Jump to content

Eurovision Song Contest 1991

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Eurovision Song Contest 1991
Dates
Final4 May 1991
Host
VenueCinecittàStudios
Rome, Italy
Presenter(s)Gigliola Cinquetti
Toto Cutugno
Musical directorBruno Canfora
Directed byRiccardo Donna
Executive supervisorFrank Naef
Executive producerSilvia Salvetti
Host broadcasterRadiotelevisione italiana(RAI)
Websiteeurovision.tv/event/rome-1991Edit this at Wikidata
Participants
Number of entries22
Debuting countriesNone
Returning countriesMalta
Non-returning countriesNetherlands
  • A coloured map of the countries of EuropeBelgium in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991Italy in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991Netherlands in the Eurovision Song ContestSwitzerland in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991Germany in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991Monaco in the Eurovision Song ContestLuxembourg in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991Spain in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991Ireland in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991Denmark in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991Finland in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991Portugal in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991Israel in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991Greece in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991Malta in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991Austria in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991France in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991Turkey in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991Yugoslavia in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991Morocco in the Eurovision Song ContestCyprus in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991Iceland in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991
    Participating countriesCountries that participated in the past but not in 1991
Vote
Voting systemEach country awarded 12, 10, 8-1 point(s) to their 10 favourite songs
Winning songSweden
"Fångad av en stormvind"
1990←Eurovision Song Contest→1992

TheEurovision Song Contest 1991was the 36th edition of theEurovision Song Contest,held on 4 May 1991 at Stage 15 of theCinecittàStudios inRome,Italy.Organised by theEuropean Broadcasting Union(EBU) and host broadcasterRadiotelevisione italiana(RAI), and presented byGigliola CinquettiandToto Cutugno,the contest was held in Italy following the country's victory at the1990 contestwith the song "Insieme:1992"by Toto Cutugno.

Twenty-two countries participated in the event:Maltamade its first Eurovision Song Contest appearance in sixteen years, having last participated in1975,while theNetherlandsdecided not to participate due to the date of this year's event coinciding with the country's annualRemembrance of the Deadcommemorations. It was also the first time thatGermanywas represented as a single state following thereunificationofEastandWest Germany.

For the first time since1969,the contest resulted in a draw for first place, with bothFranceandSwedenbeing awarded the same number of points. The contest's tie-break procedure was implemented for the first time in its history, which resulted in Sweden being declared the winner due to their entry, "Fångad av en stormvind",written byStephan Bergand performed byCarola,having received a greater number of top scores from the other competing countries than the French entry; it was Sweden's third contest victory overall. Alongside France,Israel,SpainandSwitzerlandrounded out the top five countries.

Location[edit]

Entrance to theCinecittàStudios, Rome – host venue of the 1991 contest
class=notpageimage|
Location of Sanremo (the original host city) and the capital, Rome (the eventual host city).

The 1991 contest took place in Rome, Italy, following the country's victory at the1990 contestwith the song "Insieme:1992",performed byToto Cutugno.It was the second time that Italy had hosted the contest, following the1965 eventheld in Naples.[1]The chosen venue wasStage15 of theCinecittàStudios, the largest film studios in Europe which had previously been the filming location for a number ofblockbusterAmerican and Italian movies, particularly during the 1950s and 1960s.[2][3]

The Italian organisers had originally intended that the contest be held in theTeatro AristoninSanremo,where the annualSanremo Music Festivalis held. The Sanremo festival had been a major influence and inspiration for the formation of the Eurovision Song Contest, and RAI had wanted to pay tribute to the contest's origins by hosting the event in the town.[4][5][6]The choice of Sanremo and Ariston as host of the event was initially rejected by the EBU, citing concerns regarding the size of the venue as well as organisational and security shortcomings.[5][7][8]In an effort to address some of the concerns, thecomuneof Sanremo proposed hosting the event in three locations across the Ariston area, with the Teatro Ariston,Piazza Colomboand the old flower market onCorso Garibaldibeing combined using temporary structures to form a single venue.[8][9][10]Although plans to hold the contest in Sanremo continued to be developed as late as January 1991, by February doubts over the feasibility of holding the event in Sanremo became insurmountable, due to instability in the Middle East and the outbreak of theGulf War,and ultimately the organisers opted to relocate the contest to a more secure location, eventually confirming on 18 February that the event would be held in Rome.[5][7][11]Despite the relocation Sanremo remained a partner of the 1991 contest and pre-recorded footage of the city was featured during the live broadcast.[12]

Participating countries[edit]

Further information:List of countries in the Eurovision Song Contest
Eurovision Song Contest 1991 – Participation summaries by country
Hanne Krogh(pictured in 2010),winner of the1985 contestwith the groupBobbysocks!forNorway,participated again in 1991 as a member ofJust 4 Fun.

A total of twenty-two countries participated in the 1991 contest. Of the countries that participated in 1990, theNetherlandswere the only country that failed to make a return, as the date of the contest clashed with the country'sRemembrance of the Deadcommemorations.Malta– which had last participated in the contest sixteen years before, in1975– ultimately filled the vacant slot.[13]The nation had for a number of years attempted to make a return to the contest, however was prevented from doing so due to the cap on participation numbers set by the EBU.[5][7]This marked the first time thatGermanycompeted as a unified country, following thereunificationofEastandWest Germanyinto a single state; until this point all German entrants in previous contests had represented the former West Germany.[14]

Several artists that had previously competed in the contest returned to participate in this year's event:Stefán Hilmarsson,who competed alongsideEyjólfur Kristjánsson[is]forIceland,was a member of Beathoven that had participated for the nation in1988;Thomas Forstnermade a second appearance forAustriafollowing the1989 contest;Carolaalso returned to the contest for the second time forSwedenafter her participation in1983;and the members ofNorway'sJust 4 Funfeatured two previous participating artists, namelyEiríkur Hauksson,who had competed in the1986for Iceland as part of the groupICY,andHanne Krogh,who had represented Norway twice before, in1971as a solo artist and in1985as a member of the groupBobbysocks!,the latter appearance ultimately winning the contest outright.[7]Additionally,Kit Rolfeperformed as backing vocalist for theUnited Kingdom'sSamantha Janus,having previously been lead vocalist of the groupBelle and the Devotionsthat had represented the UK at the1984 contest.[13][7]

Participants of the Eurovision Song Contest 1991[15][16][17]
Country Broadcaster Artist Song Language Songwriter(s) Conductor
Austria ORF Thomas Forstner "Venedig im Regen" German
  • Wolfgang Eltner
  • Hubert Moser
  • Robby Musenbichler
 Richard Oesterreicher
Belgium BRTN Clouseau "Geef het op" Dutch
Roland Verlooven
Cyprus CyBC Elena Patroklou "S.O.S." Greek
  • Kypros Charalambous
  • Andreas Christou
 Alexander Kirov Zografov
Denmark DR Anders Frandsen "Lige der hvor hjertet slår" Danish Michael Elo Henrik Krogsgaard
Finland YLE Kaija "Hullu yö" Finnish
Olli Ahvenlahti
France Antenne 2 Amina "C'est le dernier qui a parlé qui a raison" French
Jérôme Pillement
Germany SFB[a] Atlantis 2000 "Dieser Traum darf niemals sterben" German
  • Helmut Frey
  • Alfons Weindorf
 Hermann Weindorf
Greece ERT Sophia Vossou "Anixi"(Άνοιξη) Greek Andreas Mikroutsikos Haris Andreadis
Iceland RÚV Stefánand Eyfi "Nína" Icelandic Eyjólfur Kristjánsson Jón Ólafsson
Ireland RTÉ Kim Jackson "Could It Be That I'm in Love" English Liam Reilly Noel Kelehan
Israel IBA Duo Datz "Kan"(כאן) Hebrew Uzi Hitman Kobi Oshrat
Italy RAI Peppino di Capri "Comme è ddoce 'o mare" Neapolitan
Bruno Canfora
Luxembourg CLT Sarah Bray "Un baiser volé" French
  • Patrick Hippert
  • Linda Lecomte
  • Mick Wersant
 Francis Goya
Malta PBS Paul Giordimaina andGeorgina "Could It Be" English
  • Paul Abela
  • Raymond Mahoney
 Paul Abela
Norway NRK Just 4 Fun "Mrs. Thompson" Norwegian
Pete Knutsen
Portugal RTP Dulce "Lusitana paixão" Portuguese
  • Fred Micaelo
  • Zé da Ponte
  • Jorge Quintela
 Fernando Correia Martins
Spain TVE Sergio Dalma "Bailar pegados" Spanish
  • Luis Gómez Escolar
  • Julio Seijas
 Eduardo Leiva
Sweden SVT Carola "Fångad av en stormvind" Swedish Stephan Berg Anders Berglund
Switzerland SRG SSR Sandra Simó "Canzone per te" Italian Renato Mascetti Flaviano Cuffari
Turkey TRT Can Uğurluer,İzel ÇeliközandReyhan Karaca "İki Dakika" Turkish
Turhan Yükseler
United Kingdom BBC Samantha Janus "A Message to Your Heart" English Paul Curtis Ronnie Hazlehurst
Yugoslavia JRT Baby Doll "Brazil"(Бразил) Serbo-Croatian
Slobodan Marković

Production[edit]

The Eurovision Song Contest 1991 was produced by the Italian public broadcasterRadiotelevisione italiana(RAI). Silvia Salvetti served as executive producer,Riccardo Donna[it]served as director,Luciano Ricceriserved as designer, andBruno Canforaserved as musical director leading an assembled orchestra of 57 musicians.[19][13][20]A separate musical director could be nominated by each country to lead the orchestra during their performance, with the host musical director also available toconductfor those countries which did not nominate their own conductor.[15]

The running order draw, to determine in which position each country would perform, was held on 18 February 1991, the same date that Rome was confirmed as the host city of the contest and the announcement of the twenty-two competing countries.[7]

Rehearsals for the participating artists began on 29 April 1991. Two technical rehearsals were conducted for each participating delegation in the week approaching the contest, with countries rehearsing in the order in which they would perform. The first rehearsals of 40 minutes' duration were held on 29 and 30 April, with the second rehearsals, each lasting 35 minutes, held on 1 and 2 May. Three dress rehearsals were held with all artists, two held in the afternoon and evening of 3 May and one final rehearsal in the afternoon of 4 May. An audience was present for the second dress rehearsal on the evening of 3 May.[7]

The production value of the 1991 contest came in for much criticism during the build-up and following the event, which may be partly explained by the relatively late change in contest venue from Sanremo to Rome. Rehearsals in the contest venue regularly started late as the orchestra failed on many occasions to arrive at the venue on time, and during the live broadcast, a number of technical mishaps occurred, including lighting failure during several of the entries and the failure of the venue's sound system during the Swedish entry. The voting sequence was also notably haphazard and several mistakes required rectification during the show, with the EBU's executive supervisor Frank Naef regularly called upon by the hosts for clarification.[10][13][7]

Format[edit]

Each participating broadcaster submitted one song, which was required to be no longer than three minutes in duration and performed in the language, or one of the languages, of the country which it represented.[21][22]A maximum of six performers were allowed on stage during each country's performance, and all participants were required to have reached the age of 16 in the year of the contest.[21][23]Each entry could utilise all or part of the live orchestra and could use instrumental-onlybacking tracks,however any backing tracks used could only include the sound of instruments featured on stage beingmimed by the performers.[23][24]

The results of the 1991 contest were determined through the same scoring system as had first been introduced in1975:each country awarded twelve points to its favourite entry, followed by ten points to its second favourite, and then awarded points in decreasing value from eight to one for the remaining songs which featured in the country's top ten, with countries unable to vote for their own entry.[25]The points awarded by each country were determined by an assembled jury of sixteen individuals, which was required to be split evenly between men and women and by age. Each jury member voted in secret and awarded between one and ten votes to each participating song, excluding that from their own country and with no abstentions permitted. The votes of each member were collected following the country's performance and then tallied by the non-voting jury chairperson to determine the points to be awarded. In any cases where two or more songs in the top ten received the same number of votes, a show of hands by all jury members was used to determine the final placing.[26][27]In a change to the rules compared to previous editions, half of the jury members in each country were now represented by music experts, comprising among other professions singers, composers, lyricists, musicians, conductors, music journalists, record company employees and radio or television producers. Only two members in each country were allowed to come from record companies, and no employees of the participating broadcasters themselves were allowed to sit on the juries.[26]

Postcards[edit]

Each entry was preceded by a video postcard which served as an introduction to each country, as well as providing an opportunity for transition between entries and allow stage crew to make changes on stage.[28][29]The postcards for the 1991 contest featured pre-recorded clips of the competing artists performing short sections from Italian songs, superimposed onto images of Italian landmarks and locations which were intended to represent the artists' personalities.[13][5][6]The song each artist performed during their postcard is listed below by order of performance, alongside the originator of the song in brackets:[30]

  1. Yugoslavia – "Non ho l'età"(Gigliola Cinquetti)
  2. Iceland – "Se bastasse una canzone"(Eros Ramazzotti)
  3. Malta – "Questo piccolo grande amore[it]"(Claudio Baglioni)
  4. Greece – "Caruso"(Lucio Dalla)
  5. Switzerland – "Un'estate italiana"(Edoardo BennatoandGianna Nannini)
  6. Austria – "Adesso tu"(Eros Ramazzotti)
  7. Luxembourg – "Sarà perché ti amo"(Ricchi e Poveri)
  8. Sweden – "Non voglio mica la luna"(Fiordaliso)
  9. France – "La partita di pallone"(Rita Pavone)
  10. Turkey – "Amore scusami"(John Foster)
  11. Ireland – "Nel blu, dipinto di blu"(Domenico Modugno)
  12. Portugal – "Dio, come ti amo"(Domenico Modugno/Gigliola Cinquetti)
  13. Denmark – "Nessun dorma"(fromGiacomo Puccini's operaTurandot)
  14. Norway – "Santa Lucia"(traditional)
  15. Israel – "Lontano dagli occhi[it]"(Sergio Endrigo/Mary Hopkin)
  16. Finland – "Maruzzella[it]"(Renato Carosone)
  17. Germany – "L'Italiano"(Toto Cutugno)
  18. Belgium – "Musica è"(Eros Ramazzotti)
  19. Spain – "Sono tremendo"(Rocky Roberts)
  20. United Kingdom – "Ricordati di me"(Antonello Venditti)
  21. Cyprus – "Io che amo solo te"(Sergio Endrigo)
  22. Italy – "Champagne[it]"(Peppino di Capri)

Contest overview[edit]

Sweden'sCarola(pictured in 2009)won the contest following a draw for first place and a tie-break procedure being implemented.

The contest took place on 4 May 1991 at 21:00 (CEST) with a duration of 3 hours and 13 minutes. The show was presented by the Italian singersGigliola CinquettiandToto Cutugno,the two artists which up until this point had won the contest for Italy, in1964and 1990 respectively.[13][7]Unlike the majority of previous contest presenters, who had conducted the events in English and French, for the majority of the 1991 contest the two presenters spoke solely in Italian, with only the voting sequence being conducted in Italian, English and French.[13][7]

The opening of the contest featured a pre-recordedmusic videoof the American singerSara Carlsonperforming "Celebration", which was followed by live performances from the contest hosts of their Eurovision winning songs, Cutugno's "Insieme:1992"and Cinquetti's"Non ho l'età".[5][30]The interval act comprised a performance by the Italianquick-changeartist andillusionistArturo Brachetti.[6][31][32]The trophy awarded to the winners was presented at the end of the broadcast by Albert Scharf as the President of the European Broadcasting Union.[6][33]

The winner wasSwedenrepresented by the song "Fångad av en stormvind",written byStephan Bergand performed byCarola.[34]It was Sweden's third contest victory, following wins in1974and1984.[35]For the first time since1969,and for only the second time ever in the contest's history, the voting sequence resulted in adrawfor first place, with bothFranceand Sweden finishing with 146 points each. The tie-break rules introduced for the1989 contestwere thus enacted: for any ties for first place the country which received the most 12 points would be declared the winner; if a tie still remained after examining the 12 points, each country's 10 points would then be compared to determine a winner. Both France and Sweden had scored four 12 point scores, however as Sweden had scored five 10 points compared to France's two they were declared the winners.[5][13][26]During the traditional winner's reprise performance, Carola performed part of the winning song in English, with lyrics written by Richard Hampton.[36]

Results of the Eurovision Song Contest 1991[15][37]
R/O Country Artist Song Points Place
1 Yugoslavia Baby Doll "Brazil" 1 21
2 Iceland Stefánand Eyfi "Nína" 26 15
3 Malta Paul GiordimainaandGeorgina "Could It Be" 106 6
4 Greece Sophia Vossou "Anixi" 36 13
5 Switzerland Sandra Simó "Canzone per te" 118 5
6 Austria Thomas Forstner "Venedig im Regen" 0 22
7 Luxembourg Sarah Bray "Un baiser volé" 29 14
8 Sweden Carola "Fångad av en stormvind" 146 1
9 France Amina "C'est le dernier qui a parlé qui a raison" 146 2
10 Turkey Can Uğurluer,İzel ÇeliközandReyhan Karaca "İki Dakika" 44 12
11 Ireland Kim Jackson "Could It Be That I'm in Love" 47 10
12 Portugal Dulce "Lusitana paixão" 62 8
13 Denmark Anders Frandsen "Lige der hvor hjertet slår" 8 19
14 Norway Just 4 Fun "Mrs. Thompson" 14 17
15 Israel Duo Datz "Kan" 139 3
16 Finland Kaija "Hullu yö" 6 20
17 Germany Atlantis 2000 "Dieser Traum darf niemals sterben" 10 18
18 Belgium Clouseau "Geef het op" 23 16
19 Spain Sergio Dalma "Bailar pegados" 119 4
20 United Kingdom Samantha Janus "A Message to Your Heart" 47 10
21 Cyprus Elena Patroklou "S.O.S." 60 9
22 Italy Peppino di Capri "Comme è ddoce 'o mare" 89 7

Spokespersons[edit]

Each country nominated a spokesperson, connected to the contest venue viatelephone linesand responsible for announcing, in English or French, the votes for their respective country.[21][38]Known spokespersons at the 1991 contest are listed below.

Detailed voting results[edit]

Jury voting was used to determine the points awarded by all countries.[26]The announcement of the results from each country was conducted in the order in which they performed, with the spokespersons announcing their country's points in English or French in ascending order.[30][26]The detailed breakdown of the points awarded by each country is listed in the tables below.

Detailed voting results of the Eurovision Song Contest 1991[42][43]
Total score
Yugoslavia
Iceland
Malta
Greece
Switzerland
Austria
Luxembourg
Sweden
France
Turkey
Ireland
Portugal
Denmark
Norway
Israel
Finland
Germany
Belgium
Spain
United Kingdom
Cyprus
Italy
Contestants
 Yugoslavia 1 1
Iceland 26 4 10 5 7
Malta 106 1 2 6 4 10 12 2 7 12 7 6 10 4 6 7 10
Greece 36 4 5 2 1 1 4 1 1 5 10 2
Switzerland 118 5 5 7 8 12 8 4 2 2 6 5 3 8 5 6 12 8 8 4
Austria 0
Luxembourg 29 4 5 1 3 2 4 3 2 3 2
Sweden 146 6 12 10 10 7 6 3 10 12 8 10 8 12 10 4 12 6
France 146 10 7 3 8 7 12 5 7 5 12 12 10 8 7 8 6 7 12
Turkey 44 7 7 8 7 2 5 8
Ireland 47 3 4 3 1 8 4 7 1 2 2 5 4 3
Portugal 62 8 4 1 2 7 10 5 1 2 7 10 4 1
Denmark 8 3 5
Norway 14 6 1 1 2 4
Israel 139 12 10 8 5 8 5 6 3 12 8 4 10 7 6 8 12 10 5
Finland 6 1 1 4
Germany 10 6 1 3
Belgium 23 3 2 5 3 3 2 5
Spain 119 8 2 6 10 12 7 6 4 6 8 6 8 4 2 4 7 6 1 12
United Kingdom 47 10 3 5 6 3 1 1 3 5 3 1 6
Cyprus 60 2 3 12 12 4 12 5 3 6 1
Italy 89 7 2 6 2 8 10 10 12 10 3 12 7

12 points[edit]

The below table summarises how the maximum 12 points were awarded from one country to another. The winning country is shown in bold. France and Sweden each received the maximum score of 12 points from four of the voting countries, with Cyprus and Israel receiving three sets of 12 points each, and Italy, Malta, Spain and Switzerland each receiving two sets of maximum scores.[42][43]

Distribution of 12 points awarded at the Eurovision Song Contest 1991[42][43]
N. Contestant Nation(s) giving 12 points
4 France Austria,Israel,Italy,Norway
Sweden Denmark,Germany,Iceland,United Kingdom
3 Cyprus France,Greece,Malta
Israel Spain,Turkey,Yugoslavia
2 Italy Finland,Portugal
Malta Ireland,Sweden
Spain Cyprus,Switzerland
Switzerland Belgium,Luxembourg

Broadcasts[edit]

Each participating broadcaster was required to relay the contest via its networks. Non-participating member broadcasters were also able to relay the contest as "passive participants". Broadcasters were able to send commentators to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language and to relay information about the artists and songs to their television viewers.[23]In addition to the participating countries, the contest was also reportedly broadcast in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania and the Soviet Union viaIntervision,and in Australia and South Korea.[7]Known details on the broadcasts in each country, including the specific broadcasting stations and commentators are shown in the tables below.

Broadcasters and commentators in participating countries
Country Broadcaster Channel(s) Commentator(s) Ref.
Austria ORF FS1 [44]
Belgium BRTN TV1,TV2 André Vermeulen [45]
Radio 2
RTBF RTBF1 [45]
Cyprus CyBC RIK,A Programma [46][47]
Denmark DR DR TV Camilla Miehe-Renard[dk] [48]
DR P3 Jesper BæhrenzandAndrew Jensen[dk]
Finland YLE TV1 Erkki Pohjanheimo [49]
Radiomafia Kai Ristola
Riksradion Johan Finne,Paul Olin[sv]andWille Wilenius[fi]
France Antenne 2 Léon Zitrone [50][51]
Germany ARD Erstes Deutsches Fernsehen Max Schautzer [52]
Greece ERT ET1 [53]
Iceland RÚV Sjónvarpið,Rás 2 Arthúr Björgvin Bollason [54]
Ireland RTÉ RTÉ 1 Pat Kenny [55][56]
RTÉ Radio 1 Larry Gogan [55][57]
Israel IBA Israeli Television,Reshet Gimel[he] [58]
Italy RAI Rai Uno No commentator [59]
Luxembourg CLT RTL TV,RTL Lorraine [60][61]
Malta PBS TVM [62]
Norway NRK NRK Fjernsynet,NRK P2 John AndreassenandJahn Teigen [63][64]
Spain TVE TVE 2 Tomás Fernando Flores[es] [65][66]
Sweden SVT TV2 Harald Treutiger [6][63]
RR[sv] SR P3 Rune Hallberg[sv]and Kalle Oldby
Switzerland SRG SSR TV DRS Bernard Thurnheer[de] [52]
TSR Chaîne nationale Lolita Morena [67]
TSI Canale nazionale [52]
Turkey TRT TV1 [68]
United Kingdom BBC BBC1,BBC TV Europe Terry Wogan [63][69]
BBC Radio 2 Ken Bruce [70]
Yugoslavia JRT TV Belgrade 1,TV Titograd 1,TV Novi Sad,TV Prishtina[sr;sq] Mladen Popović[sr] [71][72][73]
HTV 1,[b]TV Sarajevo 1,TV Slovenija 1[sl],TV Skopje 1 Ksenija Urličić [71][73][74]
Broadcasters and commentators in non-participating countries
Country Broadcaster Channel(s) Commentator(s) Ref.
Australia SBS SBS TV[c] [75]
Canada TV5 TV5 Québec Canada[d] [76]
Czechoslovakia ČST ČTV,S1[sk][e] [77]
Estonia ETV [78]
Hungary MTV MTV1 István Vágó [79]
Poland TP TP1 [80]
Romania TVR TVR 1 [81]
South Korea KBS 1TV[f] [82]
Soviet Union CT USSR Programme One [83]

Notes and references[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^On behalf of the German public broadcasting consortiumARD[18]
  2. ^Delayed broadcast due to a break-out in fighting as part of theCroatian War of Independence[73]
  3. ^Deferred broadcast on 5 May at 14:30 (AEST)[75]
  4. ^Delayed broadcast in a shortened format on 14 May 1991 at 19:33 (EDT)[76]
  5. ^Delayed broadcast on 27 July 1991 at 21:25 (CEST)[77]
  6. ^Delayed broadcast on 22 May 1991 at 17:50 (KST)[82]

References[edit]

  1. ^"Italy – Participation history".European Broadcasting Union.Archivedfrom the original on 5 June 2022.Retrieved24 November2023.
  2. ^Pasquini, Mattia (30 December 2021)."Cinecittà, c'è l'accordo per espandere gli Studios italiani"[Cinecittà, there is an agreement to expand the Italian studios].Ciak(in Italian).Archivedfrom the original on 22 December 2023.Retrieved24 November2023.
  3. ^Wyatt, Daisy (28 April 2014)."Cinecittà studios: Famous films shot in Italy's most iconic studios".The Independent.Archivedfrom the original on 24 November 2023.Retrieved24 November2023.
  4. ^"The Origins of Eurovision".European Broadcasting Union.27 May 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 12 July 2022.Retrieved24 November2023.
  5. ^abcdefgO'Connor 2010,pp. 124–127.
  6. ^abcdefThorsson & Verhage 2006,pp. 220–223.
  7. ^abcdefghijkRoxburgh 2020,pp. 65–67.
  8. ^ab"Eurofestival, Sanremo rilancia"[Eurovision, Sanremo relauches].La Stampa Imperia-Sanremo(in Italian).Sanremo,Italy.6 January 1991. p. 1.Archivedfrom the original on 25 May 2024.Retrieved1 December2023.
  9. ^Basso, Roberto (29 December 1990)."Sanremo perderà l'Eurofestival?"[Will Sanremo lose Eurovision?].La Stampa Imperia-Sanremo(in Italian).Sanremo,Italy.p. 2.Archivedfrom the original on 25 May 2024.Retrieved1 December2023.
  10. ^abLombardini, Emanuele (23 July 2015)."Eurovision Rewind/1991: nel caos di Roma vince la svedese Carola"[Eurovision Rewind/1991: in the chaos of Rome the Swedish Carola wins] (in Italian). Eurofestival News.Archivedfrom the original on 25 November 2023.Retrieved1 December2023.
  11. ^Basso, Roberto (6 February 1991)."Sanremo perde l'Eurofestival"[Sanremo loses Eurovision].La Stampa Liguria(in Italian).Genova,Italy.p. 9.Archivedfrom the original on 29 April 2024.Retrieved1 December2023.
  12. ^Basso, Roberto (4 May 1991)."Sanremo nelle tv d'Europa"[Sanremo on European TV].La Stampa Imperia-Sanremo(in Italian).Sanremo,Italy.p. 44.Archivedfrom the original on 25 May 2024.Retrieved1 December2023.
  13. ^abcdefgh"Rome 1991 – Eurovision Song Contest".European Broadcasting Union.Archivedfrom the original on 15 October 2022.Retrieved24 November2023.
  14. ^"#EurovisionAgain 1990: Eurovision unites Europe".European Broadcasting Union. 21 November 2020.Archivedfrom the original on 21 November 2020.Retrieved25 November2023.
  15. ^abcRoxburgh 2020,pp. 67–73.
  16. ^"Participants of Rome 1991".European Broadcasting Union.Archivedfrom the original on 29 March 2023.Retrieved14 June2023.
  17. ^"1991 – 36th edition".diggiloo.net.Archivedfrom the original on 22 March 2022.Retrieved13 June2023.
  18. ^"Alle deutschen ESC-Acts und ihre Titel"[All German ESC acts and their songs].www.eurovision.de(in German). ARD.Archivedfrom the original on 12 June 2023.Retrieved12 June2023.
  19. ^Roxburgh 2020,pp. 65–67, 76.
  20. ^O'Connor 2010,p. 217.
  21. ^abc"How it works – Eurovision Song Contest".European Broadcasting Union. 18 May 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 31 May 2022.Retrieved2 November2022.
  22. ^"Jerusalem 1999 – Eurovision Song Contest".European Broadcasting Union.Archivedfrom the original on 21 June 2022.Retrieved29 June2022.For the first time since the 1970s participants were free to choose which language they performed in.
  23. ^abc"The Rules of the Contest".European Broadcasting Union. 31 October 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 4 October 2022.Retrieved24 October2023.
  24. ^Escudero, Victor M. (18 April 2020)."#EurovisionAgain travels back to Dublin 1997".European Broadcasting Union.Archivedfrom the original on 23 May 2022.Retrieved24 October2023.The orchestra also saw their days numbered as, from 1997, full backing tracks were allowed without restriction, meaning that the songs could be accompanied by pre-recorded music instead of the live orchestra.
  25. ^"In a Nutshell – Eurovision Song Contest".European Broadcasting Union. 31 March 2017. Archived fromthe originalon 26 June 2022.Retrieved8 October2022.
  26. ^abcdefRoxburgh 2020,pp. 73–75.
  27. ^Roxburgh 2016,p. 347.
  28. ^Egan, John (22 May 2015)."All Kinds of Everything: a history of Eurovision Postcards".ESC Insight.Archivedfrom the original on 24 May 2015.Retrieved24 June2022.
  29. ^Kurris, Denis (1 May 2022)."Eurovision 2022: The theme of this year's Eurovision postcards".ESC Plus.Archivedfrom the original on 1 May 2022.Retrieved24 June2022.
  30. ^abc36° Eurovisione Concorso della Canzone: Roma 1991[36th Eurovision Song Contest: Rome 1991] (Television programme) (in Italian).Rome,Italy:Radiotelevizione italiana. 4 May 1991.
  31. ^O'Connor 2010,p. 216.
  32. ^"ESC 2023, Mahmood ospite nella serata finale alla Liverpool Arena"[ESC 2023, Mahmood guest on the final evening at the Liverpool Arena] (in Italian). RAI. 17 April 2023.Archivedfrom the original on 25 November 2023.Retrieved25 November2023.
  33. ^"The IOC Awards the Olympic Order to Prof. Albert Scharf".International Olympic Committee.8 January 2001.Archivedfrom the original on 25 November 2023.Retrieved25 November2023.
  34. ^"Carola – Sweden – Rome 1991".European Broadcasting Union.Archivedfrom the original on 4 July 2022.Retrieved29 October2023.
  35. ^"Sweden – Participation history".European Broadcasting Union.Archivedfrom the original on 21 June 2022.Retrieved2 November2022.
  36. ^Roxburgh 2020,p. 75.
  37. ^"Final of Rome 1991".European Broadcasting Union.Archivedfrom the original on 18 April 2021.Retrieved18 April2021.
  38. ^"Lugano to Liverpool: Broadcasting Eurovision".National Science and Media Museum.24 May 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 12 May 2023.Retrieved23 October2023.
  39. ^O'Loughlin, Mikie (8 June 2021)."RTE Eileen Dunne's marriage to soap star Macdara O'Fatharta, their wedding day and grown up son Cormac".RSVP Live.Reach plc.Archivedfrom the original on 8 June 2021.Retrieved8 June2023.
  40. ^"Junior Eurovision: anche Gigliola Cinquetti, Rosanna Vaudetti ed Eugenio in Via di Gioia tifano per Chanel"[Junior Eurovision: Gigliola Cinquetti, Rosanna Vaudetti and Eugenio in Via di Gioia also support Chanel] (in Italian). L'Opinionista. 11 December 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 12 December 2022.Retrieved8 January2023.
  41. ^"The Maltese Panel".Times of Malta.5 May 1991. p. 60.
  42. ^abc"Results of the Final of Rome 1991".European Broadcasting Union.Archivedfrom the original on 18 April 2021.Retrieved18 April2021.
  43. ^abc"Eurovision Song Contest 1991 – Scoreboard".European Broadcasting Union. Archived fromthe originalon 24 September 2015.Retrieved24 October2021.
  44. ^"TV Avstrija 1 – So 4.5"[TV Austria 1 – Sat 4.5.].Slovenski vestnik(in Slovenian).Klagenfurt(Celovec), Austria. 2 May 1991. p. 11.Retrieved20 June2024– viaDigital Library of Slovenia.
  45. ^ab"RTV-Programma's Zaterdag"[Radio-TV Programmes Saturday].Leidse Courant(in Dutch). 4 May 1991. p. 22.Archivedfrom the original on 28 November 2022.Retrieved28 November2022.
  46. ^"Τηλεοραση – ΡΙΚ"[Television – RIK].O Phileleftheros(in Greek).Nicosia,Cyprus. 4 May 1991. p. 19.Archivedfrom the original on 25 May 2024.Retrieved4 March2024– viaPress and Information Office[el].
  47. ^"Ραδιοφωνο – Σαββατο – ΡΙΚ Α΄ Προγραμμα"[Radio – Saturday – RIK Programme A].I Simerini(in Greek).Nicosia,Cyprus. 4 May 1991. p. 6.Retrieved4 March2024– viaPress and Information Office[el].
  48. ^"Alle tiders programoversigter – Lørdag den 4. maj 1991"[All-time programme overviews – Saturday 4th May 1991].DR.Archivedfrom the original on 25 March 2024.Retrieved9 April2024.
  49. ^"Televisio & Radio"[Television & Radio].Helsingin Sanomat(in Finnish). 4 May 1991. pp. D9–D10.Archivedfrom the original on 14 November 2022.Retrieved23 December2022.
  50. ^"Radio-télévision – Samedi 4 mai"[Radio-television – Saturday 4 May].Le Monde.Paris,France. 4 May 1991. p. 27.Retrieved21 June2024– viaInternet Archive.
  51. ^"Samedi 4 mai"[Saturday 4 May].TV8(in French).Cheseaux-sur-Lausanne,Switzerland:Ringier.25 April 1991. pp. 54–59.Archivedfrom the original on 25 November 2022.Retrieved25 November2022– viaScriptorium Digital Library.
  52. ^abc"Fernsehen und Radio am Samstag"[Television and radio on Saturday].Der Bund(in German).Bern,Switzerland. 4 May 1991. p. 14.Retrieved25 November2022– viaE-newspaperarchives.ch[de;fr;it].
  53. ^"Το πρόγραμμα της τηλεόρασης"[TV schedule](PDF).Imerisia(in Greek). 4 May 1991. p. 4. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 12 December 2022.Retrieved12 December2022– viaPublic Central Library of Veria[el].
  54. ^"Útvarp/Sjónvarp – laugurdagur 4. maí 1991"[Radio/Television – Saturday 4 May 1991].Morgunblaðið(in Icelandic).Reykjavík,Iceland. 4 May 1991. p. 6.Retrieved28 November2022– viaTimarit.is.
  55. ^abHarding, Peter (4 May 1991).RTÉ commentators during Eurovision rehearsals (1991)(Photograph).Cinecittà,Rome,Italy.Archived fromthe originalon 12 December 2022.Retrieved12 December2022– viaRTÉ Libraries and Archives.
  56. ^"Saturday's Television".The Irish Times Weekend.4 May 1991. p. 6.Retrieved19 December2022.
  57. ^"Radio".The Irish Times Weekend.4 May 1991. p. 6.Retrieved19 December2022.
  58. ^"יום שבת 4.5.91 – טלוויזיה"[Saturday 4.5.91 – Television].Maariv(in Hebrew).Tel Aviv,Israel. 3 May 1991. pp. 136–137.Archivedfrom the original on 21 January 2023.Retrieved11 January2023– viaNational Library of Israel.
  59. ^"Sabato 4 maggio | Rai Uno"[Saturday 4 May | Rai Uno].Radiocorriere TV(in Italian). Vol. 68, no. 17. 28 April – 4 May 1991. p. 114.Retrieved4 June2024.
  60. ^"Samstag, 4. Mai | Samedi, 4 mai"[Saturday 4 May].Télé-Revue(in French, German, and Luxembourgish). 1 May 1991. pp. 10–13.Archivedfrom the original on 3 June 2024.Retrieved15 May2024.
  61. ^"Samstag • Samedi | RTL Lorraine – 21.00 hrs | Concours Eurovision de la Chanson"[Saturday | RTL Lorraine – 9:00pm | Eurovision Song Contest].Télé-Revue(in French). 1 May 1991. p. 28.Archivedfrom the original on 25 May 2024.Retrieved15 May2024.
  62. ^"Television".Times of Malta.4 May 1991. p. 14.
  63. ^abc"Radio/TV".Finnmark Dagblad(in Norwegian).Hammerfest,Norway. 4 May 1991. pp. 32–33.Archivedfrom the original on 25 November 2022.Retrieved25 November2022– viaNational Library of Norway.
  64. ^"P2 – Kjøreplan lørdag 4. mai 1991"[P2 – Schedule Saturday 4 May 1991] (in Norwegian).NRK.4 May 1991. p. 9.Archivedfrom the original on 25 November 2022.Retrieved25 November2022– viaNational Library of Norway.(subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries)
  65. ^"Televisión"[Television].La Vanguardia(in Spanish). 4 May 1991. p. 6.Archivedfrom the original on 29 November 2022.Retrieved29 November2022.
  66. ^HerGar, Paula (28 March 2018)."Todos los comentaristas de la historia de España en Eurovisión (y una única mujer en solitario)"[All the commentators in the history of Spain in Eurovision (and only a single woman)] (in Spanish).Los 40.Archivedfrom the original on 26 September 2021.Retrieved28 November2022.
  67. ^"Samedi 4 mai 1991"[Saturday 4 May 1991].Le Matin(in French).Lausanne,Switzerland:Edipresse.4 May 1991. p. 28.Archivedfrom the original on 25 November 2022.Retrieved25 November2022– viaScriptorium Digital Library.
  68. ^"Televizyon-Radyo"[Television-Radio].Cumhuriyet(in Turkish). 4 May 1991. p. 6.Archivedfrom the original on 12 December 2022.Retrieved12 December2022.
  69. ^"Eurovision Song Contest – BBC One".Radio Times.4 May 1991.Archivedfrom the original on 25 November 2022.Retrieved25 November2022– viaBBC Genome Project.
  70. ^"Eurovision Song Contest – BBC Radio 2".Radio Times.4 May 1991.Archivedfrom the original on 25 November 2022.Retrieved25 November2022– viaBBC Genome Project.
  71. ^ab"Televizija – Subota, 4. V 1991"[Television – Saturday, 4 May 1991].Borba(in Serbian).Belgrade,SR Serbia,Yugoslavia.4 May 1991. p. 31.Archivedfrom the original on 24 March 2024.Retrieved24 May2024– via Pretraživa digitalna biblioteka.
  72. ^"Televizió"[Television].Magyar Szó(in Hungarian).Novi Sad,SAP Vojvodina,Yugoslavia.4 May 1991. p. 24.Retrieved18 June2024– viaVajdasági Magyar Digitális Adattár.
  73. ^abcRaykoff & Tobin 2007,p. 85.
  74. ^
  75. ^ab"Television today".The Canberra Times.Canberra,Australian Capital Territory,Australia. 5 May 1991. p. 30.Archivedfrom the original on 28 November 2022.Retrieved28 November2022– viaTrove.
  76. ^ab"Télé-horaire de la fin de semaine – Mardi 14 mai"[Weekend TV schedule – Tuesday 14 May].La Liberté.Winnipeg,Manitoba,Canada. 10 May 1991. p. 22.Retrieved17 June2024– viaInternet Archive.
  77. ^ab"sobota 27. 7. /ČTV/"[Saturday 27/07 /ČTV/].Rozhlasový týdeník[cs](in Czech). No. 30. 22 July 1991. p. 14.Archivedfrom the original on 19 May 2024.Retrieved19 May2024– viaKramerius[cs].
  78. ^"4 V – Laupäev"[4 May – Saturday].Televisioon: TV(in Estonian). No. 18.Tallinn,Estonian SSR,Soviet Union. 29 April – 5 May 1991. pp. 6–7.Retrieved21 June2024– viaDIGAR[et].
  79. ^"TV1 – szombat május 4"[TV1 – Saturday 4 May].Rádió és Televízióújság(in Hungarian). 29 April 1991. p. 24.Archivedfrom the original on 28 October 2022.Retrieved28 October2022– viaMTVA Archívum.
  80. ^"Telewizja – sobota, 4 maja"[Television – Saturday, 4 May](PDF).Kurier Wileński(in Polish). 3 May 1991. p. 4.Archived(PDF)from the original on 28 October 2022.Retrieved28 October2022– via Polonijna Biblioteka Cyfrowa.
  81. ^"Televiziune – sâmbătă 4 mai 1991" [Television – Saturday 4 May 1991].Panoramic Radio-TV(in Romanian). p. 6.
  82. ^ab"TV".The Chosun Ilbo(in Korean).Seoul,South Korea. 14 June 1991. p. 10.Retrieved1 June2024– viaNaver.
  83. ^"Телевидение – Суббота ⬥ 4"[Television – Saturday ⬥ 4](PDF).Pravda(in Russian). 27 April 1991. p. 6.Archived(PDF)from the original on 11 September 2021.Retrieved4 June2024.

Bibliography[edit]

  • O'Connor, John Kennedy(2010).The Eurovision Song Contest: The Official History(2nd ed.). London, United Kingdom:Carlton Books.ISBN978-1-84732-521-1.
  • Raykoff, Ivan;Tobin, Robert Deam(2007).A Song for Europe: Popular Music and Politics in the Eurovision Song Contest.Ashgate Publishing.ISBN978-0-7546-5878-8.
  • Roxburgh, Gordon (2016).Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest.Vol. Three: The 1980s.Prestatyn,United Kingdom: Telos Publishing.ISBN978-1-84583-163-9.
  • Roxburgh, Gordon (2020).Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest.Vol. Four: The 1990s. Prestatyn, United Kingdom: Telos Publishing.ISBN978-1-84583-163-9.
  • Thorsson, Leif; Verhage, Martin (2006).Melodifestivalen genom tiderna: de svenska uttagningarna och internationella finalerna[Melodifestivalen through the ages: the Swedish selections and international finals] (in Swedish). Stockholm, Sweden: Premium Publishing.ISBN91-89136-29-2.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related toEurovision Song Contest 1991.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eurovision_Song_Contest_1991&oldid=1232031253"