Clarifying agent

Clarifying agentsare used to remove suspended solids from liquids by inducingflocculation,causing the solids to form larger aggregates that can be easily removed after they either float to the surface or sink to the bottom of the containment vessel.

Process

Particles finer than 0.1 μm (10⁻⁷m) in water remain continuously in motion due to electrostatic charge (often negative) which causes them to repel each other.Once their electrostatic charge is neutralized by the use of a coagulant chemical, the finer particles start to collide and agglomerate (collect together) under the influence ofVan der Waalsforces. These larger and heavier particles are called flocs.

Flocculants, or flocculating agents (also known as flocking agents), are chemicals that promote flocculation by causingcolloidsand other suspended particles in liquids to aggregate, forming a floc. Flocculants are used in water treatment processes to improve the sedimentation or filterability of small particles. For example, a flocculant may be used inswimming poolordrinking waterfiltration to aid removal of microscopic particles which would otherwise cause thewaterto beturbid(cloudy) and which would be difficult or impossible to remove by filtration alone.

Many flocculants are multivalentcationssuch asaluminium,iron,calciumormagnesium.These positively charged molecules interact with negatively charged particles and molecules to reduce the barriers to aggregation. In addition, many of these chemicals, under appropriatepHand other conditions such as temperature andsalinity,react with water to form insolublehydroxideswhich, upon precipitating, link together to form long chains or meshes, physically trapping small particles into the larger floc.

Long-chain polymer flocculants, such as modifiedpolyacrylamides,are manufactured and sold by flocculant producers. These can be supplied in dry or liquid form for use in theflocculationprocess. The most common liquid polyacrylamide is supplied as an emulsion with 10-40% actives and the rest is a non-aqueous carrier fluid, surfactants andlatex.This form allows easy handling of viscous polymers at high concentrations. These emulsion polymers require "activation" — inversion of the emulsion so that the polymer's molecules form an aqueous solution.

Agents

• alum
• aluminium chlorohydrate
• aluminium sulfate
• calcium oxide
• calcium hydroxide
• iron(II) sulfate(ferrous sulfate)
• iron(III) chloride(ferric chloride)
• polyacrylamide
• polyDADMAC
• sodium aluminate
• sodium silicate

The following natural products are used as flocculants:

• Chitosan
• Isinglass
• Moringa oleiferaseeds (Horseradish tree)
• Gelatin
• Strychnos potatorumseeds (Nirmali nut tree)
• Guar gum
• Alginates(brown seaweed extracts)

See also

• Finings
• Clarification and stabilization of wine
• Particle aggregation
• Coagulation