European Economic Community

This article is about one of the threeEuropean Communitiesthat existed from 1958 until 2009 and was renamed European Community in 1993. Not to be confused with the present-dayEuropean Union,which incorporated the European Communities in 1993.

"European Common Market", "Common Market", and "EEC" redirect here. For the EU's internal market, seeEuropean single market.For the type of trade bloc, seeSingle market.For other uses, seeCommon market (disambiguation)andEEC (disambiguation).

European Economic Community/European Community Danish: Europæiske Økonomiske Fællesskab Dutch: Europese Economische Gemeenschap French: Communauté économique européenne German: Europäische Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft Greek: Ευρωπαϊκή Οικονομική Κοινότητα Italian: Comunità Economica Europea Portuguese: Comunidade Económica Europeia Spanish: Comunidad Económica Europea
1958–1993
Flag (1986)
Anthem:"Ode to Joy"(orchestral)
EEC in 1993
Status	Economic union
Institutional seats	Brussels Luxembourg Strasbourg²
Largest city	London
Official languages	9(1993) Danish Dutch English French German Greek Italian Portuguese Spanish
Commission President
• 1958–1967	Walter Hallstein
• 1967–1970	Jean Rey
• 1970–1972	Franco Maria Malfatti
• 1972–1973	Sicco Mansholt
• 1973–1977	François-Xavier Ortoli
• 1977–1981	Roy Jenkins
• 1981–1985	Gaston Thorn
• 1985–1993	Jacques Delors
Legislature	Council of Ministers European Parliament
Historical era	Cold War
•Treaty signed	25 March 1957
•Established	1 January 1958
•European Communities	1 July 1967
•Single market	1 January 1993
•EEC becomes the European Community, one of the 3 European Communities constituting the I pillar of the EU	1 November 1993
•Pillar abolished	1 December 2009
Currency	13 currencies EUA/ECU(accounting) Belgian franc Danish krone French franc German mark Greek drachma Irish pound Italian lira Luxembourgish franc Dutch guilder Portuguese escudo Spanish peseta Pound sterling
Succeeded by European Union
Today part of	European Union United Kingdom
¹ The information in this infobox covers the EEC's time as an independent organisation. It does not give details of post-1993 operation within the EU as that is explained in greater length in theEuropean UnionandEuropean Communitiesarticles. ²De factoonly, these cities hosted the main institutions but were not titled as capitals.

TheEuropean Economic Community(EEC) was aregional organisationcreated by theTreaty of Romeof 1957,aiming to fostereconomic integrationamong its member states. It was subsequently renamed theEuropean Community(EC) upon becoming integrated into thefirst pillarof the newly formedEuropean Union(EU) in 1993. In the popular language, the singularEuropean Communitywas sometimes inaccurately used in the wider sense of the pluralEuropean Communities,in spite of the latter designation covering all the three constituent entities of the first pillar.The EEC was also known as theEuropean Common Market(ECM) in the English-speaking countries,and sometimes referred to as the European Community even before it was officially renamed as such in 1993. In 2009, the EC formally ceased to exist and its institutions were directly absorbed by the EU. This made the Union the formal successor institution of the Community.

The Community's initial aim was to bring about economic integration, including acommon marketandcustoms union,among itssix founding members:Belgium,France,Italy,Luxembourg,theNetherlandsandWest Germany.It gained a common set ofinstitutionsalong with theEuropean Coal and Steel Community(ECSC) and theEuropean Atomic Energy Community(EURATOM) as one of theEuropean Communitiesunder the 1965Merger Treaty(Treaty of Brussels). In 1993 a completesingle marketwas achieved, known as theinternal market,which allowed for the free movement of goods, capital, services, and people within the EEC. In 1994 the internal market was formalised by the EEA agreement. This agreement also extended the internal market to include most of the member states of theEuropean Free Trade Association,forming theEuropean Economic Area,which encompasses 15 countries.

Upon the entry into force of theMaastricht Treatyin 1993, the EEC was renamed the European Community to reflect that it covered a wider range than economic policy.This was also when the three European Communities, including the EC, were collectively made to constitute the first of thethree pillars of the European Union,which the treaty also founded. The EC existed in this form until it was abolished by the 2009Treaty of Lisbon,which incorporated the EC's institutions into the EU's wider framework and provided that the EU would "replace and succeed the European Community".

History

Further information:History of the European Union

Background

In April 1951, theTreaty of Pariswas signed, creating theEuropean Coal and Steel Community(ECSC). This was an international community based onsupranationalismand international law, designed to help theeconomy of Europeand prevent future war byintegratingitsmembers.

With the aim of creating afederal Europetwo further communities were proposed: aEuropean Defence Communityand aEuropean Political Community.While the treaty for the latter was being drawn up by theCommon Assembly,the ECSC parliamentary chamber, the proposed defence community was rejected by theFrench Parliament.ECSC PresidentJean Monnet,a leading figure behind the communities, resigned from the High Authority in protest and began work on alternative communities, based on economic integration rather than political integration.Following theMessina Conferencein 1955,Paul-Henri Spaakwas given the task to prepare a report on the idea of acustoms union.The so-calledSpaak Reportof theSpaak Committeeformed the cornerstone of the intergovernmental negotiations at Val Duchesse conference centre in 1956.Together with theOhlin Reportthe Spaak Report would provide the basis for theTreaty of Rome.

In 1956,Paul-Henri Spaakled theIntergovernmental Conference on the Common Market and Euratomat theVal Duchesseconference centre, which prepared for theTreaty of Romein 1957. The conference led to the signature, on 25 March 1957, of theTreaty of Romeestablishing a European Economic Community.

Creation and early years

The resulting communities were the European Economic Community (EEC) and theEuropean Atomic Energy Community(EURATOM or sometimes EAEC). These were markedly less supranational than the previous communities,due to protests from some countries that theirsovereigntywas being infringed (however there would still be concerns with the behaviour of theHallstein Commission). Germany became a founding member of the EEC, and Konrad Adenauer was made leader in a very short time. The first formal meeting of theHallstein Commissionwas held on 16 January 1958 at theChateau de Val-Duchesse.The EEC (direct ancestor of the modern Community) was to create acustoms unionwhile Euratom would promote co-operation in thenuclear powersphere. The EEC rapidly became the most important of these and expanded its activities. The first move towards political developments came at the end of 1959 when the foreign ministers of the six members announced that would be meeting quarterly to discuss political issues and international problems.One of the first important accomplishments of the EEC was the establishment (1962) of common price levels for agricultural products. In 1968, internal tariffs (tariffs on trade between member nations) were removed on certain products.

French PresidentCharles de Gaullevetoed British membership, held back the development of Parliament's powers and was at the centre of the 'empty chair crisis' of 1965.

Another crisis was triggered in regard to proposals for the financing of theCommon Agricultural Policy,which came into force in 1962. The transitional period whereby decisions were made by unanimity had come to an end, and majority-voting in the council had taken effect. Then-French PresidentCharles de Gaulle's opposition to supranationalism and fear of the other members challenging the CAP led to an "empty chair policy" whereby French representatives were withdrawn from the European institutions until the French veto was reinstated. Eventually, a compromise was reached with theLuxembourg compromiseon 29 January 1966 whereby agentlemen's agreementpermitted members to use a veto on areas of national interest.

On 1 July 1967, when theMerger Treatycame into operation, combining the institutions of the ECSC and Euratom into that of the EEC, they already shared aParliamentary AssemblyandCourts.Collectively they were known as theEuropean Communities.The Communities still had independent personalities although were increasingly integrated. Future treaties granted the community new powers beyond simple economic matters which had achieved a high level of integration. As it got closer to the goal of political integration and a peaceful and united Europe, whatMikhail Gorbachevdescribed as aCommon European Home.

Enlargement and elections

The 1960s saw the first attempts atenlargement.In 1961,Denmark,Ireland,theUnited KingdomandNorway(in 1962), applied to join the three Communities. However, President Charles de Gaulle saw British membership as aTrojan Horsefor U.S. influence and vetoed membership,and the applications of all four countries were suspended.Greecebecame the first country to join the EC in 1961 as an associate member, however its membership was suspended in 1967 after a coup d'état established a military dictatorship called theRegime of the Colonels.

A year later, in February 1962,Spainattempted to join the European Community. However, becauseFrancoist Spainwas not a democracy, all members rejected the request in 1964.

The four countries resubmitted their applications on 11 May 1967 and withGeorges Pompidousucceeding Charles de Gaulle as French president in 1969, the veto was lifted. Negotiations began in 1970 under the pro-European UK government ofEdward Heath,who had to deal with disagreements relating to theCommon Agricultural Policyand the UK's relationship with theCommonwealth of Nations.Nevertheless, two years later the accession treaties were signed so that Denmark, Ireland and the UKjoined the Communityeffective 1 January 1973. The Norwegian people hadrejected membershipin areferendum on 25 September 1972.

TheTreaties of Romehad stated that theEuropean Parliamentmust be directly elected, however this required theCouncilto agree on a common voting system first. The Council procrastinated on the issue and the Parliament remained appointed,French President Charles de Gaulle was particularly active in blocking the development of the Parliament, with it only being grantedBudgetary powersfollowing his resignation.

Parliament pressured for agreement and on 20 September 1976 the Council agreed part of the necessary instruments for election, deferring details on electoral systems which remain varied to this day.During the tenure ofPresident Jenkins,in June 1979, the elections were held in all the then-members (see1979 European Parliament election).The new Parliament, galvanised by direct election and new powers, started working full-time and became more active than the previous assemblies.

Shortly after its election, the Parliament proposed that the Community adopt theflag of Europedesign used by theCouncil of Europe.The European Council in 1984 appointed anad hoccommittee for this purpose.The European Council in 1985 largely followed the Committee's recommendations, but as the adoption of a flag was strongly reminiscent of anational flagrepresentingstatehood,was controversial, the "flag of Europe" design was adopted only with the status of a "logo" or "emblem".

The European Council, or European summit, had developed since the 1960s as an informal meeting of the Council at the level of heads of state. It had originated from then-French PresidentCharles de Gaulle's resentment at the domination of supranational institutions (e.g. the Commission) over the integration process. It was mentioned in the treaties for the first time in theSingle European Act(see below).

Enlargement, 1957 to 2013

Community enlargement

Since 1995

Toward Maastricht

Greecere-applied to join the community on 12 June 1975, following the restoration of democracy, and joined on 1 January 1981.Following on from Greece, and after their own democratic restoration,SpainandPortugalapplied to the communities in 1977 and joined on 1 January 1986.In 1987,Turkeyformally applied to join the Community and began the longest application process for any country.

With the prospect of further enlargement, and a desire to increase areas of co-operation, theSingle European Actwas signed by the foreign ministers on 17 and 28 February 1986 inLuxembourgandThe Haguerespectively. In a single document it dealt with reform of institutions, extension of powers, foreign policy cooperation and the single market. It came into force on 1 July 1987.The act was followed by work on what would be theMaastricht Treaty,which was agreed on 10 December 1991, signed the following year and coming into force on 1 November 1993 establishing the European Union, and paving the way for theEuropean Monetary Union.

European Community

The EU absorbed the European Communities as one of itsthree pillars.The EEC's areas of activities were enlarged and were renamed theEuropean Community,continuing to follow thesupranationalstructure of the EEC. The EEC institutions became those of the EU, however the Court, Parliament and Commission had only limited input in the new pillars, as they worked on a moreintergovernmentalsystem than the European Communities. This was reflected in the names of the institutions, the Council was formally the "Council of theEuropean Union"while the Commission was formally the" Commission of theEuropean Communities".

There are more competencies listed in Article 3 of the European Communities pillar than there are in Article 3 of the Treaty of Rome. This is due to the fact that some competencies were already inherent in the Treaty of Tome, some were referred to in the Treaty of Rome, and some were extended under Article 235 of the Treaty of Rome. Competencies were added to cover trans-European networks, and the work of the Culture Committee and Education Committee that were previously sharing existing competencies. The only entry in Article 3 that represented something new is the competence covering the entry and movement of persons in the internal market.

However, after the Treaty of Maastricht, Parliament gained a more formal role. Maastricht brought in thecodecision procedure,which gave it equal legislative power with the Council on Community matters. This replaced the informal parliamentary blocking powers established by the 1979 Isoglucose decision.

It also abolished any existingstatelikeSimple Majorityvoting in the EEC, replacing it withQualified Majority Voting,a procedure more commonly used in international organisations.

TheTreaty of Amsterdamtransferred responsibility for free movement of persons (e.g.,visas,illegal immigration,asylum) from the Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) pillar to the European Community (JHA was renamedPolice and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters(PJCC) as a result).Both Amsterdam and theTreaty of Nicealso extendedcodecision procedureto nearly all policy areas, giving Parliament equal power to the Council in the Community.

In 2002, theTreaty of Pariswhich established the ECSC expired, having reached its 50-year limit (as the first treaty, it was the only one with a limit). No attempt was made to renew its mandate; instead, theTreaty of Nicetransferred certain of its elements to theTreaty of Romeand hence its work continued as part of the EC area of the European Community's remit.

After the entry into force of theTreaty of Lisbonin 2009 the pillar structure ceased to exist. The European Community, together with itslegal personality,was absorbed into the newly consolidated European Union which merged in the other two pillars (however Euratom remained distinct). This was originally proposed under theEuropean Constitutionbut that treaty failed ratification in 2005.

Aims and achievements

The main aim of the EEC, as stated in its preamble, was to "preserve peace and liberty and to lay the foundations of an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe". Calling for balanced economic growth, this was to be accomplished through:

1. The establishment of acustoms unionwith acommon external tariff
2. Common policies foragriculture,transportand trade, includingstandardization(for example, theCE markingdesignates standards compliance)
3. Enlargement of the EECto the rest of Europe

Citing Article 2 from the original text of the Treaty of Rome of the 25th of March 1957, the EEC aimed at "a harmonious development of economic activities, a continuous and balanced expansion, an increase in stability, an accelerated raising of the standard of living and closer relations between the States belonging to it". Given the fear of the Cold War, many Western Europeans were afraid that poverty would make "the population vulnerable to communist propaganda" (Meurs 2018, p. 68), meaning that increasing prosperity would be beneficial to harmonise power between the Western and Eastern blocs, other than reconcile Member States such as France and Germany after WW2. The tasks entrusted to the Community were divided among an assembly, the European Parliament, Council, Commission, and Court of Justice. Moreover, restrictions to market were lifted to further liberate trade among Member States. Citizens of Member States (other than goods, services, and capital) were entitled to freedom of movement. The CAP, Common Agricultural Policy, regulated and subsided the agricultural sphere. A European Social Fund was implemented in favour of employees who lost their jobs. A European Investment Bank was established to "facilitate the economic expansion of the Community by opening up fresh resources" (Art. 3 Treaty of Rome 3/25/1957). All these implementations included overseas territories. Competition was to be kept alive to make products cheaper for European consumers.

For the customs union, the treaty provided for a 10% reduction in custom duties and up to 20% of global import quotas. Progress on the customs union proceeded much faster than the twelve years planned. However, France faced some setbacks due to theirwar with Algeria.

Members

Further information:Member state of the European UnionandEnlargement of the European Union

The six states that founded the EEC and the other two Communities were known as the "inner six"(the" outer seven "were those countries who formed theEuropean Free Trade Association). The six were France, West Germany, Italy and the threeBeneluxcountries: Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. The first enlargement was in 1973, with the accession of Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom. Greece, Spain and Portugal joined in the 1980s. The formerEast Germanybecame part of the EEC upon German reunification in 1990. Following the creation of the EU in 1993, it has enlarged to include an additional sixteen countries by 2013.

Founding members of EEC

Later members of EEC

Flag	State	Accession	Language(s)	Currency	Population (1990)
	Belgium	25 March 1957	Dutch,FrenchandGerman	Franc(fr.)	10,016,000
	France	25 March 1957	French	Franc(F)	56,718,000
	West Germany/Germany	25 March 1957	German	Mark(DM)	63,254,000
	Italy	25 March 1957	Italian	Lira(Lit.)	56,762,700
	Luxembourg	25 March 1957	French, German andLuxembourgish	Franc(fr.)	384,400
	Netherlands	25 March 1957	Dutch andFrisian	Guilder(ƒ)	14,892,300
	Denmark	1 January 1973	Danish	Krone(kr.)	5,146,500
	Ireland	1 January 1973	IrishandEnglish	Punt(£)	3,521,000
	United Kingdom	1 January 1973	English	Sterling(£)	57,681,000
	Greece	1 January 1981	Greek	Drachma(₯)	10,120,000
	Portugal	1 January 1986	Portuguese	Escudo()	9,862,500
	Spain	1 January 1986	Spanish	Peseta(₧)	38,993,800

Member states are represented in some form in each institution. TheCouncilis also composed of one national minister who represents their national government. Each state also has a right to oneEuropean Commissionereach, although in theEuropean Commissionthey are not supposed to represent their national interest but that of the Community. Prior to 2004, the larger members (France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom) have had two Commissioners. In theEuropean Parliament,members areallocated a set number seatsrelated to their population, however these (since 1979) have been directly elected and they sit according to political allegiance, not national origin. Most other institutions, including theEuropean Court of Justice,have some form of national division of its members.

Institutions

Further information:Institutions of the European Union

There were three political institutions which held the executive and legislative power of the EEC, plus one judicial institution and a fifth body created in 1975. These institutions (except for the auditors) were created in 1957 by the EEC but from 1967 onwards they applied to all three Communities. The Council represents the state governments, the Parliament represents citizens and the Commission represents the European interest.Essentially, the Council, Parliament or another party place a request for legislation to the Commission. The Commission then drafts this and presents it to the Council for approval and the Parliament for an opinion (in some cases it had a veto, depending upon thelegislative procedurein use). The Commission's duty is to ensure it is implemented by dealing with the day-to-day running of the Union and taking others to Court if they fail to comply.After the Maastricht Treaty in 1993, these institutions became those of the European Union, though limited in some areas due to the pillar structure. Despite this, Parliament in particular has gained more power over legislation and security of the Commission. The Court of Justice was the highest authority in the law, settling legal disputes in the Community, while the Auditors had no power but to investigate.

Background

The High Authority had more executive powers than the Commission which replaced it.

The EEC inherited some of theInstitutions of the ECSCin that theCommon AssemblyandCourt of Justiceof the ECSC had their authority extended to the EEC and Euratom in the same role. However the EEC, and Euratom, had different executive bodies to the ECSC. In place of the ECSC's Council of Ministers was theCouncil of the European Economic Community,and in place of theHigh Authoritywas theCommission of the European Communities.

There was greater difference between these than name: the French government of the day had grown suspicious of the supranational power of the High Authority and sought to curb its powers in favour of the intergovernmental style Council. Hence the Council had a greater executive role in the running of the EEC than was the situation in the ECSC. By virtue of theMerger Treatyin 1967, the executives of the ECSC and Euratom were merged with that of the EEC, creating a single institutional structure governing the three separate Communities. From here on, the termEuropean Communitieswere used for the institutions (for example, fromCommission of the European Economic Communityto theCommission of the European Communities).

Council

PresidentJacques Delors,the last EEC Commission President

TheCouncil of the European Communitieswas a body holding legislative and executive powers and was thus the main decision making body of the Community. ItsPresidencyrotated between themember statesevery six months and it is related to theEuropean Council,which was an informal gathering of national leaders (started in 1961) on the same basis as the Council.

The Council was composed of one nationalministerfrom each member state. However the Council met in various forms depending upon the topic. For example, if agriculture was being discussed, the Council would be composed of each national minister for agriculture. They represented their governments and were accountable to their national political systems. Votes were taken either by majority (with votes allocated according to population) or unanimity. In these various forms they share some legislative and budgetary power of the Parliament.Since the 1960s the Council also began to meet informally at the level of heads of government and heads of state; theseEuropean summitsfollowed the same presidency system and secretariat as the Council but was not a formal formation of it.

Commission

TheCommission of the European Communitieswas theexecutive armof the community, draftingCommunity law,dealing with the day to running of the Community and upholding thetreaties.It was designed to be independent, representing the interest of the Community as a whole. Every member state submitted one commissioner (two from each of the larger states, one from the smaller states). One of its members was thePresident,appointed by the Council, who chaired the body and represented it.

Parliament

TheEuropean Parliamentheld its first elections in 1979, slowly gaining more influence over Community decision making.

Under the Community, theEuropean Parliament(formerly the European Parliamentary Assembly) had an advisory role to the Council and Commission. There were a number ofCommunity legislative procedures,at first there was only theconsultation procedure,which meant Parliament had to be consulted, although it was often ignored.TheSingle European Actgave Parliament more power, with theassent proceduregiving it a right to veto proposals and thecooperation proceduregiving it equal power with the Council if the Council was not unanimous.

In 1970 and 1975, theBudgetary treatiesgave Parliament power over theCommunity budget.The Parliament's members, up-until 1980 were national MPs serving part-time in the Parliament. The Treaties of Rome had required elections to be held once the Council had decided on a voting system, but this did not happen and elections were delayed until 1979 (see1979 European Parliament election). After that, Parliament was elected every five years. In the following 20 years, it gradually won co-decision powers with the Council over the adoption of legislation, the right to approve or reject the appointment of the Commission President and the Commission as a whole, and the right to approve or reject international agreements entered into by the Community.

Court

TheCourt of Justice of the European Communitieswas thehighest courtof on matters ofCommunity lawand was composed of one judge per state with a president elected from among them. Its role was to ensure that Community law was applied in the same way across all states and to settle legal disputes between institutions or states. It became a powerful institution as Community law overrides national law.

Auditors

The fifth institution is theEuropean Court of Auditors.Its ensured thattaxpayerfunds from theCommunity budgethad been correctly spent by the Community's institutions. The ECA provided anaudit reportfor each financial year to the Council and Parliament and gave opinions and proposals on financial legislation and anti-fraud actions. It is the only institution not mentioned in the original treaties, having been set up in 1975.

Policy areas

Further information:Three pillars of the European Union

At the time of its abolition, the European Community pillar covered the following areas;

Asylum policy Border control Common Agricultural Policy Common Fisheries Policy Competition Consumer protection Customs unionandSingle market

Economic and monetary union Education and Culture Employment Environmental law EU Citizenship Healthcare

Immigration policy Research Schengen treaty Social policy Trade policy Trans-European Networks

See also

• Economy of the European Union
• Brussels and the European Union
• Delors Commission
• European Commission
• European Customs Information Portal
• European institutions in Strasbourg
• History of the European Communities (1958–1972)
• History of the European Communities (1973–1993)
• Institutional seats of the European Union
• Snake in the tunnel

EU evolution timeline

Since the end ofWorld War II,sovereignEuropeancountries have entered into treaties and thereby co-operated and harmonised policies (orpooled sovereignty) in an increasing number of areas, in theEuropean integration projector theconstruction of Europe(French:la construction européenne). The following timeline outlines the legal inception of theEuropean Union(EU)—the principal framework for this unification. The EU inherited many of its present responsibilities from theEuropean Communities(EC), which were founded in the 1950s in the spirit of theSchuman Declaration.

Legend: S: signing F: entry into force T: termination E: expiry de factosupersession Rel. w/ EC/EU framework: de factoinside outside

European Union(EU)

[Cont.]

European Communities(EC)

(Pillar I)

European Atomic Energy Community(EAEC or Euratom)

[Cont.]

///European Coal and Steel Community(ECSC)

(Distr. of competences)

European Economic Community(EEC)

Schengen Rules

European Community (EC)

'TREVI'

Justice and Home Affairs(JHA,pillar II)

/North Atlantic Treaty Organisation(NATO)

[Cont.]

Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters(PJCC,pillar II)

Anglo-French alliance

[Defence armhandedtoNATO]

European Political Co-operation(EPC)

Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP,pillar III)

Western Union(WU)

/Western European Union(WEU)

[Tasksdefined following the WEU's 1984reactivationhandedto theEU]

[Social, cultural taskshandedtoCoE]

[Cont.]

Council of Europe(CoE)

Entente Cordiale S: 8 April 1904

Dunkirk Treaty S: 4 March 1947 F: 8 September 1947 E: 8 September 1997

Brussels Treaty S: 17 March 1948 F: 25 August 1948 T: 30 June 2011

LondonandWashingtontreaties S: 5 May/4 April 1949 F: 3 August/24 August 1949

Paris treaties:ECSCandEDC S: 18 April 1951/27 May 1952 F: 23 July 1952/— E: 23 July 2002/—

Protocol Modifying and Completing the Brussels Treaty S: 23 October 1954 F: 6 May 1955

Rome treaties:EECandEAEC S: 25 March 1957 F: 1 January 1958

WEU-CoE agreement S: 21 October 1959 F: 1 January 1960

Brussels (Merger) Treaty S: 8 April 1965 F: 1 July 1967

Davignon report S: 27 October 1970

European Council conclusions S: 2 December 1975

Single European Act(SEA) S: 17/28 February 1986 F: 1 July 1987

Schengen TreatyandConvention S: 14 June 1985/19 June 1990 F: 26 March 1995

Maastricht Treaty S: 7 February 1992 F: 1 November 1993

Amsterdam Treaty S: 2 October 1997 F: 1 May 1999

Nice Treaty S: 26 February 2001 F: 1 February 2003

Lisbon Treaty S: 13 December 2007 F: 1 December 2009

Further reading

• Acocella, Nicola(1992),'Trade and direct investment within the EC: The impact of strategic considerations',in: Cantwell, John (ed.),'Multinational investment in modern Europe',E. Elgar, Cheltenham,ISBN978-1-8527-8421-8.
• Balassa, Bela (1962).The Theory of Economic Integration.
• Eichengreen, Barry(1992)."European Economic Community".InDavid R. Henderson(ed.).Concise Encyclopedia of Economics(1st ed.).Library of Economics and Liberty.OCLC317650570,50016270,163149563
• Etzioni, Amitai. 1964. "European Unification: A Strategy of Change".World Politics16(1): 32-51.
• Hallstein, Walter (1962).A New Path to Peaceful Union.
• Milward, Alan S. (1992).The European Rescue of the Nation-State.
• Moravcsik, Andrew (1998).The Choice for Europe. Social Purpose and State Power from Messina to Maastricht,ISBN978-0-8014-8509-1.
• Ludlow, N. Piers (2006).The European Community and the Crises of the 1960s. Negotiating the Gaullist Challenge,ISBN9780415459570.
• Warlouzet, Laurent (2018).Governing Europe in a Globalizing World. Neoliberalism and its Alternatives following the 1973 Oil Crisis,ISBN9781138729421.

Primary sources

• Bliss, Howard, ed.The political development of the European Community: a documentary collection(Blaisdell, 1969).
• Monnet, Jean.Prospect for a New Europe(1959).
• Schuman, Robert.French Policy towards Germany since the war(Oxford University Press, 1954).
• Spaak, Paul-Henri.The Continuing Battle: Memories of a European(1971).

External links

• EEC on the UK Parliament website
• European Union website
• Documentsof the European Economic Community are consultable at theHistorical Archives of the EUin Florence
• Treaty establishing the European Economic Communityon CVCE website
• History of the Rome Treatieson CVCE website
• Papers of J. Robert Schaetzel, ambassador to European Economic Community, 1966–1972, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
• European Customs Information Portal (ECIP)
• The history of the European Union