FN Minimi
TheFN Minimi(short forFrench:Mini Mitrailleuse;"mini machine gun" ) is a Belgian5.56mmlight machine gun,also classified as asquad automatic weapondeveloped by Ernest Vervier forFN Herstal.Introduced in the late 1970s, it is in service in more than 75 countries.[14]The weapon is manufactured at the FN facility inHerstaland their U.S. subsidiary FN Manufacturing LLC.
The Minimi fires from anopen bolt.It is an air-cooled, gas operated long-stroke piston weapon that is capable of fully automatic fire only. It can bebelt fedor fired from amagazine.The Minimi is configured in several variants: the Standard model as a platoon or squad support weapon, the shortenedParaversion forparatroopersand the Vehicle model as secondary armament for fighting vehicles.
Design details
[edit]This sectionneeds additional citations forverification.(November 2021) |
Operating mechanism
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Een_prospectus-foto_van_een_lichte_mitrailleur_met_bandvoeding._Het_betreft_een_FN_Minimi%2C_die_getest_wordt_als_mogelijke_opvolger_van_de_FN_MAG_%282086-064-010%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg)
The Minimi uses agas-actuatedlong-stroke piston system. The barrel is locked with arotary bolt,equipped with two massive locking lugs, forced into battery by a helical camming guide in the bolt carrier. Upon firing, the piston is forced to the rear by expanding propellant gases bled through a port in the barrel near the muzzle end. The piston rod acts against the bolt carrier, which begins its rearward motion guided on two rails welded to thereceiverwalls, while the bolt itself remains locked. This sequence provides a slight delay that ensureschamberpressure has dropped to a safe level by the time a cam in the bolt carrier rotates and unlocks the bolt, increasing extraction reliability as the empty cartridge casing has had the time to cool down and contract, exerting less friction against the chamber walls.
The Minimi fires from anopen bolt,which reduces the danger of a roundcooking offafter extended periods of continuous fire, since a cartridge is only momentarily introduced into the chamber prior to ignition, and the movement of the bolt and bolt carrier forces air through the chamber and barrel after each shot, ventilating the barrel and removing heat. Gas escaping the gas cylinder is directed upward, avoiding kicking up dust and debris that would reveal the shooter's position.
Features
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Minimi.jpg/220px-Minimi.jpg)
The Minimi has a manually adjustable gas valve with two positions, normal and adverse. The adverse setting increases the cyclic rate of fire from 700–850 rounds per minute to 950–1,150 rounds per minute and is used only in extreme environmental conditions or when heavy fouling is present in the weapon's gas tube. The springextractoris located inside the bolt, while the tilting lever ejector is contained inside the receiver housing. Spent casings are removed through a port located at the bottom of the right side of the receiver, protected from debris with a spring-loaded dust cover. The Minimi is striker-fired and the bolt carrier functions as the striker mechanism.
The Minimi has a push-button type manual safety installed in the trigger housing, above the pistol grip. In the "weapon safe" position, it disables the sear mechanism; pushing the button to the right side exposes a red-coloured rim on the left side of the firearm and indicates the weapon is ready to fire. The black polymer pistol grip from theFALandFNCrifles was initially used, but the Minimi is currently fitted with a modified grip with lateral grooves, installed at a smaller angle to the receiver.
The Minimi features a welded receiver made from stampedsteel.Both the standard and Para variants are equipped with a fixed, foldingbipodmounted to the gas tube and stowed under the handguard. The bipod can be adjusted in height and each leg has three height settings. The bipod also offers a 15° range of rotation to either side. With the bipod fully extended, the bore axis is elevated to a height of 465 mm (18.3 in). The Minimi can also be fired from the Belgian FN360° tripod or the American M122 mount using an M60 pintle. The vehicle-mounted Minimi is fitted with an electrically powered trigger that enables it to be fired remotely from within an armoured fighting vehicle.
The standard light machine gun version has a 465 mm (18.3 in) barrel and a skeletonizedaluminiumstock with a folding wire shoulder strap. The shortened Para model has a 349 mm (13.7 in) barrel and a collapsible metal stock, while the vehicle-mounted model has a 465 mm (18.3 in) barrel but does not have a stock oriron sights.All models can alternatively be fitted with a fixed synthetic stock, the same used on the M249, which contains a hydraulic buffer that contributes to stabilizing the rate of fire and reducing recoil forces.[15]
Feeding
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Minimi-img_1022.jpg/220px-Minimi-img_1022.jpg)
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The weapon is fed from the left-hand side by disintegrating-linkM27ammunitionbelts(a miniaturized version of the7.62mmM13belt), from either an unsupported loose belt, enclosed in apolymerammunition box with a 200-round capacity attached to the base of the receiver, or from detachableSTANAG magazines,used in otherNATO5.56 mmassault riflessuch as theM16andFNC.Magazine feeding is used only as an auxiliary measure, when belted ammunition has been exhausted. The ammunition belt is introduced into the feed tray, magazines are seated inside the magazine port at a 45° angle, located beneath the feed tray port. When a belt is placed in the feed tray it covers the magazine port. Likewise, a magazine inserted into the magazine well will prevent the simultaneous insertion of a belt. The magazine port, when not in use, is closed with an L-shaped hinged flap equipped with a tooth, which engages a corresponding opening in the magazine and serves as a magazine release. This feature was developed by FN's Maurice V. Bourlet and allows the Minimi to be instantly changed from belt feed to magazine feed without any modification.[16]
The pawl-type feeding mechanism is modelled on the system used in theMAGgeneral-purpose machine gun,which was originally used in theWorld War II-eraMG 42.The belt is moved in two stages during both the forward and rearward movement of the reciprocating bolt carrier, which provides for a smooth and continuous feeding cycle. The feeding mechanism top cover features a device that indicates the presence of a cartridge in the feed path.
Barrel
[edit]The barrels used in the Minimi have an increased heat capacity for sustained fire, feature achrome-lined rifled bore (six right-hand grooves) and are manufactured in two versions: with a 178 mm (1:7 in) twist rate used to stabilize the heavier Belgian 5.56×45mm SS109 projectile, or a 305 mm (1:12 in) twist for use with American M193 ammunition. The barrels have a quick-change capability; a lever is provided on the left side of the weapon that unlocks the barrel allowing the shooter to push it forward removing it from its trunnion. A carrying handle is also fixed to the barrel and assists in the barrel change process. A trained soldier can perform a barrel change and ready the weapon for aimed fire in 6 to 7 seconds. Early models of the Minimi had aflash suppressorwith side ports as seen on theFN FAL,FN CAL,andFN FNCrifles; new production guns have a shorter,cone-shaped slotted flash suppressor.
Sights
[edit]Both the standard and Para models come with a rear sight, adjustable for windage and elevation, that provides a peep aperture for ranges from 300–1,000 m (980–3,280 ft), in 100 m (330 ft) increments. The sight line radius is 490 millimeters (19.3 in). The hooded front sight is installed in a post on the gas block and is also adjustable for elevation and windage. Early models of the Minimi had the rear sight mounted forward of the feed cover and the front post secured to the barrel, closer to the muzzle end. An adapter can also be used that allows the use of standard NATO night and day sights.
Accessories
[edit]Standard equipment supplied with the Minimi consists of three ammunition boxes, a cleaning kit stored inside the forearm, lubricant bottle, sling and blank-firing barrel.
Variants
[edit]This sectionneeds additional citations forverification.(November 2021) |
M249
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/MINIMI_prototype.jpg/220px-MINIMI_prototype.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Marine_M249_Fire.jpg/220px-Marine_M249_Fire.jpg)
The M249 version of the Minimi was adopted by the US military in 1982; since 1984, production for the US military has been carried out entirely in the US by a local subsidiary, FN Manufacturing LLC inSouth Carolina.
As part of the US military's M249 Product Improvement Program (PIP), the M249 was updated with: a new synthetic stock and modified buffer assembly, a single-position gas regulator, a so-called birdcage type flash hider/compensator from the M16A2, a polymer barrel heat guard, and a folding carry handle. As a result, the weapon's weight increased to 7.47 kg (16.5 lb). Many of the PIP upgrades were later incorporated by FN for the Minimi.
A lightweight variant of the Para with aPicatinnytop cover rail adapter is known as the Minimi Special Purpose Weapon (SPW).[citation needed]It had the magazine feed port removed to further reduce weight, and a railed MIL-STD-1913 handguard was used that enables the use of standard tactical accessories.
Another variant of the SPW requested by the US Special Operations Forces is the Mk 46 Mod 0 that incorporates a lightweight fluted barrel but lacks the magazine feed system, vehicle mounting lugs and carry handle. A railed forearm ensures modularity and mission-adaptability permitting the use of flashlights, vertical grips, and infrared laser designators. An improved variant known as the Mk 46 Mod 1 with an improved forward rail and lightweighttitaniumbipod has been adopted by theUnited States Navy.
Minimi 7.62
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/MSPO2007-41.jpg/220px-MSPO2007-41.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/SOTG_soldier_Oct_2009.jpg/220px-SOTG_soldier_Oct_2009.jpg)
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The Minimi prototype was originally designed in7.62×51mm NATO,and later redesigned for the 5.56 mm cartridge. When theUSSOCOMissued the requirements for theMk 48 Mod 0in the early 2000s, the original plans for the Minimi were retrieved and used to develop this new model. As a result of favourable reviews of the Mk 48 Mod 0 and increasing demand for a more powerful variant of the Minimi, FN Herstal introduced the Minimi 7.62. In November 2006, a FN Herstal press release said the Minimi 7.62 had recently been "launched onto the market" and was available "with a fixed or telescopic buttstock and a standard or triple rail handguard".[18]Apart from the different caliber, the Minimi 7.62 incorporates a non-adjustable, self-regulating gas system and a hydraulic recoil buffer in the buttstock assembly. The Minimi 7.62 also has a different sight setup calibrated for the larger cartridge. The rear sight is adjustable from 300–1,000 m (980–3,280 ft), in 100 m (330 ft) increments. The sight can also be corrected for windage. The Minimi 7.62 TR is a variant equipped with aPicatinny railhandguard from the factory. In Australian service, the Minimi 7.62 is known as the "Maximi".[19]
Minimi Mk3
[edit]In November 2013, FN Herstal unveiled the Mk3 version of the Minimi light machine gun the Minimi 5.56 Mk3 and the Minimi 7.62 Mk3. The Mk3 upgrades were based on operational experience and user feedback over the past 10 to 15 years. The stock is 5-position adjustable that is also adjustable for cheek rest height with a folding shoulder rest and hydraulic buffer. The feed tray has retaining pawls to hold ammunition from the belt in place while loading. The handguard has three forward picatinny rails. A new bipod is 3-position height adjustable and seamlessly integrates into the shape of the handguard when folded back regardless of accessories that may be attached. Others features include a more ergonomic cocking handle and an optional heat shield, enabled by an added on long pin, to protect from barrel heat. The Minimi 7.62 Mk3 can be converted to fire 5.56×45mm rounds. Users that already have Minimi machine guns can partially or completely upgrade their existing weapons with the Mk3 features.[20]
Production in other countries
[edit]The Minimi is being licence-built in Canada, Australia, Italy,Indonesia,Japan, Sweden, Greece and Switzerland byColt Canada,Lithgow Arms,Beretta,Pindad,Sumitomo Heavy Industries,Bofors Carl Gustaf,andAstra Arms S.A.respectively.
Copies of the Minimi have been produced for export byNorincoand made by Changfeng Machinery Co., Ltd in China without license, designated asCS/LM8 in 2011, and chambered in5.56×45mm NATO.[21]Another clone, known as the XY 5.56, is made by Yunnan Xiyi Industry Company Limited.[22]This was supposed to be mistaken for the CS/LM8 when news of the weapon was made in 2008.[23][22]
Taiwanalso produced the Minimi without license, as theT75.In addition, Egypt also produces the Minimi under license.
Users
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/FN_Minimi_Operators2.png/220px-FN_Minimi_Operators2.png)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Swedish_pvt_and_CV90-40C_in_California.jpg/220px-Swedish_pvt_and_CV90-40C_in_California.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Minimi_Para_transport_case.jpg/220px-Minimi_Para_transport_case.jpg)
The Minimi has been adopted by over 45 countries.[24]Users include:
Argentina:M249 variant in use.[25]
Australia:DesignatedF89in Australian service. It is manufactured byLithgow Arms.[26]Both the Standard and Para versions are used, with the Standard version usually being equipped with a 1.5x sight, and the Para variant usually equipped with a holographic sight, a removable forward grip and a detachable bipod.[27]The 7.62 mm model is known as theMaximi.The Maximi was issued in 2011 after being trialled in Afghanistan and is in limited service.[19][28]
Belgium:Standard infantry support weapon of theBelgian Army.[29]Uses both the standard (called the Minimi M2) and Para (Minimi M3) models.[30]
Brazil:Used by theBatalhão de Operações Policiais Especiais(BOPE) fromMilitary Police of Rio de Janeiro,[31]Coordenadoria de Recursos Especiaisfrom the Civil Police of Rio de Janeiro, Federal police GPI,[32]as well by theBrazilian Army,Marine Corps(399 by 17military organization,with 13 adopting the Minimi 5,56 Standard and 4 adopting the Minimi 5,56 Para) andBrazilian Air Force.[33]The Army Special Forces uses 38 Minimi 5,56 Special Purpose Weapon (SPW).[34]
Burundi:Burundian rebels[35]
Canada:TheCanadian ForcesC9 LMGis a standard factory FN Minimi with a steel tubular buttstock. TheC9A1comes fitted with aPicatinny railon the feed cover mounting a 3.4×ELCANC79telescopic sight and can mount a vertical grip on the underside of the stock for added stability in prone firing.[36]TheC9A2mid-life upgrade introduced a second barrel which was shorter (both with an upgraded muzzle device), reduced IR green furniture, aC8-style collapsible stock, folding vertical foregrip and alaser aiming module(LAM) C9-specific TRIAD.[37]Two C9s are carried by each infantrysection.
Chile:Used byChilean Army.[38]
China:Locally-made clones are used by Chinese police[39]
Colombia:Used by Colombian military (M249 and MK3)[40][41]
Croatia:[42]
Cyprus:Used by theCypriot National Guard.[43]
Czech Republic:7.62×51mm NATO Minimi adopted as the standard machine-gun for the Czech Army replacing theUk vz. 59.[44]317 delivered as of January 2016.[45]The601st Special Forces Groupuses theMk 48 Mod 0.[46]5.56mm M249 variant were also in use.[47]
Denmark:Used by theJægerkorps.[48]
East Timor:Timor Leste Defence Force[49]
Egypt:Produced locally under license.[50]
France:The Para version is widely used by theFrench Army.Fielded alongside theFN MAGGPMG.[51]
Greece:Used by theHellenic Army.[52]
Hungary:M249 SAW is used by the Hungarian Special Force.[53]
Indonesia[29]Standard light machine gun ofIndonesian Armed Forces.Made under license byPindadas Pindad SM-3.
Iraq[9]
Ireland:Para in use with theArmy Ranger Wing(ARW) special forces.[54]
Italy:The Minimi is made under license byBeretta,which has a partnership with FN, and is employed by the Italian Armed Forces, replacing the MG 42/59 (a variant of the WWIIMG 42,which still sees widespread mounted use) in thesquad automatic weaponrole. The Minimi is being widely employed by Italian forces in all the most recent and current international theaters of operation.[55]
Japan:Partially replaced theNTK-62with theJapanese Ground Self-Defense Forces.It is manufactured under license bySumitomo Heavy Industries.[56][57]The JGSDF is making plans to replace them, but SHI has confirmed that it will not be involved in a potential LMG tender.[58]In January 2023, the FN-made Minimi MK3 was selected and designed as MINIMI(B).[59][60]Around 3,100 Mk3s are set to be imported.[61]
Latvia:Standard light machine gun in Latvian inventory.[62][63]
Lebanon[64]
Libya[1][65]
Lithuania:7.62×51mm FN Minimi MK 3[66]
Luxembourg:The Luxembourgish Army uses it as a Squad automatic Weapon, The Para variant is used by theUnité Spéciale de la Policeintervention unit of theGrand Ducal Police.[67][68][69]
Malaysia:TheMalaysian Armyreplaced theHK11A1machine gun with the Minimi. Also used by police special force units.[70]
Mali:People's Movement for the Liberation of Azawad[71]
Mexico:Mexican Air Forceuses it on helicopters.[1]
Nepal:Purchased 5,500 units in 2002.[72]
Netherlands:TheRoyal Netherlands Armyhas brought in the Para version of the Minimi to replace theFN MAGin some infantry roles. The DutchKorps Commandotroepenuse the Minimi 5.56 para version.[73]The MAG is still being used as ageneral-purpose machine gun,support fire weapon and as a vehicle-mounted weapon.[74]
New Zealand:TheNew Zealand Defence Forceuses the Minimi under the designation C9 Minimi. This gun has been used as the Army's Light Support Weapon (LSW) since 1988.[75]The 7.62 Minimi TR was selected in Feb 2012 to replace the C9 LSW Minimi and will be known as the 7.62 LSW Minimi in NZDF service.[76]
Norway:Para version in use withHJK/FSK,andMJKsince the late 1980s, since 2011 in use with armed forces of Norway (1,900 machine guns were purchased in 2011).[77]In September 2021 FN Herstal and Norwegian Defence Materiel Agency signed a framework agreement for delivery of 4000 Minimi 7,62 Mk3.[78]
Papua New Guinea:Designated F89.[79]
Peru:Used by theInfantería de Marina del Perú(Peruvian Naval Infantry).[80]
Philippines:In use by theArmed Forces of the Philippines(AFP). Purchased the FN Minimi in May 2002 with 402 acquired.[81][82]Additional order cancelled in favor of rebidding due to corruption allegations during Arroyo Administration.[82]
Poland:JW GROM[83][84]
Portugal:Portuguese Armyreceived in 2019 Minimi MK3 machine guns in the5.56×45mmand7.62×51mmcalibers.[85]In 2022Portuguese Marine Corpsreceived an unknown amount of5.56×45mmMinimi MK3.[86]
Serbia:Used by the special forces units of the Armed Forces (72nd Brigade for Special Operationsand63rd Parachute Brigade) andSpecial Anti-Terrorist Unitof the Police.[87][88]
Senegal:Used by Senegalese special forces units.[89]
Slovenia:Minimi Para used by theMilitary of Slovenia.[90]
Spain:TheSpanish Navyacquired Minimi light machine guns in the5.56×45mmPara and7.62×51mmversions.[91]
Sri Lanka[29]
Syria:Syrian Arab Army,formerlyDesert Hawks Brigade.[9]
Sweden:Known as theKsp 90(Kulspruta 90). Para model designated Ksp 90B; both are made byBofors Carl Gustaf.[92][93]
Switzerland:Designated LMg 05 (Leichtes Maschinengewehr 05) or FM 05 (Fusil mitrailleur 05).[94]
Taiwan:Used by the Republic of China Army; a version re-engineered for local production, designatedT75,is in use by the Republic of China Marine Corps.[79]
Thailand:Used by the Royal Thai Navy Marine Corps and by the Royal Thai Army (M249 variant).[79]
Tunisia[8]
Turkey:Used byGeneral Directorate of SecurityandTurkish Land Forces[79]
Ukraine:Received from Canada and Belgium in 2022 and used during theRusso-Ukrainian War[12][95]
United Arab Emirates[29]
United Kingdom:Used standard and Para variants, designatedL108A1and the L110A2 respectively.[96]TheArmyequipped each four-manfireteamwith the Para variant. The LMG was usually fitted with the 4×SUSATstandard-issue rifle sight. It was also used by the Royal Navy,Royal Marines Commandosand theRAF Regiment.Some 7.62 Minimis are in service.[97][unreliable source?]The L110A3 was phased out by early 2019 in favour of the earlierL7A2 general purpose machine gun,Joint Force Command users retained their stocks of the weapon.[98][99]
United States:United States Armed Forcesuse it designated as theM249 light machine gun.[29]
Vietnam:FN Minimi Mk 3 are used by the Vietnamese Marines.[100]
Yemen:FN Minimi Reported by Amnesty to be used by a militia during theHodeidah offensivein 2018[101]
Former users
[edit]Afghanistan:TheAfghan National Armymade use of U.S.-supplied M249s during theTaliban insurgency.[102]
Non-state users
[edit]Free Aceh Movement[103]
Taliban:FormerAfghan governmentstocks. 59 ex-British Minimis were also used by the Taliban during theWar in Afghanistan.[8]
See also
[edit]- List of machine guns
- List of dual-feed firearms
- Ares Shrike 5.56
- Daewoo Precision Industries K3
- FN MAG
- FN EVOLYS
- HK MG4
- HK MG5
- Knight's Armament Company LMG
- IMI Negev
- M60 machine gun
- PK machine gun
- PKP Pecheneg machine gun
- QJY-88
- QJS-161
- RPL-20
- SIG LMG 6.8
- Ultimax 100
Notes
[edit]- ^abcMcNab 2017,p. 56.
- ^McNab 2017,pp. 56–57.
- ^abSchroeder, Matt (2013)."Captured and Counted: Illicit Weapons in Mexico and the Philippines".Small Arms Survey 2013: Everyday Dangers.Cambridge University Press.pp. 290, 303.ISBN978-1-107-04196-7.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on August 24, 2013.
- ^McNab 2017,p. 45.
- ^McNab 2017,p. 60.
- ^"Maré terá 6 UPPs até o fim do ano, diz governador do Rio".23 May 2014.
- ^Richard, Christophe (Spring 2014)."Shooting practice with the" Steel battalion ""(PDF).Fantassins.No. 32. p. 28. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2018-12-15.Retrieved2018-12-12.
- ^abcdMcNab 2017,p. 57.
- ^abcdFerguson, Jonathan (April 2, 2016)."Minimi type light machine gun with pro-Assad group in Syria".armamentresearch.com.Archivedfrom the original on August 9, 2018.RetrievedAugust 28,2018.
- ^Capdeville, Thibault (Spring 2014)."Infantry units fires during OP Serval"(PDF).Fantassins.No. 32. pp. 55–58. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2018-12-15.Retrieved2018-12-12.
- ^"YouTube".www.youtube.com.[dead YouTube link]
- ^ab"(No Longer) A Show Of Shame - Belgian Weapons Deliveries To Ukraine".Archived fromthe originalon August 8, 2023.
- ^McNab 2017,p. 18.
- ^"FN Herstal Showcases its State-of-the-art Firepower for Land, Air, and Sea at IDEX 2015".Archived fromthe originalon 2015-03-16.Retrieved2015-03-23.
- ^"The MINIMI 5.56 can be fitted with a hydraulic buffer for stabilized rate of fire and reduced recoil forces. The design of the buttstock contributes to simple, comfortable and accurate firing." —MINIMI 5.56 StandardArchived2008-08-23 at theWayback Machine,FNHerstal.com.
- ^Supply device for a portable firearmPatent number: 4112817, Google patents.
- ^"Infantry News".Infantry.65(4): 10. July–August 1975.Archivedfrom the original on October 19, 2021.RetrievedMarch 14,2018.
- ^"MINIMI Machine Gun 7.62 x 51 mm".FN Herstal(Press release). 13 November 2006. Archived fromthe originalon 27 September 2007.
- ^abJuchniewicz, Maj Nathan; Manchip, Capt James (12 May 2011)."Gun maximises combat power"(PDF).Army News: The Soldiers' Newspaper(1258 ed.). Canberra: Department of Defence. p. 4.ISSN0729-5685.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 13 August 2019.
- ^"The World Famous FN MINIMI Adapts to New Operational Conditions".FN Herstal(Press release). 19 November 2013. Archived fromthe originalon 14 April 2015.
- ^"Trung quốc CS/LM8 hình đích 5.56 hào mễ khinh cơ thương"[China type CS/LM8 5.56 mm light machine gun] (in Chinese). Archived fromthe originalon 21 June 2017.
- ^abPopenker, Maxim & Williams, Anthony G., page 41.
- ^"Đồ văn: Ngoại tiêu hình XY 5.56MM thông dụng cơ thương chủ yếu sổ cư _ tân lãng quân sự _ tân lãng võng".jczs.news.sina.com.cn.Archivedfrom the original on 2016-11-04.
- ^"FN Herstal – Major Product Achievements".FN Herstal. Archived fromthe originalon 2011-09-27.Retrieved2010-06-24.
- ^"OOW M249P, la nueva ametralladora de las tropas de operaciones especiales del Ejército Argentino".June 9, 2021.Archivedfrom the original on June 10, 2021.RetrievedJune 10,2021.
- ^Small Arms Survey(2007).Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the city(PDF).Cambridge University Press.p. 18.ISBN978-0-521-88039-8.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2011-06-14.Retrieved2010-10-07.
- ^Wachsberger, C. (June 1994)."Experiments to determine the effects of different flash suppressor designs on accuracy of an F89 Light Machine Gun"(PDF).DSTO Formal Reports:28. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 15 August 2011.Retrieved16 May2011.
- ^"Maximi".Australian Army.Retrieved14 March2023.
- ^abcdeMiller, David (2001).The Illustrated Directory of 20th Century Guns.Salamander Books Ltd.ISBN1-84065-245-4.
- ^"Landcomponent".Archivedfrom the original on 2012-03-07.
- ^"Polícia faz megaoperação em favelas do Rio de Janeiro".Noticias Band.com.br.Archived fromthe originalon 30 May 2012.Retrieved5 November2014.
- ^"World Infantry Weapons: Brazil".2016-06-02. Archived fromthe originalon 2016-06-02.Retrieved2022-10-08.
- ^"Brazil adopts Minimi machine gun across land forces".www.janes.com. 3 November 2013.Archivedfrom the original on 5 November 2013.Retrieved5 November2013.
- ^"FN MINIMI - EB aposenta o FAP e adota a FN Mini Mitrailleuse"(in Portuguese). 2013-10-20.Archivedfrom the original on 2016-10-12.Retrieved2016-10-11– via DefesaNet.
- ^Small Arms Survey(2007)."Armed Violence in Burundi: Conflict and Post-Conflict Bujumbura"(PDF).The Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge University Press.p. 204.ISBN978-0-521-88039-8.Archivedfrom the original on 2018-08-27.Retrieved2018-08-29.
- ^C9A1 LIGHT MACHINE-GUN[permanent dead link]
- ^"Canadian Small Arms – Automatic Rifles – A Visual Guide".Canadian American Strategic Review.Archived fromthe originalon 2011-07-06.Retrieved2008-04-02.
- ^"El Ejército de Chile compró 1.225 ametralladoras Minimi y 2.000 fusiles Galil en 2014".Archived fromthe originalon 2016-04-03.
- ^McNab 2017,p. 36.
- ^U.S. Army Weapons Systems, 2010–2011.Skyhorse Publishing. 2010. p. 279.ISBN978-1-60239-725-5.Archivedfrom the original on October 19, 2021.RetrievedJanuary 29,2018.
- ^InfoDefensa, Revista Defensa."Colombia adquirirá más ametralladoras FN Herstal para sus Fuerzas Especiales".Infodefensa - Noticias de defensa, industria, seguridad, armamento, ejércitos y tecnología de la defensa(in Spanish).Retrieved2023-11-19.
- ^Šurbek, Ivan (23 May 2024)."Tigrovi u akciji s puškostrojnicom FN Minimi".Hrvatski vojnik(in Croatian).Retrieved26 May2024.
- ^Vlassis, Savvas (2017-09-30)."Τα νέα φορητά όπλα και άλλα υλικά της Εθνικής Φρουράς".Δούρειος Ίππος.Retrieved2023-03-16.
- ^Grohmann, Jan."MINIMI - nový standardní kulomet pro Armádu České republiky".Armádní noviny.Archivedfrom the original on 27 December 2017.Retrieved27 December2017.
- ^"Ministr obrany"(PDF).ods.cz.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2016-07-12.Retrieved27 December2017.
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References
[edit]- McNab, Chris (23 February 2017).The FN Minimi Light Machine Gun: M249, L108A1, L110A2, and other variants.Weapon 53.Osprey Publishing.ISBN978-1-4728-1621-4.
- Popenker, Maxim; Williams, Anthony G. (2008).Machine Gun. The Development of the Machine Gun from the Nineteenth Century to the Present Day.London: Crowood Press.ISBN978-1-84797-030-5.
External links
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