Facet

For uses in mathematics, seeFacet (geometry).For other uses, seeFacet (disambiguation).

Facets(/ˈfæsɪt/) are flat faces on geometric shapes. The organization of naturally occurring facets was key to early developments incrystallography,since they reflect the underlying symmetry of thecrystalstructure.Gemstonescommonly have facets cut into them in order to improve their appearance by allowing them to reflect light.

A facetedspodumene

Facet arrangements

Of the hundreds of facet arrangements that have been used, the most famous is probably the roundbrilliant cut,used fordiamondand many colored gemstones. This first early version of what would become the modern Brilliant Cut is said to have been devised by an Italian named Peruzzi, sometime in the late 17th century.Later on, the first angles for an "ideal" cut diamond were calculated byMarcel Tolkowskyin 1919. Slight modifications have been made since then, but angles for "ideal" cut diamonds are still similar to Tolkowsky's formula. Round brilliants cut before the advent of "ideal" angles are often referred to as "Early round brilliant cut" or "Old European brilliant cut" and are considered poorly cut by today's standards, though there is still interest in them from collectors. Other historic diamond cuts include the "Old Mine Cut" which is similar to early versions of the round brilliant, but has a rectangular outline, and the "Rose Cut"which is a simple cut consisting of a flat, polished back, and varying numbers of angled facets on the crown, producing a faceted dome. Sometimes a 58th facet, called aculetis cut on the bottom of the stone to help prevent chipping of the pavilion point. Earlier brilliant cuts often have very large culets, while modern brilliant cut diamonds generally lack the culet facet, or it may be present in minute size.

Cutting facets

The art of cutting a gem is an exacting procedure performed on afaceting machine.The ideal product of facet cutting is a gemstone that displays a pleasing balance of internal reflections of light known asbrilliance,strong and colorfuldispersionwhich is commonly referred to as "fire", and brightly colored flashes of reflected light known asscintillation.Typicallytransparent to translucentstones are faceted, althoughopaquematerials may occasionally be faceted as thelusterof the gem will produce appealing reflections.Pleonaste(blackspinel) and black diamond are examples of opaque faceted gemstones.

Facet angles

The angles used for each facet play a crucial role in the outcome of a gem. While the general facet arrangement of a particular gemstone cut may appear the same in any given gem material, the angles of each facet must be carefully adjusted to maximize the optical performance. The angles used will vary based on therefractive indexof the gem material. When light passes through a gemstone and strikes a polished facet, the minimum angle possible for the facet to reflect the light back into the gemstone is called thecritical angle.If the ray of light strikes a surface lower than this angle, it will leave the gem material instead of reflecting through the gem as brilliance. These lost light rays are sometimes referred to as "light leakage", and the effect caused by it is called "windowing" as the area will appear transparent and without brilliance. This is especially common in poorly cut commercial gemstones. Gemstones with higher refractive indexes generally make more desirable gemstones, the critical angle decreases as refractive indices increase, allowing for greater internal reflections as the light is less likely to escape.

Earringwith facetedbeads

The faceting machine

This machine uses a motor-driven plate to hold a precisely flat disk (known as a "lap") for the purpose of cutting or polishing. Diamond abrasives bonded to metal or resin are typically used for cutting laps, and a wide variety of materials are used for polishing laps in conjunction with either very finediamond powderor oxide-based polishes. Water is typically used for cutting, while either oil or water is used for the polishing process.

The machine uses a system generally called a "mast" which consists of an angle readout, height adjustment and typically a gear (called an "index gear" ) with a particular number of teeth is used as a means of setting the rotational angle. The angles of rotation are evenly divided by the number of teeth present on the gear, though many machines include additional means of adjusting the rotational angle in finer increments, often called a "cheater". The stone is bonded to a (typically metal) rod known as a "dop" or "dop stick" and is held in place by part of the mast referred to as the "quill".

The modern faceting process

The dopped stone is ground at precise angles and indexes on cutting laps of progressively finer grit, and then the process is repeated a final time to polish each facet. Accurate repetition of angles in the cutting and polishing process is aided by the angle readout and index gear. The physical process of polishing is a subject of debate. One commonly accepted theory is that the fine abrasive particles of a polishing compound produce abrasions smaller than the wavelengths of light, thus making the minute scratches invisible. Since gemstones have two sides (the crown and pavilion), a device often called a "transfer jig" is used to flip the stone so that each side may be cut and polished.

Other methods

Cleavingrelies on planar weaknesses of the chemical bonds in the crystal structure of a mineral. If a sharp blow is applied at the correct angle, the stone may split cleanly apart. While cleaving is sometimes used to split uncut gemstones into smaller pieces, it is never used to produce facets. Cleaving of diamonds was once common, but as the risk of damaging a stone is too high, undesirable diamond pieces often resulted. The preferred method of splitting diamonds into smaller pieces is nowsawing.

An older and more primitive style of faceting machine called ajamb pegmachine used wooden dop sticks of precise length and a "mast" system consisting of a plate with holes carefully placed in it. By placing the back end of the dop into one of the many holes, the stone could be introduced to the lap at precise angles. These machines took considerable skill to operate effectively.

Another method of facet cutting involves the use of cylinders to produce curved, concave facets. This technique can produce many unusual and artistic variations of the traditional faceting process.

Natural faceting

Many crystals naturally grow in faceted shapes. For instance, common table salt forms cubes andquartzforms hexagonal prisms. These characteristic shapes are a consequence of thecrystal structureof the material and thesurface energy,as well as the general conditions under which the crystal formed.

TheBravais latticeof the crystal structure defines a set of possible "low-energy planes", which are usually planes on which the atoms are close-packed. For instance, a cubic crystal may have low-energy planes on the faces of the cube or on the diagonals. The planes are low-energy in the sense that if the crystal iscleavedalong these planes, there will be relatively few broken bonds and a relatively small increase in energy over the unbroken crystal. Equivalently, these planes have a lowsurface energy.The planes with the lowest energy will form the largest facets, in order to minimize the overallthermodynamic free energyof the crystal. If the surface energy as a function of the planes is known, theequilibriumshape of the crystal may be found via theWulff construction.

Growthconditions, including the surface the crystal is growing on top of (the substrate), may change the expected shape of the crystal; for instance, if the base of the crystal is under stress from the substrate, this may favor the crystal growing taller rather than growing outwards along the substrate. The surface energy, including the relative energies of the different planes, depend on many factors including the temperature, the composition of the surroundings (e.g. humidity), and the pressure.

See also

• Diamond cuts
• Princess cut

External links

• Gem faceting process— Step by step pictures from rough stone to faceted gem.