Jump to content

Filipino language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the national language and one of the two official languages of the Philippines. For other languages, seeLanguages of the Philippines.For a proposed subgroup of the Austronesian language family, seePhilippine languages.For the language from which Filipino evolved and developed, seeTagalog language.
For the people of the Philippines, seeFilipinos.

Filipino
Manila Tagalog[citation needed]
Wikang Filipino
Pronunciation[ˈwi.kɐŋfi.liˈpi.no̞]
Native toPhilippines
RegionAllregionsof the Philippines, especially inMetro Manila,and in otherurban centersin the archipelago
Native speakers
seeTagalog language
Early forms
Latin(Filipino alphabet)
Philippine Braille
Official status
Official language in
Philippines
Recognised minority
language in
Regulated byKomisyon sa Wikang Filipino
Language codes
ISO 639-2fil
ISO 639-3fil
Glottologfili1244
Linguasphere31-CKA-aa
Countries with more than 500,000 speakers
Countries with between 100,000–500,000 speakers
Countries where it is spoken by minor communities
This article containsIPAphonetic symbols.Without properrendering support,you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbolsinstead ofUnicodecharacters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA.

Filipino(English:/ˌfɪlɪˈpiːnoʊ/ⓘ,FIH-lih-PEE-noh;[1]Wikang Filipino,[ˈwi.kɐŋfi.liˈpi.no̞]) is a language under theAustronesian language family.It is thenational language(Wikang pambansa/Pambansang wika) of thePhilippines,lingua franca(Karaniwang wika), and one of the twoofficial languages(Wikang opisyal/Opisyal na wika) of the country, withEnglish.[2]It is astandardized varietyof the native languageTagalog[3],spoken and written inMetro Manila,the National Capital Region, and in other urban centers of the archipelago.[4]The1987 Constitutionmandates that Filipino be further enriched and developed by the otherlanguages of the Philippines.[5]

Filipino, like other Austronesian languages, commonly usesverb-subject-objectorder, but can also usesubject-verb-objectorder. Filipino follows thetrigger systemofmorphosyntactic alignmentthat is also common among Austronesian languages. It hashead-initialdirectionality. It is anagglutinative languagebut can also displayinflection.It is not atonal languageand can be considered apitch-accent languageand asyllable-timed language.It has nine basicparts of speech.

Background

[edit]

The Philippines is a multilingual state with 175 living languages originating and spoken by various ethno-linguistic groups. Many of these languages descend from a commonMalayo-Polynesian languagedue to the Austronesian migration from Taiwan. The common Malayo-Polynesian language split into different languages, and usually through the Malay language, the lingua franca of maritime Southeast Asia, these were able to adopt terms that ultimately originate from other languages such asJapanese,Hokkien,Sanskrit,Tamil,andArabic.TheMalay languagewas generally used by the ruling classes and the merchants from the states and various cultures in the Philippine archipelago for international communication as part of maritime Southeast Asia. In fact, Filipinos first interacted with the Spaniards using the Malay language. In addition to this, 16th-century chroniclers of the time noted that the kings and lords in the islands usually spoke around five languages.[citation needed]

Spanish intrusion into the Philippine islands started in 1565 with the fall of Cebu. The eventual capital established by Spain for its settlement in the Philippines wasManila,situated in a Tagalog-speaking region, after the capture of Manila from the Muslim Kingdom of Luzon ruled byRaja Matandawith the heir apparentRaja Sulaymanand the Hindu-BuddhistKingdom of Tondoruled byLakan Dula.After its fall to the Spaniards, Manila was made the capital of the Spanish settlement in Asia due to the city's commercial wealth and influence, its strategic location, and Spanish fears of raids from the Portuguese and the Dutch.[6]

The first dictionary of Tagalog, published as theVocabulario de la lengua tagala,was written by theFranciscanPedro de San Buenaventura,[7]and published in 1613 by the "Father of Filipino Printing"Tomás PinpininPila,Laguna.A latter book of the same name was written byCzechJesuitmissionaryPaul Klein(known locally as Pablo Clain) at the beginning of the 18th century. Klein spoke Tagalog and used it actively in several of his books. He wrote a dictionary, which he later passed to Francisco Jansens and José Hernández.[8]Further compilation of his substantial work was prepared by Juan de Noceda and Pedro de Sanlúcar and published asVocabulario de la lengua tagalain Manila in 1754 and then repeatedly[9]re-edited, with the latest edition being published in 2013 in Manila.[10]

Spanishserved in an official capacity as language of the government during the Spanish period. Spanish played a significant role in unifying the Philippines, a country made up of over 7,000 islands with a multitude of ethnicities, languages, and cultures. Before Spanish rule, the archipelago was not a unified nation, but rather a collection of independent kingdoms, sultanates, and tribes, each with its own language and customs. During the American colonial period,Englishbecame an additional official language of the Philippines alongside Spanish; however, the number of speakers of Spanish steadily decreased.[11]The United States initiated policies that led to the gradual removal of Spanish from official use in the Philippines. This was not done through an outright ban, but rather through a strategic shift in language policy that promoted English as the primary language for education, governance, and law. At present, Spanish was designated an optional and voluntary language under the 1987 Constitution, along with Arabic.

Designation as the national language

[edit]

While Spanish and English were considered "official languages" during the American colonial period, there existed no "national language" initially. Article XIII, section 3 of the1935 constitutionestablishing theCommonwealth of the Philippinesprovided that:

The National Assembly shall take steps toward the development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages. Until otherwise provided by law, English and Spanish shall continue as official languages.

On November 13, 1936, the firstNational Assembly of the Philippine Commonwealthapproved Commonwealth Act No. 184; creating the Institute of National Language (later theSurián ng Wikang Pambansâor SWP) and tasking it with making a study and survey of each existing native language, hoping to choose which was to be the base for a standardized national language.[12]Later, PresidentManuel L. Quezonlater appointed representatives for each major regional language to form the NLI. Led byJaime C. De Veyra,who sat as the chair of the Institute and as the representative ofSamar-Leyte-Visayans,the Institute's members were composed of Santiago A. Fonacier (representing theIlokano-speaking regions),Filemon Sotto(theCebu-Visayans), Casimiro Perfecto (theBikolanos), Felix S. Sales Rodriguez (thePanay-Visayans), Hadji Butu (the languages ofMuslim Filipinos), and Cecilio Lopez (theTagalogs).[13]

The Institute of National Language adopted a resolution on November 9, 1937 recommending Tagalog to be basis of the national language. On December 30, President Quezon issued Executive Order No. 134, s. 1937, approving the adoption of Tagalog as the language of the Philippines, and proclaimed the national language of the Philippines so based on the Tagalog language. Quezon himself was born and raised inBaler, Aurora,which is a native Tagalog-speaking area. The order stated that it would take effect two years from its promulgation.[14]On December 31 of the same year, Quezon proclaimed Tagalog as the basis of theWikang Pambansâ(National Language) giving the following factors:[13]

  1. Tagalog is widely spoken and is the most understood language in all thePhilippine Regions.
  2. It is not divided into smaller daughter languages, asVisayanorBikolare.
  3. Its literary tradition is the richest of all Philippine languages, the most developed and extensive (mirroring that of theTuscan languagevis-à-visItalian). From at least before 1935, more books were written in Tagalog than in any other Philippine language.
  4. Tagalog has always been the language ofManila,the political centre of the Philippines in much of its history as a multiethnic country and a considerableeconomic centreof the Philippine islands since time immemorial.
  5. TheKatipunangenerally used the Tagalog language for its operations, and thePhilippine Revolutionand theFirst Philippine Republicoperationally used Spanish afterwards, but many of the leaders of the revolution spoke Tagalog, more so among ethnic groups from central to southern Luzon including some adjacent islands. Tagalog also became a choice for some non-Tagalog Filipino revolutionary leaders and nationalists in some of their publications, especially if they were to publish in Manila. The Katipunan extended the meaning of the term Tagalog to all people native to the Philippine islands, including Cebuanos, Ilocanos, Kapampangans, etc, and extended the termKatagaluganto the whole Philippine islands not just native Tagalog-speaking areas, building aTagalog Republic,the reason being a unified opposition against Spanish hegemony.

On June 7, 1940, the Philippine National Assembly passed Commonwealth Act No. 570 declaring that the Filipino national language would be considered an official language effective July 4, 1946[15](coinciding with the country's expected date of independence from the United States). That same year, theBalarílà ng Wikang Pambansâ(English:Grammar of the National Language) of grammarianLope K. Santosintroduced the 20-letterAbakada alphabetwhich became the standard of the national language.[16]The alphabet was officially adopted by the Institute for the Tagalog-Based National Language.

Further history

[edit]

In 1959, the language became known asPilipinoin an effort to disassociate it from theTagalog ethnic group.[17]The changing of the name did not, however, result in universal acceptance among non-Tagalogs,especiallyCebuanoswho had previously not accepted the 1937 selection.[18]

The 1960s saw the rise of the purist movement where new words were being coined to replace loanwords. This era of "purism" by the SWP sparked criticisms by a number of persons. Two counter-movements emerged during this period of "purism": one campaigning against Tagalog and the other campaigning for more inclusiveness in the national language. In 1963,Negros Occidentalcongressman Innocencio V. Ferrer took a case reaching the Supreme Court questioning the constitutionality of the choice of Tagalog as the basis of the national language (a case ruled in favor of the national language in 1970). Accusing the national language as simply being Tagalog and lacking any substantial input from other Philippine languages, Congressman Geruncio Lacuesta eventually led a "Modernizing the Language Approach Movement" (MOLAM). Lacuesta hosted a number of "anti-purist" conferences and promoted a "Manila Lingua Franca" which would be more inclusive of loanwords of both foreign and local languages. Lacuesta managed to get nine congressmen to propose a bill aiming to abolish the SWP with anAkademia ng Wikang Filipino,to replace thebalarilawith aGramatica ng Wikang Filipino,to replace the 20-letter Abakada with a 32-letter alphabet, and to prohibit the creation of neologisms and the respelling of loanwords. This movement quietened down following the death of Lacuesta.[19][18][20]

The national language issue was revived once more during the1971 Constitutional Convention.While there was a sizable number of delegates in favor of retaining the Tagalog-based national language, majority of the delegates who were non-Tagalogs were even in favor of scrapping the idea of a "national language" altogether.[21]A compromise was reached and the wording on the 1973 constitution made no mention of dropping the national language Pilipino or made any mention of Tagalog. Instead, the1973 Constitution,in both its original form and as amended in 1976, designated English and Pilipino as official languages and provided for development and formal adoption of a common national language, termedFilipino,to replace Pilipino. Neither the original nor the amended version specified either Tagalog or Pilipino as the basis for Filipino; Instead, tasking theNational Assemblyto:[22][23]

take steps toward the development and formal adoption of a common national language to be known as Filipino.

In 1987, anew constitutiondesignated Filipino as the national language and, along with English, as an official language.[24]That constitution included several provisions related to the Filipino language.[2]

Article XIV, Section 6, omits any mention of Tagalog as the basis for Filipino, and states that:[2]

as Filipino evolves, it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages.

And also states in the article:

Subject to provisions of law and as the Congress may deem appropriate, the Government shall take steps to initiate and sustain the use of Filipino as a medium of official communication and as language of instruction in the educational system.

and:

The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein.

Section 17(d) of Executive Order 117 of January 30, 1987 renamed theInstitute of National LanguageasInstitute of Philippine Languages.[25]Republic Act No. 7104, approved on August 14, 1991, created theKomisyon sa Wikang Filipino(Commission on the Filipino Language, or KWF), superseding the Institute of Philippine Languages. The KWF reports directly to the President and was tasked to undertake, coordinate and promote researches for the development, propagation and preservation of Filipino and other Philippine languages.[26]On May 13, 1992, the commission issued Resolution 92-1, specifying that Filipino is the

indigenous written and spoken language ofMetro Manilaandother urban centersin the Philippines used as thelanguage of communicationofethnic groups.[27]

However, as with the 1973 and 1987 Constitutions, 92-1 went neither so far as to categorically identify, nor so far as to dis-identify this language as Tagalog. Definite, absolute, and unambiguous interpretation of 92–1 is the prerogative of theSupreme Courtin the absence of directives from the KWF, otherwise the sole legal arbiter of the Filipino language.[original research?]

Filipino was presented and registered with theInternational Organization for Standardization(ISO), by Ateneo de Manila University student Martin Gomez, and was added to the ISO registry of languages on September 21, 2004, with it receiving the ISO639-2 codefil.[28]

On August 22, 2007, it was reported that threeMalolos Cityregional trial courts inBulacandecided to use Filipino, instead ofEnglish,in order to promote the national language. Twelvestenographersfrom Branches 6, 80 and 81, as model courts, had undergone training at Marcelo H. del Pilar College of Law ofBulacan State Universityfollowing a directive from theSupreme Court of the Philippines.De la Rama said it was the dream of Chief JusticeReynato Punoto implement the program in other areas such asLaguna,Cavite,Quezon,Aurora,Nueva Ecija,Batangas,Rizal,andMetro Manila,all of which mentioned are natively Tagalog-speaking.[29]

Commemoration

[edit]

Since 1997, a month-long celebration of the national language occurs during August, known in Filipino asBuwan ng Wika(Language Month). Previously, this lasted only a week and was known asLinggo ng Wika(Language Week). The celebration coincides with the month of birth of President Manuel L. Quezon, regarded as the "Ama ng Wikang Pambansa" (Father of the national language).

In 1946, Proclamation No. 35 of March 26 provided for a week-long celebration of the national language.[15]this celebration would last from March 27 until April 2 each year, the last day coinciding with birthday of the Filipino writerFrancisco Baltazar,author of the Tagalog epicFlorante at Laura.

In 1954, Proclamation No. 12 of March 26 provided that the week of celebration would be from March 29 to April 4 every year.[30]This proclamation was amended the following year by PresidentRamon Magsaysayby Proclamation No. 186 of September 23, moving the dates of celebration to August 13–19, every year.[31]Now coinciding with the birthday of President Manuel L. Quezon. The reason for the move being given that the original celebration was a period "outside of the school year, thereby precluding the participation of schools in its celebration".[31]

In 1988, PresidentCorazon Aquinosigned Proclamation No. 19, reaffirming the celebration every August 13 to 19. In 1997, the celebration was extended from a week to a month by Proclamation 1041 of July 15 signed by PresidentFidel V. Ramos.[32]

Comparison of Filipino and Tagalog

[edit]

It is argued that current state of the Filipino language is contrary to the intention of Republic Act (RA) No. 7104 that requires that the national language be developed and enriched by the lexicon of the country's other languages.[33]

It is further argued that, while the official view (shared by the government, theKomisyon sa Wikang Filipino,and a number of educators) is that Filipino andTagalogare considered separate languages, in practical terms,Filipinomay be considered the official name of Tagalog, or even a synonym of it.[34]Today's Filipino language is best described as "Tagalog-based".[35]The language is usually calledTagalogwithin the Philippines and among Filipinos to differentiate it from other Philippine languages, but it has also come to be known asFilipinoto differentiate it from the languages of other countries; the former implies a regional origin, the latter national. This is similar to the comparison betweenCastilianandSpanish,orMandarinandChinese.

Political designations aside, Tagalog and Filipino are linguistically the same, sharing, among other things, the same grammatical structure. On May 23, 2007, Ricardo Maria Nolasco, KWF chair and a linguistics expert, acknowledged in a keynote speech during the NAKEM Conference at theMariano Marcos State Universityin Batac, Ilocos Norte, that Filipino was simply Tagalog in syntax and grammar, with as yet no grammatical element or lexicon coming fromIlokano,Cebuano,Hiligaynon,or any of the otherPhilippine languages.He said further that this is contrary to the intention of Republic Act No. 7104, which requires that thenational languagebe developed and enriched by the lexicon of the country's other languages, something toward which the commission was working.[36][37]On August 24, 2007, Nolasco elaborated further on the relationship between Tagalog and Filipino in a separate article, as follows:

Are "Tagalog," "Pilipino" and "Filipino" different languages? No, they are mutually intelligible varieties, and therefore belong to one language. According to the KWF, Filipino is that speech variety spoken in Metro Manila and other urban centers where different ethnic groups meet. It is the most prestigious variety of Tagalog and the language used by the national mass media. The other yardstick for distinguishing alanguagefrom adialectis: different grammar, different language. "Filipino", "Pilipino" and "Tagalog" share identical grammar. They have the same determiners (ang, ng and sa); the same personal pronouns (siya, ako, niya, kanila, etc.); the same demonstrative pronouns (ito, iyan, doon, etc.); the same linkers (na, at and ay); the same particles (na and pa); and the same verbal affixes -in, -an, i- and -um-. In short, same grammar, same language.[3]

In connection with the use of Filipino, or specifically the promotion of the national language, the related termTagalistais frequently used. While the wordTagalistaliterally means "one who specializes in Tagalog language or culture" or a "Tagalog specialist", in the context of the debates on the national language and "Imperial Manila",the wordTagalistais used as a reference to "people who promote or would promote the primacy of Tagalog at the expense of [the] other [Philippine] indigenous tongues".[38]

Example

[edit]
A Filipino speaker, recorded in thePhilippines

This is a translation of Article 1 of theUniversal Declaration of Human Rights.[39]Usually, the diacritics are not written, and the syntax and grammar are based on that ofTagalog.

English Filipino
Universal Declaration of Human Rights Pangkalahatáng Pagpapahayág ng Karapatáng Pantáo
Now, therefore,

the General Assembly proclaims

thisUNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTSas a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction.

Ngayón, samakatuwíd,

ang Pangkalahatáng Kapulungán ay nagpapahayág ng

PANGKALAHATÁNG PAGPAPAHAYÁG NA ITÓ NG MGÁ KARAPATÁN NG TÁObílang pangkalahatáng pamantáyang maisasagawâ pára sa lahát ng táo at bansâ, sa layúning ang báwat táo at báwat galamáy ng lipúnan, na láging nása ísip ang Pahayág na itó, ay magsíkap sa pamamagítan ng pagtutúrò at edukasyón na maitagúyod ang paggálang sa mgá karapatán at kalayáang itó at sa pamamagítan ng mgá hakbáng na pagsúlong na pambansâ at pandaigdíg, ay makamtán ang pangkalahatán at mabísang pagkilála at pagtalíma sa mgá itó, magíng ng mgá mamamayán ng mgá Kasáping Estádo at ng mgá mamamayán ng mgá teritóryo na nása ilálim ng kaniláng nasasakúpan.

Article 1 Únang Artíkulo
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Báwat táo'y isinílang na may láyà at magkakapantáy ang tagláy na dangál at karapatán. Silá'y pinagkaloóban ng pangangatwíran at budhî na kailángang gamítin nilá sa pagtuturíngan nilá sa díwà ng pagkakapatíran.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^"English pronunciation of Filipino".
  2. ^abcConstitution of the Philippines 1987,Article XIV, Sections 6 and 7
  3. ^abNolasco, Ricardo Ma. (August 24, 2007)."Filipino and Tagalog, Not So Simple".Santiago Villafania.Archived fromthe originalon May 22, 2014.RetrievedJanuary 16,2019.
  4. ^Pineda, Ponciano B.P.; Cubar, Ernesto H.; Buenaobra, Nita P.; Gonzalez, Andrew B.; Hornedo, Florentino H.; Sarile, Angela P.; Sibayan, Bonifacio P. (May 13, 1992)."Resolusyon Blg 92-1"[Resolution No. 92-1].Commission on the Filipino Language(in Tagalog).RetrievedMay 22,2014.Ito ay ang katutubong wika, pasalita at pasulat, sa Metro Manila, ang Pambansang Punong Rehiyon, at sa iba pang sentrong urban sa arkipelago, na ginagamit bilang.
  5. ^Commission on the Filipino Language Act 1991,Section 2
  6. ^"Spanish Colony 1565 - 1898".sites.ualberta.ca.Archived fromthe originalon December 27, 2016.RetrievedMarch 22,2021.
  7. ^Ambeth Ocampo (August 1, 2014)."Vocabulario de la lengua tagala".Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  8. ^Juan José de Noceda, Pedro de Sanlúcar,Vocabulario de la lengua tagala,Manila 2013, pg iv, Komision sa Wikang Filipino
  9. ^Vocabulario de la lengua tagalaatGoogle Books;Manila (1860).
  10. ^Juan José de Noceda, Pedro de Sanlúcar,Vocabulario de la lengua tagala,Manila 2013, Komision sa Wikang Filipino
  11. ^"Educadores y sabios adredemente olvidados".www.webcitation.org.Archived fromthe originalon January 22, 2009.RetrievedMarch 22,2021.
  12. ^Commonwealth Act No. 184 (November 13, 1936),AN ACT TO ESTABLISH A NATIONAL LANGUAGE INSTITUTE AND DEFINE ITS POWERS AND DUTIES,Official Gazette of the Philippine Government, archived fromthe originalon April 9, 2023,retrievedMay 22,2020
  13. ^abAspillera, P. (1981).Basic Tagalog.Manila: M. and Licudine Ent.
  14. ^Executive Order No. 134 (December 30, 1937),Proclaming the national language of the Philippines based on the "Tagalog" language,Official Gazette of the Philippine Government, archived fromthe originalon September 24, 2021,retrievedMay 22,2020
  15. ^ab"- Presidential Proclamations".elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph.
  16. ^"Ebolusyon ng Alpabetong Filipino".RetrievedJune 22,2010.
  17. ^Andrew Gonzalez (1998)."The Language Planning Situation in the Philippines"(PDF).Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development.19(5, 6): 487.doi:10.1080/01434639808666365.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on June 16, 2007.RetrievedMarch 24,2007.
  18. ^abAndrew Gonzalez (1998),"The Language Planning Situation in the Philippines"(PDF),Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development,19(5, 6): 487–488,doi:10.1080/01434639808666365,retrievedMarch 24,2007.
  19. ^Frequently Asked Questions on the National Language(PDF).Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on August 27, 2018.RetrievedMarch 28,2018.
  20. ^Tan, Michael L. (August 29, 2014)."Behind Filipino (2)".Pinoy Kasi.Inquirer.net.
  21. ^"What the PH constitutions say about the national language".Rappler.August 7, 2014.
  22. ^Constitution of the Philippines 1973
  23. ^Amended Constitution of the Philippines 1976
  24. ^Constitution of the Philippines 1987
  25. ^"- Executive Orders".elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph.
  26. ^Republic Act No. 7104 (August 14, 1991),Commission on the Filipino Language Act,retrievedNovember 5,2014
  27. ^"Resolusyon Blg. 92-1"(in Filipino). Commission on the Filipino Language. May 13, 1992.RetrievedMarch 24,2007.
  28. ^"Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: fil".Summer Institute of Linguistics.RetrievedJuly 24,2007.
  29. ^"3 Bulacan courts to use Filipino in judicial proceedings".Globalnation.inquirer.net. August 22, 2007. Archived fromthe originalon June 4, 2013.RetrievedApril 22,2012.
  30. ^"Proklama Blg. 12, March 26, 1954, lawphil.net".
  31. ^ab"Proclamation No. 186 of September 23, 1955, lawphil.net".Archived fromthe originalon June 18, 2020.RetrievedApril 2,2018.
  32. ^"Proklamasyon Blg. 1041, s. 1997 – GOVPH".
  33. ^Congressional Record: Plenary Proceedings of the 14th Congress, First Regular Session: House of RepresentativesArchivedJune 29, 2011, at theWayback Machine,Vol. 1, No. 11, August 14, 2007, pp. 455-460 (Rep. López opens the discussion)
  34. ^Wolff, J.U. (2010).Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World.Elsevier. pp.1035–1038.ISBN978-0-08-087775-4.
  35. ^Paul Morrow (July 16, 2010)."The Filipino language that might have been".Pilipino Express.RetrievedJuly 18,2012.
  36. ^"New center to document Philippine dialects".Asian Journal. June 18, 2007. Archived fromthe originalon July 3, 2008.RetrievedJune 30,2007– via www.inquirer.net.
  37. ^"Wika / Maraming Wika, Matatag na Bansa – Chairman Nolasco".wika.pbworks.com.RetrievedFebruary 15,2018.
  38. ^Martinez, David (2004).A Country of Our Own: Partitioning the Philippines.Los Angeles: Bisaya Books. p. 202.ISBN9780976061304.
  39. ^"Universal Declaration of Human Rights".www.un.org.October 6, 2015.RetrievedFebruary 13,2021.

Sources

[edit]

Additional sources

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
Tagalog editionofWikipedia,the free encyclopedia
Wikivoyage has a phrasebook forFilipino.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filipino_language&oldid=1246339198"