Fall of Kabul (2001)

This article is about the 2001 fall of Kabul to theNorthern Alliance.For the return of Taliban afterthe offensiveagainst theinternationally recognized government,seeFall of Kabul (2021).

Fall of Kabul
Part of theWar on terror,theUnited States invasion of Afghanistanand the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
Kabul in December 2003
Date 12–13 November 2001 (1 day) Location Kabul,Afghanistan Result Northern Alliance and American victory Re-establishment of theIslamic State of Afghanistanas the dominant power in Afghanistan Taliban and Al-Qaeda forces, includingOsama bin Laden,retreated toKandaharandTora Bora.
Belligerents
Islamic State of Afghanistan United States	Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Al-Qaeda
Commanders and leaders
Mohammed Fahim Atiqullah Baryalai Tommy Franks	Mullah Omar Osama bin Laden Mohammed Atef†
Units involved
Northern Alliance ODA 555	Afghan Armed Forces 055 Brigade
Strength
Unknown	Unknown
Casualties and losses
Unknown	3,000 captured Taliban soldiers

Kabul,capital ofAfghanistan,fell in November 2001 to theNorthern Allianceforces during theWar in Afghanistan.Northern Alliance forces began their attack on the city on 13 November and made swift progress against Taliban and Al-Qaeda forces that were heavily weakened by American and British air strikes. The advance moved ahead of plans, and the next day the Northern Alliance forces (supported byODA 555)enteredKabuland met no resistance inside the city. Taliban forces retreated to Kandahar in the south.

Coupled with thefall of Mazar-i-Shariffive days earlier, the capture of Kabul was a significant blow to Taliban control of Afghanistan. As a result of all the losses, surviving members of the Taliban and al-Qaeda, including Osama bin Laden,retreated towardKandahar,the spiritual birthplace and home of the Taliban movement, andTora Bora.

Background

Main article:United States invasion of Afghanistan

By late 2001, the Taliban had seized control of approximately 90% of the country during the1996–2001 Afghan Civil War,and following the Al Qaeda orchestratedassassination of Northern Alliance commander Ahmad Shah Massoudtwo days before the September 11 attacks, there were concerns the entire country would fall under Taliban control. Their fighters consisted of between 25,000 and 30,000 fighters, and were supported by other groups including between 2000 and 3000 Arab fighters inOsama bin Laden's055 Brigade.

On 10 September, theBush Administrationagreed to a plan to oust the Taliban should they refuse to hand over Osama Bin Laden.Following theSeptember 11 attacks,on 14 September, the United States demanded that the Taliban surrender all known al-Qaeda associates, provide intelligence on bin Laden and his affiliates, and expel all terrorists from Afghanistan.

On 7 October, after the Taliban failed to hand over bin Laden, the United States began their bombing campaign,and over the next month Northern Alliance forces, supported by US Special Forces and airstrikes, advanced across the country, capturing several key cities.

On 12 November, a brief battle took place onShamali Plainbetween the Taliban and the Northern Alliance north of Kabul. For two years during the Afghan Civil War the frontline had been stalemated here, but with the Taliban demoralized by the fall of the northern cities, under constant attack by American air support, and fearing encirclement, they fell back to Kabul following just three hours of fighting, opening the road to the city.Following the battle, the Taliban forces in Kabul evacuated the city, emptying the national treasury but in their haste leaving behind weapons and other possessions.

Fall of Kabul

Discussions had been held between the Northern Alliance and various foreign governments, including the United States, Britain, and Pakistan, about the possible seizure of Kabul, with the American Secretary of StateColin Powellexpressing that the foreign governments would prefer the allianceinvestthe city and not seize it, in order to improve the ability to form a broad and successful post-war government. The response to this pressure varied; some spokesmen agreed to this, while others suggested that they would push on to Kabuland on 12 November, as alliance forces neared the city, the British Prime MinisterTony Blairexpressed his expectation that alliance commanders would honour their commitment and not seize the city.

Initially, the alliance held back from the city, with security guards being seen holding back armour and truckloads of infantry,but this pause was short-lived, and the alliance proved unable or unwilling to prevent their forces from entering the city.

Meanwhile, as the Taliban's control over Kabul was deteriorating, a tip reached CIA headquarters about an al-Qaeda convoy in the city, carrying a possible "high-value target."A CIA-operated drone tracked the convoy in the upscale Kabul neighborhood ofWazir Akbar Khan.The target wasMohammed Atef,an Egyptian militant and a key figure in al-Qaeda. An airstrike was carried out, killing Atef and dealing a significant blow to al-Qaeda, as he had been one of the leading members of the organization and was seen as a likely successor toOsama bin Laden.

Aftermath

With the fall of the city, there were some incidents of vengeance against the Taliban; the BBC'sJohn Simpsonreported hearing chants of "kill the Taliban" from the inhabitants of Kabul as he entered the city, with many Taliban fighters, particularly foreign fighters from the Arabian Peninsula and Pakistan, being lynched and left in ditches while others were beaten with rifles and fists after their capture.

The liberation from the Taliban also resulted in the practice of behaviours formerly prohibited; the "great Afghan passion" of kite flying, which the Taliban had tried to stamp out, was taken up again, music was played, and young men lined up at street barbers to cut off the beard the Taliban had forced them to wear – though most would choose to keep it.

The fall of the city to the alliance did bring concerns about the long-lasting stability in the country. The alliance primarily consisted of minority ethnic groups within Afghanistan;Uzbeks,Tajiks,andHazaras,while the Taliban was dominated by the majority ethnic group, thePashtuns,and it was feared that the seizure of the city would make it more difficult to form a broad and inclusive coalition that would bring stability to the nation, particularly if the Taliban position in the south did not collapse and they continued to fight on as a guerrilla force.