First Anglo-Maratha War

First Anglo-Maratha War
	Part of theAnglo-Maratha Wars
	; A mural depicting the British surrender during the First Anglo-Maratha War. The mural is a part of the Victory Memorial (Vijay Stambh) located atVadgaon Maval(Off NH-4, Malinagar,Vadgaon Maval,Pune).
Date	15 March 1775 – 17 May 1782
Location	Central India; Western India;
Result	Maratha victory Treaty of Salbai;
Belligerents
United Kingdom; East India Company; Raghunathrao's Forces;	Maratha Confederacy; Indore State; Gwalior State;
Commanders and leaders
Warren Hastings; Colonel Keating; Thomas Wyndham Goddard; Raghunathrao;	Madhavrao II; Nana Fadnavis; Hari Pant; Mahadji Shinde; Tukoji Holkar;
Strength
93,000 troops total 23 ships	Around 146,000 troops total 14 ships

TheFirst Anglo-Maratha War(1775–1782) was the first of threeAnglo-Maratha Warsfought between theBritish East India CompanyandMaratha Confederacyin India. The war began with theTreaty of Suratand ended with theTreaty of Salbai.The war, fought in betweenSuratandPoona,saw British defeat and restoration of positions of both the parties before the war.Warren Hastings,the firstGovernor-General of Bengaldecided not to attack Pune directly.

Background

After the death ofMadhavrao Peshwain 1772, his brotherNarayanraobecamepeshwa(prime minister) of the Maratha Empire. His palace guards murdered Narayanrao in August 1773, and his uncleRaghunathrao(Raghoba) became Peshwa. However, Narayanrao's wife,Gangabai,gave birth to a posthumous son, who was the legal heir to the throne. The newborn infant was named'Sawai' Madhavrao(Sawai means "One and a Quarter" ). Twelve Maratha chiefs, known as the Baarbhai^[11]and led byNana Phadnavis,directed an effort to install the infant as the new Peshwa and to rule in his name asregents.

Raghunathrao,unwilling to give up his position of power, sought help from theBritishatBombayand signed theTreaty of Suraton 6 March 1775. According to the treaty, Raghunathrao ceded the territories ofSalsetteandBassein(Vasai) to the British, along with part of the revenues fromSuratandBharuchdistricts. In return, the British promised to provide Raghunathrao with 2,500 soldiers.

At the same time, the Marathas tried to form a military alliance with the French. Two Frenchmen, Saint-Lubin and M. Montigny acted as intermediaries between the France and the Poona Regency. However, the alliance proposals reached nowhere, while the British suspicions of a global anti-British front increased, since the American War of Independence was also going up around this same period.^[12]

TheBritish Calcutta Councilcondemned the Treaty of Surat, sending Colonel Upton toPuneto annul it and make a new treaty with the regency. TheTreaty of Purandhar(1 March 1776) annulled that of Surat, Raghunathrao was pensioned and his cause abandoned, but the revenues of Salsette and Bharuch districts were retained by the British. The Bombay government rejected this new treaty and gave refuge to Raghunathrao. In 1777, Nana Phadnavis violated his treaty with the Calcutta Council by granting the French a port on the West coast. The English retaliated by sending a force towards Pune.

Initial stage and Treaty of Purandar (1774–1775)

British troops under the command of Colonel Keating, leftSuraton 15 March 1775, for Pune. But they were checked by Haripant Phadke at Adas and were totally defeated on 18 May 1775.^[13]Casualties for Keating's force, accompanied byRaghunathrao,included 96 killed. The Marathas casualties in the Battle of Adas (Gujarat) included 150 killed.^[9]^: 53–56

Warren Hastingsestimated that direct actions against Pune would be detrimental. Therefore, theSupreme Council of Bengalcondemned theTreaty of Surat,sending Colonel Upton toPuneto annul it and make a new treaty with the regency. An agreement between Upton and the ministers of Pune calledTreaty of Purandarwas signed on 1 March 1776.

TheTreaty of Purandar(orTreaty of Purandhar) was a doctrine signed on 1 March 1776 by thepeshwaof theMaratha Empireand theBritish East India Company'sSupreme Council of BengalinCalcutta.^[14]Based on the terms of the accord, the British were able to secureSalsette.^[15] Treaty was signed between the then Governor General Warren Hasting who sent Colonel Upton and Nana Fadnavis of Peshwa in which British accepted Sawai Madhav Rao as a new Peshwa and Maratha accepted not to recognise existence of French in India.

The Treaty of Purandhar (1 March 1776) annulled that of Surat, Raghunath Rao was pensioned and his cause abandoned, but the revenues of Salsette and Broach districts were retained by the British.

Battle of Wadgaon

Following a treaty between France and thePoonaGovernment in 1776, theBombayGovernment decided to invade and reinstate Raghoba. They sent a force under Col. Egerton reachedKhopoliand made its way through theWestern GhatsatBhor Ghatand onwards toward Karla, which was reached on 4 January 1779 while under Maratha attacks. Finally the British were forced to retreat back to Wadgaon, but were soon surrounded. The British surrendered^[16]and were forced to sign theTreaty of Wadgaonon 16 January 1779, a victory for the Marathas.^[9]^: 56–58

Reinforcements from northern India, commanded by Colonel (later General) Thomas Wyndham Goddard, arrived too late to save the Bombay force. The BritishGovernor-GeneralinBengal,Warren Hastings,rejected the treaty on the grounds that the Bombay officials had no legal power to sign it, and ordered Goddard to secure British interests in the area.

Goddard with 6,000 troops stormedBhadra Fortand capturedAhmedabadon 15 February 1779. There was a garrison of 6,000 Arab and Sindhi infantry and 2,000 horses. Losses in the fight totalled 108, including two British.^[17]^[18]^[19]Goddard also capturedBasseinon 11 December 1780. AnotherBengaldetachment led by Captain Popham and assisted by the Rana of Gohad, capturedGwalioron 4 August 1780, before Mahadji Scindia could make preparations. Skirmishes took place between Mahadji Scindia and General Goddard in Gujarat, but indecisively. Hastings sent yet another force to harassMahadji Shinde,commanded by Major Camac.^[a]

Central India and the Deccan

After capturingBassein,Goddard marched towardsPune.But he was routed in the Battle of Bhor Ghat in April 1781 by Parshurambha,Haripant PhadkeandTukoji Holkar.^[8]^[10]

In central India,Mahadjistationed himself at Malwa to challenge Camac. Initially,Mahadjihad an upper hand and British forces under Camac, being harassed and reduced, had to retreat to Hadur.^[13]^: 20

In February 1781, the British beat Shinde to the town of Sipri,^[18]but every move they made after that was shadowed by his much larger army, and their supplies were cut off, until they made a desperate night raid in late March, capturing not only supplies, but even guns andelephants.^[20]Thereafter, the military threat from Shinde's forces to the British was much reduced.

The contest was equally balanced now. Where Mahadji scored a significant victory over Camac atSironj,^[9]^: 62the British avenged the loss through theBattle of Durdah^[21]on 24 March 1781.

Colonel Murre arrived with fresh forces in April 1781 to assist Popham and Camac. After his defeat at Sipri,Mahadji Shindegot alarmed. Therefore, Shinde proposed a new treaty between the Peshwas and the British which came to be known as "Treaty of Salbai".

Treaty of Salbai

This treaty, known as theTreaty of Salbai,was signed on 17 May 1782, and was ratified by Hastings in June 1782 and by Nana Phadnavis in February 1783. The treaty ended the First Anglo-Maratha War, restored the status quo, and established peace between the two parties for 20 years until theSecond Anglo-Maratha War.^[9]^: 63

In popular culture

The 2013 Hollywood film titledThe Loversis based on the backdrop of this war.^[22]

Notes

^Camac (not to be confused with Carnac!) received his promotion to Lieutenant-Colonel while on this mission

^Barua, P. (2005).The State at War in South Asia.Studies in war, society, and the military. University of Nebraska Press. p. 90.ISBN 978-0-8032-1344-9.Marathas thoroughly defeated the British. Finally, under severe pressure from London, the British sought peace.
^Y G Bhave (2005).Modern Hindu Trinity: Ambedkar-Hedgewar-Gandhi.Northern Book Centre. p. 10.ISBN 9788172111632.When they were united they inflicted a crushing defeat on the English in the 1st Anglo-Maratha war and the treaty of Salbai
^^a ^b ^c ^dWest, Barbara A. (2009).Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania.Vol. M to Z. Facts On File. p. 509.ISBN 978-0-8160-7109-8.This period also coincided with the First Anglo-Maratha War, which was settled only in 1782 with a Maratha victory over the British and their local allies.
^Richard Ernest Dupuy, Gay M. Hammerman, Grace P. Hayes (1977).The American Revolution: A Global War.David McKay Company, Incorporated.ISBN 9780679506485.Thereafter the Marathas defeated British-led forces.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^James C. Bradford (December 2004).International Encyclopedia of Military History.Routledge. p. 867.ISBN 9781135950347.British were compelled to restore all lands annexed from the Marathas since 1773 and renounced their connection with the would-be Peshwa, Raghunath Rao.
^Richard Ernest Dupuy, Gay M. Hammerman, Grace P. Hayes (1977).The American Revolution: A Global War.David McKay Company, Incorporated. p. 247.ISBN 9780679506485.Hastings promptly repudiated the Treaty of Wadgaon and sent troops from Calcutta all the way across central India to strengthen the Bombay forces. One by one they captured Maratha cities. In May 1782 a new treaty was signed with the Marathas, the Treaty of Salbai. Although it merely restored the status quo ante bellum, this treaty gave the British twenty years of peace with the Marathas and permitted them to concentrate their efforts against the French and the forces of Mysore.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Thorpe, Edgar; Thorpe, Showick (2011).Concise General Knowledge Manual.Pearson Education India. p. 49.ISBN 978-81-317-5512-9.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^jKantak, M. R. (1993).The First Anglo-Maratha War, 1774-1783: A Military Study of Major Battles.Popular Prakashan. p. 220.ISBN 978-81-7154-696-1.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^eNaravane, M. S. (2006).Battles of the Honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj.APH Publishing.ISBN 978-81-313-0034-3.
^^a ^bDuff, James Grant (1878)."History of the Mahrattas".
^Known as the Baarbhai or Barbhai CouncilKulkarni, Sumitra (1995).The Satara Raj, 1818-1848: A Study in History, Administration, and Culture.New Delhi: Mittal Publications. p. 74.ISBN 978-81-7099-581-4.
^KADAM, towards Cordial Relations UMESH ASHOK (2016),"The Maratha Court and the Embassies of Saint-Lubin and M. Montigny: A Truce towards Cordial Relations",The Indian Ocean in the Making of Early Modern India,Routledge,doi:10.4324/9781315276809-18/maratha-court-embassies-saint-lubin-montigny-truce-towards-cordial-relations-towards-cordial-relations-umesh-ashok-kadam(inactive 1 November 2024),ISBN 978-1-315-27680-9,retrieved30 August2023{{citation}}:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
^^a ^bRathod, N. G. (1994).The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia.New Delhi: Sarup & Sons.ISBN 978-81-85431-52-9.
^Encyclopædia Britannica - Treaty of PurandharAfter the death of the peshwa Narayan Rao in 1773, his uncle Raghunath Rao tried to secure the succession.Raghunath's claim in the Treaty of Surat (7 March 1775) in return for Salsette Island and Bassein (Vasai). But the supreme government disallowed this treaty and sent its own agent to renegotiate. The resulting Treaty of Purandhar annulled that of Surat. Raghunath was pensioned and his cause abandoned, but Salsette and the Broach revenues were retained by the British. The tangle was increased by the support of the London authorities for Bombay, which in 1778–79 again supported Raghunath. Peace was finally restored in 1782.
^Sugden, p. 96.It appeared that the Mahrattas had no plans to recover Bassein and Salsette by force, and that they were about to conclude an armistice with the East India Company. Indeed, the supreme council of the company had sent a plenipotentiary to the Mahratta capital, Poona, and it was expected that Salsette would be yielded without violence. This is, in fact, what happened. By playing one faction among the Mahrattas against the other, the company secured Salsette in 1776 by the treaty of Purandhar.
^Athale, Colonel Anil A (12 January 2018)."How a Maratha general defeated the British".Rediff News.
^"Bhadra Fort to turn into heritage hangout!".The Times of India.Ahmedabad. TNN. 12 June 2009.Archivedfrom the original on 16 February 2013.Retrieved17 January2013.
^^a ^bDuff, James Grant (1826).A History of the Mahrattas.London: Longman. p.446.
^Beveridge, Henry (1862).A comprehensive history of India, civil, military and social.Blackie. pp. 456–466.
^Mill, James (1826)."Chapter 6".The History of British India.Vol. 4. London: Baldwin.
^Jaques, Tony (2007).Dictionary of Battles and Sieges.Vol. A–E. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 320.ISBN 978-0-313-33537-2.
^"Atul and Milind's The Lovers to be premiered at Cannes".The Times of India.10 May 2014.Retrieved13 August2018.

External links

Athale, Anil.Anil Athale on Joffe's Invaders.Retrieved 21 July 2011.
Hameed, Shahul.The First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–1782).Retrieved 1 October 2004.
Indian History – British Period.Retrieved 1 October 2004.
Paranjpe, Amit et al.History of Maharashtra Archived2004-09-27 at theWayback Machine.Retrieved 1 October 2004.
https://sites.google.com/vvdatalink.com/vv-datalink/knowledge/history/indian-history/mordern-history/anglo-maratha-wars Archived25 January 2022 at theWayback Machine

[20] Camac (not to be confused with Carnac!) received his promotion to Lieutenant-Colonel while on this mission

[1] Barua, P. (2005).The State at War in South Asia.Studies in war, society, and the military. University of Nebraska Press. p. 90.ISBN 978-0-8032-1344-9.Marathas thoroughly defeated the British. Finally, under severe pressure from London, the British sought peace.

[2] Y G Bhave (2005).Modern Hindu Trinity: Ambedkar-Hedgewar-Gandhi.Northern Book Centre. p. 10.ISBN 9788172111632.When they were united they inflicted a crushing defeat on the English in the 1st Anglo-Maratha war and the treaty of Salbai

[West2009-3] West, Barbara A. (2009).Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania.Vol. M to Z. Facts On File. p. 509.ISBN 978-0-8160-7109-8.This period also coincided with the First Anglo-Maratha War, which was settled only in 1782 with a Maratha victory over the British and their local allies.

[4] Richard Ernest Dupuy, Gay M. Hammerman, Grace P. Hayes (1977).The American Revolution: A Global War.David McKay Company, Incorporated.ISBN 9780679506485.Thereafter the Marathas defeated British-led forces.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[5] James C. Bradford (December 2004).International Encyclopedia of Military History.Routledge. p. 867.ISBN 9781135950347.British were compelled to restore all lands annexed from the Marathas since 1773 and renounced their connection with the would-be Peshwa, Raghunath Rao.

[6] Richard Ernest Dupuy, Gay M. Hammerman, Grace P. Hayes (1977).The American Revolution: A Global War.David McKay Company, Incorporated. p. 247.ISBN 9780679506485.Hastings promptly repudiated the Treaty of Wadgaon and sent troops from Calcutta all the way across central India to strengthen the Bombay forces. One by one they captured Maratha cities. In May 1782 a new treaty was signed with the Marathas, the Treaty of Salbai. Although it merely restored the status quo ante bellum, this treaty gave the British twenty years of peace with the Marathas and permitted them to concentrate their efforts against the French and the forces of Mysore.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[ThorpeThorpe2011-7] Thorpe, Edgar; Thorpe, Showick (2011).Concise General Knowledge Manual.Pearson Education India. p. 49.ISBN 978-81-317-5512-9.

[Kantak1993-8] ^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^jKantak, M. R. (1993).The First Anglo-Maratha War, 1774-1783: A Military Study of Major Battles.Popular Prakashan. p. 220.ISBN 978-81-7154-696-1.

[Naravane2006-9] Naravane, M. S. (2006).Battles of the Honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj.APH Publishing.ISBN 978-81-313-0034-3.

[History_of_the_Mahrattas-10] Duff, James Grant (1878)."History of the Mahrattas".

[11] Known as the Baarbhai or Barbhai CouncilKulkarni, Sumitra (1995).The Satara Raj, 1818-1848: A Study in History, Administration, and Culture.New Delhi: Mittal Publications. p. 74.ISBN 978-81-7099-581-4.

[12] KADAM, towards Cordial Relations UMESH ASHOK (2016),"The Maratha Court and the Embassies of Saint-Lubin and M. Montigny: A Truce towards Cordial Relations",The Indian Ocean in the Making of Early Modern India,Routledge,doi:10.4324/9781315276809-18/maratha-court-embassies-saint-lubin-montigny-truce-towards-cordial-relations-towards-cordial-relations-umesh-ashok-kadam(inactive 1 November 2024),ISBN 978-1-315-27680-9,retrieved30 August2023{{citation}}:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)

[Rathod1994-13] Rathod, N. G. (1994).The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia.New Delhi: Sarup & Sons.ISBN 978-81-85431-52-9.

[14] Encyclopædia Britannica - Treaty of PurandharAfter the death of the peshwa Narayan Rao in 1773, his uncle Raghunath Rao tried to secure the succession.Raghunath's claim in the Treaty of Surat (7 March 1775) in return for Salsette Island and Bassein (Vasai). But the supreme government disallowed this treaty and sent its own agent to renegotiate. The resulting Treaty of Purandhar annulled that of Surat. Raghunath was pensioned and his cause abandoned, but Salsette and the Broach revenues were retained by the British. The tangle was increased by the support of the London authorities for Bombay, which in 1778–79 again supported Raghunath. Peace was finally restored in 1782.

[15] Sugden, p. 96.It appeared that the Mahrattas had no plans to recover Bassein and Salsette by force, and that they were about to conclude an armistice with the East India Company. Indeed, the supreme council of the company had sent a plenipotentiary to the Mahratta capital, Poona, and it was expected that Salsette would be yielded without violence. This is, in fact, what happened. By playing one faction among the Mahrattas against the other, the company secured Salsette in 1776 by the treaty of Purandhar.

[16] Athale, Colonel Anil A (12 January 2018)."How a Maratha general defeated the British".Rediff News.

[toib-17] "Bhadra Fort to turn into heritage hangout!".The Times of India.Ahmedabad. TNN. 12 June 2009.Archivedfrom the original on 16 February 2013.Retrieved17 January2013.

[Duff-446-18] Duff, James Grant (1826).A History of the Mahrattas.London: Longman. p.446.

[hb-19] Beveridge, Henry (1862).A comprehensive history of India, civil, military and social.Blackie. pp. 456–466.

[Mill1826-21] Mill, James (1826)."Chapter 6".The History of British India.Vol. 4. London: Baldwin.

[Jaques2007-22] Jaques, Tony (2007).Dictionary of Battles and Sieges.Vol. A–E. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 320.ISBN 978-0-313-33537-2.

[TimeOfIndia-23] "Atul and Milind's The Lovers to be premiered at Cannes".The Times of India.10 May 2014.Retrieved13 August2018.

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v t e Maratha Confederacy
Chhatrapatis	Shivaji Sambhaji Rajaram I Tarabai Shahu I Rajaram II Shahu II Pratap Singh
Peshwas	Moropant Trimbak Pingle Moreshvar Pingale Ramchandra Pant Amatya Bahiroji Pingale Balaji Vishwanath Baji Rao I Balaji Baji Rao Madhavrao Ballal Narayan Rao Raghunathrao Sawai Madhavrao Baji Rao II Amrut Rao Nana Sahib Bhat family
Amatya&Pratinidhi	Ramchandra Pant Amatya Pralhad Niraji Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi(hereditary) Shripatrao Pant Pratinidhi Jagjivanrao Pant Pratinidhi
Women	Ahilyabai Holkar Anandibai Gopikabai Jankibai Jijabai Kashibai Lakshmibai Mastani Parvatibai Putalabai Ramabai Saibai Sakvarbai Soyarabai Umabai Dabhade Baka Bai Tulsi Bai Holkar
Maratha Confederacy	Bhonsle of Nagpur Gaekwad of Baroda Scindia of Gwalior Holkar of Indore Patwardhan dynasty
Battles	Pratapgarh Kolhapur Pavan Khind Umberkhind Chakan Surat Purandar Sinhagad Salher Kalyan Bhupalgarh Bijapur Raigarh (1689) Jinji Satara Khelna Raigarh Torna Palkhed Malwa Mandsaur Bhopal Vasai 1st Trichinopoly Katwa (1st) 2nd Trichinopoly Katwa (2nd) Invasions of Bengal Burdwan Narela 2nd Delhi North-west India Peshawar 3rd Panipat Alegaon Rakshasbhuvan Capture of Delhi Pachgaon Saunshi Wadgaon Adoni Badami Savanur Gajendragad Bahadur Benda Lalsot Chaksana Patan Kharda Poona 3rd Delhi Assaye Laswari Farrukhabad Bharatpur Khadki Koregaon Mahidpur
Wars	Maratha-Mughal War of 27 years Maratha–Mysore War First Anglo-Maratha War Second Anglo-Maratha War Third Anglo-Maratha War
Adversaries	Adil Shahi Qutb Shahi Mughal Empire Durrani Empire British Empire Portuguese Empire Nizam of Hyderabad Mysore
Forts	Mangad Panhala Pratapgad Purandar Raigad Rajgad Shaniwar Wada Shivneri Sindhudurg Rajgad Torna
Coins	Shivrai

v t e Indian independence movement
History	Colonisation Porto Grande de Bengala Dutch Bengal East India Company British Raj French India Portuguese India Battle of Plassey Battle of Buxar Anglo-Mysore Wars First Second Third Fourth Anglo-Maratha Wars First Second Third Gwalior Polygar Wars Vellore Mutiny First Anglo-Sikh War Second Anglo-Sikh War Sannyasi rebellion Rebellion of 1857 Radcliffe Line more
Philosophies and ideologies	Ambedkarism Gandhism Hindu nationalism Indian nationalism Khilafat Movement Muslim nationalism in South Asia Satyagraha Socialism Swadeshi movement Swaraj
Events and movements	Partition of Bengal (1905) Partition of Bengal (1947) Revolutionaries Direct Action Day Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy The Indian Sociologist Singapore Mutiny Hindu–German Conspiracy Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Rowlatt Committee Rowlatt Bills Jallianwala Bagh massacre Noakhali riots Non-cooperation movement Christmas Day Plot Coolie-Begar movement Chauri Chaura incident, 1922 Kakori conspiracy Qissa Khwani massacre Flag Satyagraha Bardoli 1928 Protests Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Purna Swaraj Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vedaranyam March Chittagong armoury raid Gandhi–Irwin Pact Round table conferences Act of 1935 Aundh Experiment Indian Legion Cripps Mission Quit India Bombay Mutiny Royal Air Force strikes Coup d'état of Yanaon Provisional Government of India Independence Day Praja Mandala movement Lucknow Pact
Organisations	All India Kisan Sabha All-India Muslim League Anushilan Samiti Arya Samaj Azad Hind Berlin Committee Ghadar Movement Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Indian National Congress India House Indian Home Rule movement Indian Independence League Indian National Army Jugantar Khaksar movement Khudai Khidmatgar Swaraj Party more
Social reformers	Ashfaqulla Khan A. Vaidyanatha Iyer Ayya Vaikundar Ayyankali B. R. Ambedkar Baba Amte Bal Gangadhar Tilak Dayananda Saraswati Dhondo Keshav Karve G. Subramania Iyer Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Gopal Hari Deshmukh Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar J. B. Kripalani Jyotirao Phule Kandukuri Veeresalingam Mahadev Govind Ranade Mahatma Gandhi Muthulakshmi Reddy Narayana Guru Niralamba Swami Pandita Ramabai Periyar Ram Mohan Roy Rettamalai Srinivasan Sahajanand Saraswati Savitribai Phule Shahu Sister Nivedita Sri Aurobindo Syed Ahmad Khan Vakkom Moulavi Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Vinoba Bhave Vitthal Ramji Shinde Vivekananda
Independence activists	Abul Kalam Azad Accamma Cherian Achyut Patwardhan A. K. Fazlul Huq Alluri Sitarama Raju Annapurna Maharana Annie Besant Ashfaqulla Khan Babu Kunwar Singh Bagha Jatin Bahadur Shah II Bakht Khan Bal Gangadhar Tilak Basawon Singh Begum Hazrat Mahal Bhagat Singh Bharathidasan Bhavabhushan Mitra Bhikaiji Cama Bhupendra Kumar Datta Bidhan Chandra Roy Bipin Chandra Pal C. Rajagopalachari Chandra Shekhar Azad Chetram Jatav Chittaranjan Das Dadabhai Naoroji Dayananda Saraswati Dhan Singh Dukkipati Nageswara Rao Gopal Krishna Gokhale Govind Ballabh Pant Har Dayal Hemu Kalani Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi Jatindra Mohan Sengupta Jatindra Nath Das Jawaharlal Nehru K. Kamaraj Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Khudiram Bose Shri Krishna Singh Lala Lajpat Rai M. Bhaktavatsalam M. N. Roy Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi Mahadaji Shinde Mahatma Gandhi Mangal Pandey Mir Qasim Mithuben Petit‎ Mohammad Ali Jauhar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari Nagnath Naikwadi Nana Fadnavis Nana Saheb P. Kakkan Prafulla Chaki Pritilata Waddedar Purushottam Das Tandon Rafi Ahmed Kidwai R. Venkataraman Rahul Sankrityayan Rajendra Prasad Ram Prasad Bismil Rani Lakshmibai Rash Behari Bose Sahajanand Saraswati Sangolli Rayanna Sarojini Naidu Satyapal Dang Shuja-ud-Daula Shyamji Krishna Varma Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi Siraj ud-Daulah Subhas Chandra Bose Subramania Bharati Subramaniya Siva Surya Sen Syama Prasad Mukherjee Tara Rani Srivastava Tarak Nath Das Tatya Tope Tiruppur Kumaran Ubaidullah Sindhi V. O. Chidamabaram V. K. Krishna Menon Vallabhbhai Patel Vanchinathan Veeran Sundaralingam Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Virendranath Chattopadhyaya Yashwantrao Holkar Yogendra Shukla more
British leaders	Wavell Canning Cornwallis Irwin Chelmsford Curzon Ripon Minto Dalhousie Bentinck Mountbatten Wellesley Lytton Clive Outram Cripps Linlithgow Hastings
Independence	Cabinet Mission Constitution Republic of India Indian annexation of Goa Indian Independence Act Partition of India Political integration Simla Conference