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Ferungulata

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Ferungulata
Temporal range:Paleocene–Recent
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Clade: Scrotifera
Grandorder: Ferungulata
Simpson,1945[1]
Subgroups
[seeclassification]
Synonyms
  • Cetferungulata
    Arnasonet al.,1999[2]
  • Fereuungulata
    Waddellet al.,1999[3]

Ferungulata( "wild beastsandungulates") is agrandorderofplacental mammalsthat groups togethermirorderFeraeand cladePan-Euungulata.It has existed in two guises, a traditional one based on morphological analysis and a revised one taking into account more recentmolecular analyses.The Fereungulata is a sister group to the orderChiroptera(bats) and together they make cladeScrotifera.

General characteristics[edit]

According to 2022 study of Anne E. Kort, member of grandorder Ferungulata, in addition to their genetic similarities, share commonsynapomorphyin thelumbar vertebrae(the S-shapedpostzygapophysis). In extant ferungulate mammals, this is known only within members of orderArtiodactyla.However, this feature is found also in many extinct members of Ferungulata, includinghyaenodonts,oxyaenids,mesonychids,arctocyonidsand the stem-relatives of perissodactyls (likeCambaytherium).[4][5]This synapomorphy suggests that this may be basal to all Ferungulata and secondarily lost in modern members, likecarnivoransand crownPerissodactyla.Previous study has shown that these S-shaped zygapophyses prevent torsion between vertebrae. As said in this study, it is possible this feature evolved in response to a need for stabilization in posterior spine as ribs became reduced. Also, in this and several other 2022 studies the extincteutherianspantodonts,tillodontsand genusDeltatherium(family Deltatheriidae) are recognised as crown-group placental mammals,[4][6][7][8]who also possess S-shaped postzygapophysis like other members of Ferungulata.[4]

Classification and phylogeny[edit]

History of phylogeny[edit]

The traditional Ferungulata was established byGeorge Gaylord Simpsonin 1945.[1]It grouped together theextantordersCarnivora,PerissodactylaandArtiodactylawith theTubulidentataand thesuperorderPaenungulata,as well as a number of orders known only fromfossils.

Simpson established the grouping on the basis ofmorphologicalcriteria, but this traditional understanding of Ferungulata has been challenged by a more recent classification, relying upongeneticcriteria.[3][9][10]These studies separated his ungulate orders into two distinct placental groups, withinAfrotheriaandLaurasiatheria,respectively. The'true' ungulates(mirorder Euungulata), Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla, are included in the revised group, along with the Carnivora, and with the addition of pangolins (orderPholidota), but the Tubulidentata and paenungulates are excluded. Although Simpson placed whales (Cetacea) in a separate cohort, recent evidence linking them to Artiodactyla would mean that they belong here as well. To reflect this difference, the revised clade is usually referred to as Fereungulata.

Thekaryotypesof ferungulates are highly conserved: "the fereungulatan ancestor chromosomes (n = 23 + X)... differ from those of the antecedent scrotiferan ancestor by five rearrangements that occurred over 1 My (citation excluded). For the fereungulatan ancestor, we discovered four ancestral syntenies... "[11]

Point colorationhas been observed in a wide variety of ferungulates, including cats, rabbits, foxes, horses, and dogs.

Taxonomy[edit]

Traditional classification:[1] Revised classification:[3][9][12][13]
  • ichnotaxa of Ferungulata:

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^abcSimpson, George Gaylord (1945)."The principles of classification and a classification of mammals".Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History.85:350.hdl:2246/1104.
  2. ^Arnason U., Gullberg A., Janke A. (1999). "The mitochondrial DNA molecule of the aardvark,Orycteropus afer,and the position of the Tubulidentata in the eutherian tree. "Proc R Soc Lond B266:339–345,doi:10.1098/rspb.1999.0643.
  3. ^abcWaddell, P.J.; Cao, Y.; Hauf, J.; Hasegawa, M. (1999)."Using Novel Phylogenetic Methods to Evaluate Mammalian mtDNA, Including Amino Acid-Invariant Sites-LogDet plus Site Stripping, to Detect Internal Conflicts in the Data, with Special Reference to the Positions of Hedgehog, Armadillo, and Elephant".Systematic Biology.48(1): 31–53.doi:10.1080/106351599260427.PMID12078643.
  4. ^abcAnne E. Kort (2022.) "Bizarre Backbones: A Synapomorphy in the Lumbar Vertebrae for Ferungulata", in"The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 82nd annual meeting"
  5. ^Kort, A. E.; Jones, K. E. (2023)."Function of revolute zygapophyses in the lumbar vertebrae of early placental mammals".The Anatomical Record.307(5): 1918–1929.doi:10.1002/ar.25323.PMID37712919.
  6. ^Bertrand, O. C.; Shelley, S. L.; Williamson, T. E.; Wible, J. R.; Chester, S. G. B.; Flynn, J. J.; Holbrook, L. T.; Lyson, T. R.; Meng, J.; Miller, I. M.; Püschel, H. P.; Smith, T.; Spaulding, M.; Tseng, Z. J.; Brusatte, S. L. (2022)."Brawn before brains in placental mammals after the end-Cretaceous extinction".Science.376(6588): 80–85.Bibcode:2022Sci...376...80B.doi:10.1126/science.abl5584.hdl:20.500.11820/d7fb8c6e-886e-4c1d-9977-0cd6406fda20.PMID35357913.S2CID247853831.
  7. ^Sarah L. Shelley (2022.) "The phylogeny of Paleocene mammals and the evolution of Placentalia", in"The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 82nd annual meeting"
  8. ^Thomas E. Williamson, Sarah L. Shelley, Gregory Funston, John R. Wible, Stephen L. Brusatte (2022.) "Triangular beast: New fossils shed light onDeltatherium,an enigmatic early Paleocene mammal from New Mexico ", in"The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 82nd annual meeting"
  9. ^abZhou, X.; Xu, S.; Xu, J.; Chen, B.; Zhou, K.; Yang, G. (2012)."Phylogenomic Analysis Resolves the Interordinal Relationships and Rapid Diversification of the Laurasiatherian Mammals".Systematic Biology.61(1): 150–164.doi:10.1093/sysbio/syr089.ISSN1063-5157.PMC3243735.PMID21900649.
  10. ^Xue Lv, Jingyang Hu, Yiwen Hu, Yitian Li, Dongming Xu, Oliver A. Ryder, David M. Irwin, Li Yu (2021.)"Diverse phylogenomic datasets uncover a concordant scenario of laurasiatherian interordinal relationships",Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 157
  11. ^Damas, Joana; Corbo, Marco.; Kim, Jaebum; Turner-Maier, Jason; Farré, Marta; Larkin, Denis M. (2022)."Evolution of the ancestral mammalian karyotype and syntenic regions".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.119(40): e2209139119.doi:10.1073/pnas.2209139119.PMC9550189.PMID36161960.
  12. ^Orliac, M. J.; o'Leary, M. A. (2016)."The inner ear of Protungulatum (Pan-Euungulata, Mammalia)".Journal of Mammalian Evolution.23(4): 337–352.doi:10.1007/s10914-016-9327-z.S2CID33676627.
  13. ^Frank Zachos (2020.)"Mammalian Phylogenetics: A Short Overview of Recent Advances"
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