearhistory,and forms an important constituent in theWestern civilisation.[58]Strong ties with the Latinate world and theRoman Catholic faithalso shaped Poland's cultural identity.

Officially, the national and state symbol is thewhite-tailed eagle(bielik) embedded on theCoat of arms of Poland(godło).[59]The national colours are white and red, which appropriately appear on theflag of Poland(flaga), banners,cockadesand memorabilia.[59]

Adam Mickiewiczis regarded as a national poet inPoland

Personal achievement and education plays an important role in Polish society today. In 2018, theProgramme for International Student Assessmentranked Poland 11th in the world for mathematics, science and reading.[60]Education has been of prime interest to Poland since the early 12th century, particularly for itsnoble classes.In 1364, KingCasimir the Greatfounded theKraków Academy,which would becomeJagiellonian University,the second-oldest institution of higher learning in Central Europe.[61]People of Polish birth have made considerable contributions in the fields of science, technology and mathematics both in Poland and abroad,[62]among themVitello,Nicolaus Copernicus,Marie Skłodowska–Curie,Rudolf Modrzejewski,Rudolf Weigl,Bronisław Malinowski,Stefan Banach,Stanisław Ulam,Leonid Hurwicz,Benoit MandelbrotandAlfred Tarski.

Poland'sfolk music,especially themazurka,krakowiakandpolonaise,were popularized by Polish composerFrédéric Chopin,and they soon spread across Europe and elsewhere.[63]Latin songs and religious hymns such asGaude Mater PoloniaandBogurodzicawere once chanted in churches and during patriotic festivities, but the tradition has faded.

According to a 2020 study, Poland ranks 12th globally on a list of countries which read the most, and approximately 79% of Poles read the news more than once a day, placing it 2nd behindSweden.[64]As of 2021, six Poles received theNobel Prize in Literature.[b]The national epic isPan Tadeusz(English: Master Thaddeus), written byAdam Mickiewicz.Renowned novelists who gained much recognition abroad includeJoseph Conrad(wrote in English;Heart of Darkness,Lord Jim),Stanisław Lem(science-fiction;Solaris) andAndrzej Sapkowski(fantasy;The Witcher).

Frederic Chopinplays for theRadziwiłł family,1829 (painting byHenryk Siemiradzki,1887)

Various regions in Poland such asGreater Poland,Lesser Poland,Mazovia,Silesia,andPomeraniadeveloped their own distinct cultures, cuisines, folk costumes and dialects. Also, Poland for centuries was a refuge to manyJewsand toArmenians,who became an important part of Polish society and similarly developed their own unique cultures.

Popular everyday foods in Poland include pork cutlets (kotlet schabowy), schnitzels,kielbasasausage, potatoes,coleslawand salads, soups (barszcz,tomatoormeat broth),pierogidumplings, andbread rolls.Traditional Polish cuisine is hearty and Poles are one of the more obese nations in Europe – approximately 58% of the adult population was overweight in 2019, above the EU average.[65]According to data from 2017,meat consumption per capitain Poland was one of the highest in the world, withporkbeing the most in demand.[66]Alcohol consumptionis relatively moderate compared to other European states;[67]popular alcoholic beverages include Polish-producedbeer,vodkaandciders.

Religion

Main article:Religion in Poland
See also:Roman Catholicism in Poland,Polish National Catholic Church,Polish Orthodox Church,Polish Lutheran Church,Pentecostal Church in Poland,Baptist Union of Poland,andPolish Reformed Church
John Paul IIwas the first Pole to become aRoman Catholic Pope

Poles have traditionally adhered to the Christian faith; an overwhelming majority belongs to theRoman Catholic Church,[68]with 87.5% of Poles in 2011 identifying asRoman Catholic.[69]According toPoland's Constitution,freedom of religion is ensured to everyone. It also allows for national and ethnic minorities to have the right to establish educational and cultural institutions, institutions designed to protect religious identity, as well as to participate in the resolution of matters connected with their cultural identity.

There are smaller communities primarily comprisingProtestants(especiallyLutherans),Orthodox Christians(migrants),Jehovah's Witnesses,thoseirreligious,andJudaism(mostly from theJewish populations in Polandwho have lived in Poland prior to World War II)[70]andSunni Muslims(Polish Tatars). Roman Catholics live all over the country, while Orthodox Christians can be found mostly in the far north-eastern corner, in the area ofBiałystok,and Protestants inCieszyn SilesiaandWarmia-Masuriaregions. A growing Jewish population exists in major cities, especially inWarsaw,KrakówandWrocław.Over two million Jews of Polish origin reside in the United States, Brazil, and Israel.[citation needed]

Casimir III the Greatwelcomes theJewsto Poland (byWojciech Gerson)

Religious organizations in the Republic of Poland can register their institution with theMinistry of Interior and Administrationcreating a record of churches and other religious organizations who operate under separate Polish laws. This registration is not necessary; however, it is beneficial when it comes to serving the freedom of religious practice laws.[citation needed]

Slavic Native Faith(Rodzimowiercy) groups, registered with the Polish authorities in 1995, are theNative Polish Church(Rodzimy Kościół Polski), which represents a pagan tradition going back toWładysław Kołodziej's 1921 Holy Circle of Worshippers ofŚwiatowid(Święte Koło Czcicieli Światowida), and the Polish Slavic Church (Polski Kościół Słowiański). There is also theNative Faith Association(Zrzeszenie Rodzimej Wiary,ZRW), founded in 1996.[71]

Geographic distribution

The map depicts countries by number of citizens who reported Polish ancestry or citizenship (based on sources in this article)
Poland
+ 10,000,000
+ 1,000,000
+ 100,000
+ 10,000
YoungGoralsof theBeskid Mountains(Żywiec)

Polish people are the sixth-largest national group in theEuropean Union(EU).[72]Estimates vary depending on source, though available data suggest a total number of around 60 million people worldwide (with roughly 18-20 million living outside of Poland, many of whom are not of Polish descent, but are Polish nationals).[73]There are almost 38 million Poles in Poland alone. There are also strong Polish communities in neighbouring countries, whose territories were once occupied or part of Poland –Czech Republic,Slovakia,Lithuania,Latvia,westernUkraine,and westernBelarus.

The term "Polonia"is usually used in Poland to refer to people of Polish origin who live outside Polish borders. There is a notable Polishdiasporain theUnited States,Brazil,andCanada.France has a historic relationship with Poland and has a relatively large Polish-descendant population. Poles have lived in France since the 18th century. In the early 20th century, over a million Polish people settled inFrance,mostly during world wars, among them Polish émigrés fleeing eitherNazi occupation(1939–1945) orCommunism(1945/1947–1989).

In the United States, a significant number of Polish immigrants settled inChicago(billed as the world's most Polish city outside of Poland), Milwaukee, Ohio, Detroit,New Jersey,New York City,Orlando,Pittsburgh,Buffalo,andNew England.The highest concentration ofPolish Americansin a single New England municipality is inNew Britain, Connecticut.The majority of Polish Canadians have arrived in Canada since World War II. The number of Polish immigrants increased between 1945 and 1970, and again after theend of Communism in Poland in 1989.In Brazil, the majority of Polish immigrants settled inParanáState. Smaller, but significant numbers settled in the states ofRio Grande do Sul,Espírito Santo andSão Paulo (state).The city ofCuritibahas the second largest Polish diaspora in the world (after Chicago) andPolish music,dishesandcultureare quite common in the region.

A recent large migrationof Poles took place following Poland's accession to theEuropean Unionin 2004 and with the opening of the EU's labor market; an approximate number of 2 million, primarily young, Poles taking up jobs abroad.[74]It is estimated that over half a million Polish people went to work in the United Kingdom from Poland. Since 2011, Poles have been able towork freelythroughout the EU where they have had full working rights since Poland'sEU accession in 2004.The Polish community inNorwayhas increased substantially and has grown to a total number of 120,000, making Poles the largest immigrant group in Norway. Only in recent years has the population abroad decreased, specifically in the UK with 116.000 leaving the UK in 2018 alone. There is a large minority ofPolish people in Irelandthat makes up approximately 2.57% of the population.[75]

See also

Notes

  1. ^Polish:Polacy,pronounced[pɔˈlat͡sɨ];singular masculine:Polak,singular feminine:Polka
  2. ^In some instances only five laureates are acknowledged asIsaac Bashevis Singerresided in the United States and primarily wrote inYiddish.

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