Figurative art

Sleeping Venus
(a.k.a. Dresden Venus)
Sleeping Venus; (a.k.a. Dresden Venus)
	First known reclining nude in Western Art. Introduced the female nude as subject.
Artist	Giorgione
Year	c. 1510
Dimensions	108.5×175 cm (42.7×69 in)

Ein Meerhafen( "A Seaport" ), a figurativelandscapeby the Austrian artistJohann Anton Eismann(1604–1698), which depicts buildings, people, ships, and other features that can be distinguished individually; by contrast, theabstractlandscape below suggests its subject matter without directly representing it

Untitledabstract expressionistlandscape by the American artistJay Meuser(1911–1963)

Figurative art,sometimes written asfigurativism,describesartwork(particularly paintings and sculptures) that is clearly derived from real object sources and so is, by definition,representational.The term is often in contrast toabstract art:

Since the arrival of abstract art the term figurative has been used to refer to any form of modern art that retains strong references to the real world.^[1]

Painting and sculpture can therefore be divided into the categories of figurative, representational and abstract, although, strictly speaking,abstract artis derived (or abstracted) from a figurative or other natural source. However, "abstract" is sometimes used as a synonym of non-representational art and non-objective art, i.e. art which has no derivation from figures or objects.

Figurative art is not synonymous withfigure painting(art that represents the human figure), although human and animal figures are frequent subjects.

Formal elements

The formal elements, those aesthetic effects created by design, upon which figurative art is dependent, includeline,shape,color,lightanddark,mass,volume,texture,andperspective,^[2]although these elements of design could also play a role in creating other types of imagery—for instance abstract, or non-representational or non-objective two-dimensional artwork. The difference is that in figurative art these elements are deployed to create an impression or illusion of form and space, and, usually, to create emphasis in the narrative portrayed.

Evolution

Figurative art is itself based upon a tacit understanding of abstracted shapes: the figure sculpture ofGreek antiquitywas notnaturalistic,for its forms were idealized andgeometric.^[3]Ernst Gombrichreferred to the strictures of this schematic imagery, the adherence to that which was already known, rather than that which is seen, as the "Egyptian method", an allusion to the memory-based clarity of imagery inEgyptian art.^[4] Eventually idealization gave way to observation, and a figurative art which balanced ideal geometry with greater realism was seen inClassicalsculpture by 480 B.C.^[3]The Greeks referred to the reliance on visual observation asmimesis.Until the time of theImpressionists,figurative art was characterized by attempts to reconcile these opposing principles.^[4]

From the early Renaissance, Mannerism and the Baroque through 18th-, 19th- and 20th-century painting Figurative art has steadily broadened its parameters. An important landmark in the evolution of figurative art is the first known recliningnudeinWestern paintinginSleeping Venus(1510) byGiorgione.^[5]It introduced the female nude as subject and started a long line of famous paintings.

Nicolas Poussin(1594–1665), a Frenchpainterin theclassicalstyle whose work predominantly features clarity, logic, and order, and favors line over color, served as an alternative to the more narrativeBaroquestyle of the 17th century. He was a major inspiration for such classically oriented artists asJacques-Louis David,Jean-Auguste-Dominique IngresandPaul Cézanne.The rise of theNeoclassicalart of Jacques-Louis David ultimately engendered therealisticreactions ofGustave CourbetandÉdouard Manetleading to the multi-faceted figurative art of the 20th century.

In November, 2018, scientists reported the discovery of the oldest known figurative art painting, over 40,000 (perhaps as old as 52,000) years old, of an unknown animal, in the cave ofLubang Jeriji Saléhon theIndonesianisland ofBorneo.^[6]^[7]