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Wildlife of Chad

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Vegetation outsideGoz Beïda

Thewildlife of Chadis composed of itsfloraandfauna.[1][2]West African lions,buffalo,hippopotamuses,Kordofan giraffes,antelopes,African leopards,cheetahs,hyenas,Bush elephants,and many species ofsnakesare found there, although most large carnivore populations have been drastically reduced since the early 20th century.[1][3]Elephant poaching,particularly in the south of the country in areas such asZakouma National Park,is a severe problem.

Vegetation

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Aerial photo ofLake Chad
Map of Chad

As of 2011, there were 2,288 species of plants in the country, 55 of which areendemic.[2]Precipitation varies widely from south to the north. The country is also subject to hot, dry, dusty conditions.Harmattan windsare a feature in the northern part of the country. Droughts andlocustplagues are also common. The vegetation in the country is broadly categorized under the three regions of the northern Sahara zone, the central Sahel zone, and the southern Sudan zone; all three zones are of equal proportion.[1]

In Chadforest coveris around 3% of the total land area, equivalent to 4,313,000 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, down from 6,730,000 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 4,293,000 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 19,800 hectares (ha). For the year 2015, 100% of the forest area was reported to be underpublic ownership.[4][5]

The northern part of the country which has the Sahara desert and which borders Libya and the volcanic massif ofTibesti(3,415 metres (11,204 ft)) forms part of the northern zone. Vegetation is dominantly tropical in the tropical zone of the country with deserts having least vegetative growth. However, a large area of desert dunes lie betweenLake Chadand theOuaddaimassif, where fringes ofxerophyticscrublandis noted.[1]

The montane vegetation on the massif is rich, unlike the vegetation that is in the lowlands. Woody vegetation occurs in some deep gorges of theEnnedimassif, which rises to 1,450 metres (4,760 ft). A flat terrain supports Sahelian grasslands. The transition zone that lies between the southern Sahel and northern Sudan–Guinea is also a seasonal wetland. The Sudan Savanna zone mostly consists of Sudanian woodland with intermittent vegetation ofedaphicgrasslandandAcacia.[1]

The well-drained soils of the area once supported areas of dense woodlands withebonyand kapok[specify]trees (species of theMalvaceaefamily), but this has declined due to soil erosion and degradation.[3]Vegetation found in the area includesacacias,baobab,desert date,palms,Africanmyrrh,and Indianjujube.Found within the lake itself are aquatic plants such asreeds,papyrus,ambatch,andwater lilies.[3]

Fauna

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Main article:List of mammals of Chad
Camels in the Sahel region of Chad
Nile perch
Violet turaco

As of 2002, there were at least 134 species of mammals and 532 species of birds (354 species of residents and 155 migrants) in Chad.[1]Before the 20th century,Chadreportedly had a rich fauna of large carnivores in the Lake Chad region, but due to deforestation, hunting and competition from livestock most of the population of lions, leopards, rhinoceros, and hippopotamus have disappeared from the region.[3]

TheZakouma National Parkis an important habitat with the highest number of large mammals.[6]Scimitar horned oryxare seen in the reserves of Chad in significant numbers, mostly in the Ouadi Rime Ouadi Achin Faunal Reserve. Also reported to survive in this reserve are the large population ofaddax(Addax nasomaculatus) anddama gazelle(Nanger dama).[7]

Other species reported are;red-fronted gazelle,dorcas gazelle(Gazella rufifrons,Gazella dama,Gazella dorcas),patas monkey(Erythrocebus patas),striped hyena(Hyaena hyaena),Sudan cheetah(Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii),caracal(Felis caracal), andChadian wild dog(Lycaon pictus sharicus),African elephant(Loxodonta africana),otter(Lutra maculicollis),Aonyx capensis,sitatunga(Tragelaphus spekei) andkob(Kobus kob). Rodent species reported areMastomys verheyeniandgerbil(Taterillus lacustris).[8]African rock pythonsandspitting cobrasare the reptile species also reported.[citation needed]

Aquafauna

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Lake Chad has 179 species of fish which feed on vegetation,phytoplanktonandzooplankton.Some of the species reported arecatfish(Clarias gariepensis),tilapia,cichlids,characin(Alestes baremoze) andNile perch(Lates niloticus).Lungfishandsailfinare the two other unique species in the lake.Crocodileandhippopotamusalso inhabit the lake as do birds, and it is an important destination for many migratory species of birds.[8]

Avifauna

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Main article:List of birds of Chad

BirdLife Internationalhas reported 532 species of birds of which 354 residents and 155 are migrants, the Avibase - Bird Checklists of the World reports 587 species including 6 globally threatened species.[9]Of these the species undercritically endangered,endangered,near-threatened,andvulnerablecategories are:[9]

Theviolet turaco(Musophaga violacea) is a species ofleast concern,which is found in large numbers in a range of less than 20,000 km2(7,700 sq mi) covering many African countries including Chad.[10]

Protection

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The protected parks, reserves, protection forests, reforestation areas, andRamsar Wetlandsof international importance in the country include theIUCNLevel II categorizedAouk(7,400 km2or 2,900 sq mi),Goz Beïda,Manda(1,140 km2or 440 sq mi), andZakouma(3,000 km2or 1,200 sq mi) national parks. The country has a number of faunal reserves which are loosely protected including:

Aside from the numerous protected forests,Tibesti Massifis also a protected area. The wetlands of international importance—under theRamsar Convention–are theRamsar SitesatLake Fitri(Lac Fitri;1,950 km2or 750 sq mi),Binder-Léré Faunal Reserve(Réserve de faune de Binder-Léré;1,350 km2or 520 sq mi) and the Chadian section of Lake Chad (partie tchadienne du lac Tchad;16,481.68 km2or 6,363.61 sq mi).[11][12][13]

In addition to parks and reserves, eightImportant Bird Areas(IBAs) have been identified and supported by BirdLife International. These cover 11.2percent of the country, an area of 146,500 square kilometres (56,600 sq mi), some overlapping with parks and reserves. Of these, theOuadi Rimé–Ouadi AchimIBA is the largest, covering an area of more than 6 percent of the area of the country.[1]

Conservation

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Efforts have been made by theFood and Agriculture Organizationto improve relations between farmers, agro-pastoralists and pastoralists in the Zakouma National Park (ZNP), Siniaka-Minia, and Aouk reserve in southeastern Chad to promote sustainable development.[14]As part of the national conservation effort, more than 1.2 million trees have been replanted to check the advancement of the desert, which helps the local economy by way of financial return from acacia trees, which producegum arabic,and also from fruit trees.

Poaching

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Main article:Elephant hunting in Chad

Poachingis a serious problem in the country, particularly of elephants for the profitableivoryindustry and a threat to lives of rangers even in the national parks such as Zakouma. Elephants have been massacred in herds in and around the parks by organized poaching.[15]The problem is exacerbated by understaffing. A number of wardens have been murdered by poachers.[16]

References

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  1. ^abcdefg"Important Bird Areas in Chad"(PDF).BirdLife International.Retrieved16 October2013.
  2. ^abBrundu, Giuseppe; Camarda, Ignazio (2013)."The Flora of Chad: a checklist and brief analysis".PhytoKeys(23): 1–18.doi:10.3897/phytokeys.23.4752.PMC3690977.PMID23805051.
  3. ^abcd"Plant and Animal Life: Lake Chad".The Living Africa.ThinkQuest. Archived fromthe originalon 17 October 2013.Retrieved17 October2013.
  4. ^Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194.Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2023.
  5. ^"Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Chad".Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
  6. ^Brugière, David; Scholte, Paul (October 2013). "Biodiversity gap analysis of the protected area system in poorly-documented Chad".Journal for Nature Conservation.21(5): 286–293.Bibcode:2013JNatC..21..286B.doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2013.02.004.
  7. ^World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1991,p. 67.
  8. ^ab"Lake Chad flooded savanna".World Wildflife Organization.Retrieved16 October2013.
  9. ^ab"Avibase - Bird Checklists of the World Chad".Avi Base- The world data base organization.Retrieved16 October2013.
  10. ^BirdLife International (2016)."Musophaga violacea".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22688387A93195573.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22688387A93195573.en.Retrieved13 November2021.
  11. ^"Parks, Reserves, and Other Protected Areas in Chad".Parks.it.Retrieved17 October2013.
  12. ^"The National Parks and Nature Reserves of Chad".National Parks-Worldwide.info.Retrieved17 October2013.
  13. ^"Search for protected areas".Official Record.Protectedplanet.net.Retrieved17 October2013.
  14. ^"Livestock-wildlife-environment interactions in Chad".Food and Agriculture Organization.Retrieved17 October2013.
  15. ^"African Elephants Slaughtered in Herds Near Chad Wildlife Park".National Geographic.30 August 2006.Retrieved17 October2013.
  16. ^Gettleman, Jeffrey (31 December 2012)."Rangers in Isolated Central Africa Uncover Grim Cost of Protecting Wildlife".The New York Times.Retrieved17 October2013.

Bibliography

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  • USAIDdetailed study on "Considerations of Wildlife Resources and Land Use in Chad"
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