Feng Hong

"Emperor Zhaocheng" redirects here. For the ruler of Dai, seeTuoba Shiyijian.

Emperor Zhaocheng of Northern Yan Bắc yến chiêu thành đế
Heavenly Kingof Great Yan
Ruler ofNorthern Yan
Reign	430 – 436
Predecessor	Feng Ba
Died	438 Goguryeo
Full name Family name: Féng ( phùng ) Given name: Hóng ( hoằng ) Era name and dates Tàixīng ( thái hưng ): 431–436 Regnal name Heavenly Kingof Great Yan ( đại yến thiên vương ) Posthumous name Emperor Zhāochéng ( chiêu thành hoàng đế, "civil and successful" )
House	Feng
Dynasty	Northern Yan

Feng Hong(Chinese:Phùng hoằng;died 438),courtesy nameWentong( văn thông ), also known by hisposthumous nameas theEmperor Zhaocheng of Northern Yan( bắc yến chiêu thành đế ), was the lastmonarchof the ChineseNorthern Yan dynasty.He seized the throne in 430 when his brotherFeng Ba(Emperor Wencheng) was ill, and he used the title "Heavenly King".During his reign, the Northern Yan grew increasingly smaller and weaker in light of repeated attacks by rivalNorthern Wei dynasty,and in 436 he evacuated his state and fled toGoguryeo,ending the Northern Yan. Once in Goguryeo, however, he assumed the role of Goguryeo'ssuzerain(a status he had claimed earlier).King Jangsuof Goguryeo, unable to stand Feng Hong's antics, killed him in 438 although, curiously, he gave Feng Hong a posthumous name.

During Gao Yun's reign

It is not known when Feng Hong was born, but it is known that he was Feng Ba's younger brother. There was no historical record about him until 407, after his brother Feng Ba (along with another brother, Feng Sufu ( phùng tố phất ), as long as others) had overthrown the tyrannicalLater YanemperorMurong Xiand made Murong Xi's adoptive nephewMurong Yunemperor. (Murong Yun, who soon changed his name back to the original Gao Yun, is regarded by some as the last emperor of Later Yan and by some as the first emperor of Northern Yan.) Late in 407, Gao Yun commissioned Feng Hong as a major general. Probably also at the same time (but definitely during Gao Yun's reign), Feng Hong was created the Duke of Ji.

After Gao Yun was assassinated by his attendants Li Ban ( ly ban ) and Tao Ren ( đào nhân ) in 409, the officials of the regime supported Feng Ba as the new emperor. Feng Ba, when he took the throne, gave a promotion to Feng Hong, but continued to let him carry the title of Duke of Ji.

During Feng Ba's reign

In 410, Feng Ba's cousin Feng Wani ( phùng vạn nê ) and another cousin's son Feng Ruchen ( phùng nhũ trần ) both felt that they contributed much to Feng Ba's success, and therefore were resentful that they were not at Longcheng and in control of the imperial government but were required to serve as commanding generals at the cities of Feiru ( phì như, in modernQinhuangdao,Hebei) and Bailang ( bạch lang, in modernZhaoyang,Liaoning). They therefore rose in rebellion together. Feng Ba sent Feng Hong and Zhang Xing to attack them, and after they were defeated by Feng Hong and Zhang, they surrendered, but Feng Hong executed them regardless. After this incident, Feng Ba created him the Duke of Zhongshan.

Little is known about Feng Hong's actions during most of Feng Ba's reign, other than that he appeared to have remained in powerful positions, and by 430 he was Feng Ba's prime minister. That year, Feng Ba was seriously ill, and he issued an edict transferring his authorities to hiscrown princeFeng Yi ( phùng dực ). However, Feng Ba's favorite concubine Consort Song wanted to have her son Feng Shouju ( phùng thụ cư ) inherit the throne, and therefore told Feng Yi that Feng Ba would soon recover and that he should not be so anxious to take over authority; Feng Yi agreed and retreated to his palace. Consort Song then falsely issued orders in Feng Ba's name cutting off communications with the outside, and Feng Yi and Feng Ba's other sons, as well as imperial officials, were not allowed to see Feng Ba. Only one of her trusted officials, Hu Fu ( hồ phúc ), was able to enter the palace to be in charge of security. However, Hu was secretly resentful of Consort Song's ambitions, and he informed Feng Hong of her intentions. Feng Hong immediately attacked the palace and seized control of it. Feng Ba, hearing up this, died in shock. Feng Hong then took the throne himself and, after defeating Feng Yi's troops, slaughtered all of Feng Ba's sons. He used the title "Heavenly King" (Tian Wang).

Reign

What appeared evidence late in Feng Ba's reign, but even more so in Feng Hong's reign, were incessant attacks by the neighboring rivalNorthern Wei.This appeared to be particularly true after Northern Wei annexed all of the territory ofXiain 431 and therefore no longer had a major western rival to deal with.Emperor Taiwu of Northern Weimade periodic attacks to pillage Northern Yan territory and then withdraw, draining Northern Yan of food supplies and other resources and weakening it.

While Feng Hong was the Duke of Zhongshan, his wife was Lady Wang, who bore him at least three sons, Feng Chong ( phùng sùng ), Feng Lang ( phùng lãng ), and Feng Miao ( phùng mạc ), and Feng Chong was his oldest son. However, in 431, Feng Hong createdLady Murongprincess instead, and in 432, he created Princess Murong's son Feng Wangren ( phùng vương nhân ) crown prince.

In fall 432, Northern Wei's Emperor Taiwu made the first major attack of Feng Hong's reign, heading for Northern Yan's capital Helong ( hòa long, in modernJinzhou,Liaoning). Feng Hong tried to appease the Northern Wei emperor by delivering gifts of beef and wine to his army, to no avail. 10 Northern Yan commanderies surrendered to Northern Wei, and Northern Wei forces captured a number of Northern Yan cities and put Helong under siege. However, two months later, Emperor Taiwu withdrew after capturing 30,000 households from Northern Yan and relocating them to his You Province ( u châu, modernBeijing,Tianjin,and northernHebei). Feng Hong's official Guo Yuan ( quách uyên ) suggested to Feng Hong that he offer to be a Northern Wei vassal and send a daughter to be Emperor Taiwu's consort, but Feng Hong refused, stating that the enmity between the states were so deep that he would be killed anyway even if he surrendered. (While Northern Wei was sieging Helong, the Northern Wei general Zhu Xiuzhi ( chu tu chi ), who had been captured fromLiu Song,plotted to assassinate Emperor Taiwu and then join Feng Hong, but his plot was discovered, and he fled to Feng Hong, who in turn sent him back to Liu Song, seeking Liu Song aid. Henceforth, Liu Song and Northern Yan were informal allies, although Liu Song provided little actual help.)

Around the new year 433, Feng Lang and Feng Miao, believing that Northern Yan was on the verge of destruction and believing that Princess Murong was planning to have them killed, fled toLiaoxi( liêu tây, in modernTangshan,Hebei), where Feng Hong had sent their older brother Feng Chong to be the commanding general of. They persuaded Feng Chong to surrender to Northern Wei, and Feng Chong sent Feng Miao to Northern Wei to offer his allegiance. Feng Hong, in response, sent his general Feng Yu ( phong vũ ) to put Liaoxi under siege. In spring 433, Emperor Taiwu sent his younger brother Tuoba Jian ( thác bạt kiện ) the Prince of Yongchang to relieve Liaoxi, and further created Feng Chong the Prince of Liaoxi with a number of other honors, to try to encourage other defectors. Tuoba Jian's forces soon surrounded Feng Yu and forced his surrender, and then withdrew with 3,000 captive households. Feng Chong then requested permission to go to Helong to persuade Feng Hong to surrender, but Emperor Taiwu did not grant such permission.

In spring 434, Feng Hong sent messengers to Northern Wei to request peaceful relations. Emperor Taiwu refused. However, three months later, after Feng Hong submitted a petition (i.e., agreeing to be a vassal) denouncing himself and pleading for peace, and further offering a daughter to be Emperor Taiwu's concubine, Emperor Taiwu agreed—on condition that Feng Hong send Feng Wangren to visit him at the Northern Wei capital Pingcheng ( bình thành, in modernDatong,Shanxi). Feng Hong also sent the Northern Wei messenger Huniuyu Shimen ( hốt nữu vu thập môn ), whom Emperor Taiwu's fatherEmperor Mingyuan of Northern Weihad sent to Feng Ba in 414 but who then was detained by Feng Ba, back to Northern Wei.

However, later that year, Feng Hong refused to send Feng Wangren to Pingcheng to visit Emperor Taiwu. When his official Liu Zi ( lưu tư ) warned him that Northern Yan was in an even more perilous position thanShu HanandEastern Wuwere facing againstJin,Feng Hong executed Liu in anger. Because Feng Hong refused to send Feng Wangren, Emperor Taiwu again sent Tuoba Jian against Northern Yan, and Tuoba Jian seized Northern Yan's crops and some of its people before withdrawing.

In spring 435, in order to try to get Liu Song aid, Feng Hong sent a messenger to the Liu Song capitalJiankangto submit as a vassal.Emperor Wen of Liu Songcreated Feng Hong the Prince of Yan, but was unable to provide substantial aid. in spring 435, Feng Hong sent his general Tang Zhu ( thang chúc ) to offer tributes to Northern Wei, and claiming that the reason why Feng Wangren was not arriving was because he was ill. This reason appeared to have been rejected by Northern Wei, and Feng Hong again tried to seek Liu Song aid, but none was coming. In summer 435, Emperor Taiwu's brother Tuoba Pi ( thác bạt phi ) the Prince of Leping again arrived at Helong, and Feng Hong tried to appease him by offering cattle, wine, and armor, but Tuoba Pi's assistant general Qutu Yuan ( khuất đột viên ) accused Feng Hong of not sending hostages, and they seized 6,000 Northern Yan men and women before withdrawing.

The entire Northern Yan state was by this point not significantly larger than the city of Helong itself, and it was weary of repeated Northern Wei attacks. Feng Hong's general Yang Min ( dương mân ) suggested Feng Hong to send Feng Wangren as a hostage, and Feng Hong refused, instead considering the plan of evacuating his people to the allyGoguryeo.Yang believed Goguryeo to be undependable, but Feng Hong was not deterred, and he sent messengers to Goguryeo seeking aid and agreement to evacuate.

In spring 436, Feng Hong sent messengers to Northern Wei to offer tributes, and declaring that Feng Wangren would arrive briefly. Emperor Taiwu, not believing in Feng Hong, refused the overture and prepared another attack. By summer 436, Northern Wei and Goguryeo forces both arrived at Helong. Because the people largely were weary about relocating to Goguryeo, the official Guo Sheng ( quách sinh ) opened the city gates and tried to surrender, but Northern Wei forces thought it was a trap and did not aid him, and Feng Hong killed Guo in battle. Meanwhile, the Goguryeo forces pillaged the city, and then escorted Feng Hong and his people to head east, after Feng Hong set fire to the palace. Northern Yan was now at its end, as Feng Hong no longer had any territory of his own.

After evacuation to Goguryeo

Northern Wei sent messengers to demand Goguryeo'sKing Jangsuturn over Feng Hong, but King Jangsu refused. However, his own relationship with Feng Hong was not good, for when he first welcomed Feng Hong to his land, he treated Feng Hong as an honored guest—but Feng Hong demanded to be treated as the suzerain and was angry that King Jangsu referred him as "the Prince of Longcheng" rather than Heavenly King. Despite this conflict, King Jangsu settled Feng Hong's people at Pingguo ( bình quách, in modernYingkou,Liaoning), and then at Beifeng ( bắc phong, in modernShenyang,Liaoning).

Because Feng Hong still viewed Goguryeo as a vassal and often looked down on its people, he continued to treat his people as an independent state, ignoring the Goguryeo laws and ignoring King Jangsu's orders. King Jangsu could not endure this, and he sent troops to seize some of Feng Hong'sladies in waiting,and also seized Feng Wangren as hostage. By 438, Feng Hong was so angry that he sent messengers to Liu Song, requesting that he be escorted to Liu Song. Emperor Wen sent the general Wang Baiju ( vương bạch câu ) to Goguryeo, ordering Goguryeo to prepare to let Feng Hong leave. King Jangsu was unwilling to let Feng Hong depart, and so sent his generals to execute Feng Hong and his sons, although he gave Feng Hong an imperial posthumous name. In response, Wang attacked the Goguryeo forces who executed Feng Hong. However, King Jangsu seized Wang and sent him back to Liu Song, demanding that he be imprisoned, and Emperor Wen did so for a time before releasing him.

Personal information

• Father
  • Feng An ( phùng an ),Western Yangeneral
• Wives
  • Duchess Wang, mother of Dukes Chong, Lang, and Miao
  • Princess Murong,mother of Crown Prince Wangren
• Children
  • Feng Chong ( phùng sùng ), the Duke of Changle, later Prince of Liaoxi ofNorthern Wei
  • Feng Lang ( phùng lãng ), the Duke of Guangping, later father ofEmpress Fengof Northern Wei
  • Feng Miao ( phùng mạc ), the Duke of Leling
  • Feng Wangren ( phùng vương nhân ), the Crown Prince (created 432)