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First lady

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This article is about the unofficial title for the spouses or partners of elected heads of state. For other uses, seeFirst Lady (disambiguation).
Egyptian First LadyJehan Sadatreceiving American counterpartRosalynn CarterinCairo,March 8, 1979
A group of first ladies assemble in theMetropolitan Museum of ArtinNew York City,September 22, 2008
First ladies inPittsburgh,Pennsylvania,September 25, 2009

First ladyorfirst gentlemanis an unofficial title usually used for the spouse, and occasionally used for theoffspringor other relative, of a non-monarchicalhead of stateorchief executive.[1][2][3]The term is also used to describe a person seen to be at the top of her profession or art.[4]

The title has also been used for the spouse of a head of government who is not also head of state.[5][6][7][8]It has also been used to refer to the spouses of the leaders ofadministrative divisionswithin a country.[9]

History[edit]

Main article:First Lady of the United States

It has been noted that the earliest use of the term "first lady" is in reference to person of a high ranking or outstanding person in their field,[10]and that the term, as used to describe the spouse of thepresident of the United States,saw its first documented use in 1838 in reference toMartha Washington,who was never referred to as such duringGeorge Washington's time as president.[10]

The first person to have been referred to as "first lady" on a regular basis during their time in the position wasHarriet Lane,who was actuallyJames Buchanan's niece, as Buchanan was a lifelong bachelor.[10]

Variations[edit]

Queen Mathilde of Belgiummeeting with the first ladies and first gentlemen of NATO members at theRoyal Castle of Laekenon May 25, 2017.

The male equivalent of the title in countries where the head of state's spouse has been a man, such as thePhilippinesorMalta,isfirst gentleman.While there has never been a male spouse of a U.S. president, "first gentleman"is used in the United States for the male spouse of amayororgovernor.

First spouseandfirst partner,both rare variations of the title, can be used in either case where the spouse of a political leader is of any gender. This term is used to promotegender equalityandgender neutrality.[11]

In the United States, collectively, the president of the United States and his spouse are known as thefirst couple[12]and, if they have children, they are usually referred to as thefirst family.

Use in non-English speaking countries[edit]

American actorMarlon Brandomeeting the First Lady of Finland, Mrs.Sylvi Kekkonen,inHelsinki, Finlandin 1967.

French-speakingcountrieshave used the termpremière damefor first ladies,[13]regardless of where the first lady is from.[14]At least one article, published in 2017, used the termpremier monsieurfor first gentleman. For that particular article, it was used to discuss the possibility ofLouis Aliotbecoming first gentleman, should his domestic partner,Marine Le Pen,win that year'spresidential election.[15]Emmanuel Macrondefeated Le Pen in that year's election.

Portuguese-speakingcountrieshave used the termprimeira-dama[16]or "Primeira Dama"[17]for first ladies. The term is used regardless of where the person is from.[18]The termprimeiro-cavalheirois used for first gentlemen.[19]

InSpanish-speakingcountries,the termprimera damais used for first ladies,[20][21][22]regardless of the country the person is from.[23]The termprimer caballerohas been used for first gentlemen.[24]

Sinophonecountries have used the term đệ nhất phu nhân (dìyī fūrén) as a term for first ladies,[8][25]also without regards as to where the first lady is from.[26]

Europe[edit]

Croatia[edit]

The termssupruga predsjednika republike(wife of the president of the republic) orsuprug predsjednice republike(husband of the president of the republic) are most commonly used in Croatia, while the termsprva dama(first lady) andprvi gospodin(first gentleman) are rarely used, except by foreign sources. The current wife of thepresident of CroatiaisSanja Musić-Milanović.

The wife of the prime minister has occasionally, in exceptionally rare cases, also been referred to as the "first lady" of Croatia, however as the spouses of prime ministers have often maintained a low profile and have almost never been public figures, the titlesupruga predsjednika vlade(wife of the prime minister) has been used in cases when such a reference is needed. The current wife of the prime minister isAna Maslać Plenković.

Czech Republic[edit]

The termprvní dámais used for wife of thepresident of the Czech Republic.[citation needed]

The current first lady isEva Pavlová.

The termprvní dámais also used for first ladies of other countries.[27]

Poland[edit]

The termpierwsza dama(literal meaning: "first lady" ) is used by the wife of the currentpresident of Poland.[28]The titlepani prezydentowa(the presidential lady) is also commonly, though informally, used.

Russia[edit]

Foreign press reports have referred to the wife of theRussian presidentas first lady.[29]

Russian first ladies have been less visible than their western counterparts due to historical reasons, as explained below.[29]

Soviet Union[edit]

It has been noted thatSoviet leadersgenerally preferred to keep their wives and families out of the spotlight, resulting in "invisible first ladies". As a result, low-profile first ladies remain common in post-Soviet countries, due to the leaders of those countries having grown up during the Soviet era.[29]

The wife ofMikhail Gorbachev,Raisa Gorbachev,has been referred to as a Soviet first lady.[30][31]

Ukraine[edit]

The wife of the country'spresidenthas been referred to as перша леді (persha ledi) by the country's government.[32]The term "first lady" has also been used by the government in English language news releases.[33]

While some first ladies, likeMaryna Poroshenko[34][35]andOlena Zelenska,[33]have played a role in social activism, other first ladies, like Lyudmila Yanukovych, have rarely taken part in public roles.[29]

Nazi Germany[edit]

Nazi Germanydid not have an official title of "First Lady". Unofficially, however, there was a fierce competition betweenEva Braun,Adolf Hitler's mistress, andEmmy Göring,Hermann Göring's wife, both of whom aspired to be considered as such.

Asia[edit]

Armenia[edit]

The wife of thepresident of Armeniahas been referred to as "Հայաստանի Առաջին տիկին" (Hayastani Arrajin tikin).[36]The term "first lady" has also been used.[37]The spouse of the current president, however, is only referred to as "հանրապետության նախագահի տիկին" (hanrapetut'yan nakhagahi tikin),[38]or "wife of the president of Armenia".[39]

Azerbaijan[edit]

The wife of the currentpresident of Azerbaijanuses the termbirinci xanım.[40][citation needed]

India[edit]

Main article:First ladies and gentlemen of India

The termpratham mahila(प्रथम महिला, literally meaning "first lady" ) is less frequently used inIndia.The term might be used at times to refer to the wife of thepresident of Indiain newspapers; however, the more widespread term in general use is "wife of the president" or more informally as the president's wife/spouse/husband. the term "first lady" is not used to refer to the wife of the prime minister. Instead the term "first spouse" is used for the spouse of PM of India.

Indonesia[edit]

The termibu negara(lady/mother of the state) is used for wife of thepresident of Indonesia.[41]The term is also used to refer to first ladies of other countries.[42]

Iran[edit]

Main article:Shahbanu

Before the 1979 revolution there was the queen Shahbano. There is no office of first lady or first female (or madam بانوی اول Banuye Aval). September 2023 Iranian wife of president denied news of being the first lady and said that actually wife of Supreme leader of the revolution is the first lady. Minister of Foreign relations also said the same thing. The wife of Supreme leader is remaining hidden there is no image from her.[43][44][45][46][47]

Japan[edit]

InJapan,the termNaikaku Souri Daijin Fujin( nội các tổng lý đại thần phu nhân, literally "the wife of the Minister of the Comprehensive Administration of the Cabinet" ) is the title used for the wife of theprime minister of Japan.[48]

Pakistan[edit]

In Pakistan, the term خاتون اول (read askhatoon-e-awwal) is commonly used for the wife of Mohammad,Khadija Bint Al-Khuwaylid.It has also been used for wife of theprime minister of Pakistan.It has also been used for wife of thepresident of Pakistan.

Philippines[edit]

The consort of thepresident of the Philippinesbears thegender-neutraltitle offirst spouse(Filipino:unang kabiyák)[citation needed],and among other duties, is host ofMalacañan Palace.The title is genderless as manyPhilippine languageslackgrammatical gender,and because there have been presidential consorts of both sexes.

When the official consort is female, she is known as "first lady" (unang ginang); the title has also been applied to an immediate female relative serving in this capacity for a widowed president. There has only been one first gentleman (unang ginoó) in history:José Miguel Arroyo,the husband ofGloria Macapagal Arroyo,the14th president,but always given title "excellency".

South Korea[edit]

The wife of the president is calledyeong-bu-in(영부인/ lệnh phu nhân ).

Vietnam[edit]

Currently, thespouse of the President of Vietnamis calledphu nhân chủ tịch nước(lit:wife of the state president).[49]The termđệ nhất phu nhân(lit: first lady) is also unofficially used by the press and on social media.[50]

Non-spousal uses[edit]

In some situations, the title is bestowed upon a non-spouse.

Australia[edit]

Following theleadership spillwhich installedJulia Gillardas the first femaleprime minister of Australiaon June 24, 2010, somenews mediareferred to herpartner,Tim Mathieson,as the "firstbloke".[51]The Australian Government has referred to Mathieson as Gillard's partner, and has also recognized him as a prime ministerial spouse.[52]

Bolivia[edit]

Evo Morales,the former president ofBolivia,is single, so during his presidency his sister,Esther Morales,fulfilled the role of first lady.[53]

Chile[edit]

Irina Karamanos,the domestic partner and girlfriend ofGabriel Boric,accepted the title of first lady despite both Karamanos and Boric's initial opposition to the position's existence.[54]Karamanos said that taking on the role would involve "adapting it to the times."[55]

Ireland[edit]

During the first half ofBertie Ahern's term asTaoiseach,he was separated from his wife Miriam (née Kelly) and the role of first lady was filled by his then domestic partner,Celia Larkin.[56][57]

Republic of Korea (South Korea)[edit]

During the last five years ofPark Chung Hee's time as president, his daughter,Park Geun-hye,served as first lady following her mother,Yuk Young-soo's death.[58]She has been regarded as a de facto first lady of South Korea by some modern sources.[59]

Peru[edit]

Keiko Fujimoritook over the duties of first lady at the age of 19, after the divorce of her fatherAlberto Fujimoriand her motherSusana Higuchi.[60]

Philippines[edit]

The title was officially bestowed onVictoria Quirino-Delgado,the daughter of widowerElpidio Quirino(1948–1953), sixth president of the Philippines. Victoria's mother, Alicia Quirino née Syquía, had been killed byoccupying Japanese troopstowards the end of theSecond World War.While PresidentCorazón Aquino(1986–1992) was also widowed, the title was not given to her older children who would assist her in official duties. These included her son (and later president)Benigno Aquino III,who was a sort ofde factofirst gentleman; his four sisters, as under their mother's presidency, now unofficially share the duties of the first lady or gentlemen. The former president,Rodrigo Duterte's marriage was annulled, and his common-law wife was not designated as first lady.

United States[edit]

Main article:First Lady of the United States

Thomas Jeffersonwas a widower by the time he took office aspresident,and his daughter,Martha Jefferson Randolph,who served as the lady of the president's house on occasion,[61]has been recognized by theFirst Ladies National Historic Siteas being a first lady,[62]even though the White House website recognizes her mother,Martha Jefferson,as first lady.[61]WhileDolley Madisonalso served as hostess and Jefferson's escort on occasion,[63]she is recognized as a spousal first lady by way of her husband's presidency following Jefferson.[64]

Andrew Jackson's wife,Rachel Jackson,died before Jackson's presidency. Jackson's niece,Emily Donelson,carried out the duties of first lady until her death, and Jackson's daughter-in-law,Sarah Jackson,presided over the White House during the final months of Jackson's presidency.[65]Both are recognized by theFirst Ladies National Historic Siteas being first ladies,[62]despite the White House website recognizing Jackson's wife as first lady.[65]

James Buchananwas a lifelong bachelor. During his time in office, his niece,Harriet Lane,served as "hostess". She is recognized as having acted in the capacity of a contemporary first lady during her uncle's time in office, and is listed among other spousal first ladies on theWhite Housewebsite.[66]

Colorado[edit]

Jared Polis,who was elected asgovernorin 2018, is openly gay,[67]and was in a long-term relationship with his partner,Marlon Reis,at the time of his election. Reis was referred to as "first man" by Polis during a speech on the night of his election, and members of Polis' campaign said that Reis will take on the title of "first gentleman".[68]The pair subsequently married in 2021.[69]

Not all non-married partners of Colorado governors are called first lady or first gentleman, as Robin Pringle was referred to byThe Denver PostasJohn Hickenlooper's girlfriend prior to their marriage.[68]

Puerto Rico[edit]

After taking office asPuerto Rico's first female governor, GovernorSila María Calderónappointed her two daughters,Sila María González CalderónandMaría Elena González Calderón,to serve as first ladies.[70]

Non-political uses[edit]

It has become commonplace in the United States for the title of "first lady" to be bestowed on women, as a term of endearment, who have proven themselves to be of exceptional talent or unique notoriety in non-political areas. The phrase is often, but not always, used when the person in question is either the wife or "female equivalent" of a well-known man (or men) in a similar field. For example, the term has been applied in the entertainment field to denote the "first lady of television" (Lucille Ball), the "first lady of song" (Ella Fitzgerald), the "first lady of country music" (Tammy Wynette,althoughLoretta Lynnwas also known by the title), the "first lady ofStar Trek"(actor/producerMajel Barrett), the "first lady of Americansoul"(Aretha Franklin),[71]the "first lady of theGrand Ole Opry"(Loretta Lynn), "the first lady of American cinema" (Lillian Gish), the "first lady of the American stage" (Helen Hayes),[72]and "the first lady of (American) football "(Norma Hunt).[73]

The term has also been used to refer to wives of college and university presidents in some cases.[74][75][76]

The term "first lady" is also used to denote a woman who occupies the foremost social position within a particular locality, in this sense being particularly popular inAfrica,where the pre-eminent female noble in some chieftaincy hierarchies, such as those of theYoruba people,is often referred to by the title.[77]

In recent years, the term has also been used to refer to thewife of the pastor of a church,especially in predominantlyblack churches.[78]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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  2. ^First Lady,Oxford Dictionaries,retrieved December 30, 2014
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  68. ^abGarcia, Nic (November 8, 2018)."How should we refer to Governor-elect Jared Polis' longtime partner?".The Denver Post.RetrievedSeptember 17,2021.
  69. ^Birkeland, Bente (September 15, 2021)."Colorado Gov. Jared Polis' Wedding Marks 1st Same-Sex Marriage Of Sitting Governor".NPR.RetrievedSeptember 17,2021.
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  72. ^Didion, Joan (March 4, 2007). "The Year Of Hoping For Magic".The New York Times.p. 1.
  73. ^"'First Lady of Football' Norma Hunt explains how Chiefs have evolved since first Super Bowl ".NFL Network.RetrievedJune 11,2023.
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  75. ^"First Lady Marisela Rosas Hemphill, Ph.D."Old Dominion University.RetrievedSeptember 22,2021.
  76. ^"IU president and first lady receive University Medal, IU's highest honor".Indiana University.11 June 2021.RetrievedSeptember 22,2021.
  77. ^Sellers, Maud (April 1894)."The City of York in the Sixteenth Century".The English Historical Review.9(34): 275–304.doi:10.1093/ehr/IX.XXXIV.275.;Russell, A. (1889). "Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York".21:494–515.{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help)
  78. ^DuBois, Joshua."First Ladies of the Church".The Daily Beast,March 20, 2013.

Further reading[edit]

  • Abrams, Jeanne E.First Ladies of the Republic: Martha Washington, Abigail Adams, Dolley Madison, and the Creation of an Iconic American Role(NYU Press. 2018)online review
  • Bailey, Tim. "America's First Ladies on Twentieth-Century Issues: A Common Core Unit",History Now35 (Spring 2013)onlineArchivedOctober 15, 2013, at theWayback Machine,curriculum unit based on primary sources
  • Berkin, Berkin, ed., "America's First Ladies",History Now35 (Spring 2013)onlineArchivedMarch 18, 2013, at theWayback Machine;popular essays by scholars
  • Burns, Lisa M. (2008).First Ladies and the Fourth Estate: Press Framing of Presidential Wives.DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press.ISBN978-0-87580-391-3
  • Caroli, Betty Boyd(2010).First ladies: from Martha Washington to Michelle Obama.Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.ISBN9780195392852.
  • Horohoe, Jill, "First Ladies as Modern Celebrities: Politics and the Press in Progressive Era" (PhD dissertation, Arizona State University, 2011). DA3452884.
  • Lugo-Lugo, Carmen R. and Mary K. Bloodsworth-Lugo. "Bare Biceps and American (In) Security: Post-9/11 Constructions of Safe(ty), Threat, and the First Black First Lady",Women's Studies Quarterly(2011) 39#1 pp 200–217, on media images of Michelle Obama
  • Watson, Robert P. "Toward the Study of the First Lady: The State of Scholarship",Presidential Studies Quarterly(2003) 33#2 pp 423–441.

External links[edit]

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