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Florida State Capitol

Coordinates:30°26′17″N84°16′54″W/ 30.43811°N 84.28160°W/30.43811; -84.28160
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30°26′17″N84°16′54″W/ 30.43811°N 84.28160°W/30.43811; -84.28160

Florida State Capitol
Florida Capitol buildings (Old Capitol in foreground)
Map
Location400 S Monroe St,Tallahassee, Florida
Area160000
Built1845[2]
Architectural styleClassical Revival
NRHP referenceNo.73000584[1]
Added to NRHP1973[1]

TheFlorida State CapitolinTallahassee,Florida,is an architecturally and historically significant building listed on theNational Register of Historic Places.The Capitol is at theintersectionofApalachee ParkwayandSouth Monroe Streetin downtown Tallahassee, Florida.

The Historic Capitol, sometimes called "The Old Capitol", built in 1845, was threatened with demolition in the late 1970s when the new capitol building was built.[3]Having been restored to its 1902-version in 1982, the Historic Capitol is directly behind the new Capitol building. Its restored space includes the Governor's Suite, Supreme Court, House of Representatives and Senate chambers, rotunda, and halls. Its adapted space contains a museum exhibiting the state's political history, theFlorida Historic Capitol Museum,[4]which is managed by the Florida Legislature.[5]On April 18, 2012, theAIA's Florida Chapter placed theHistoric Capitol Building (Restoration)on its list ofFlorida Architecture: 100 Years. 100 Places.[6]

The New Tower housesexecutiveandlegislativeoffices and the chambers of theFlorida Legislature(consisting of theFlorida SenateandFlorida House of Representatives).

TheFlorida Department of Management Servicesmaintains the Capitol Complex, which is open to the public Monday through Friday, 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. (excludingstate holidays).

Names[edit]

The buildings are informally known as the Old Capitol and the New Capitol; the former is sometimes called the Historic Capitol, or also, the Florida State Capitol. The latter was its official name prior to the construction of the New Capitol in 1977, and was so called by theNational Park Serviceeven after the New Capitol was operating.[7]Its legal name today, however, is the Florida Historic Capitol Museum.[8]The New Capitol, as a whole, does not have a legal name. When it was planned, the Capitol Complex (which is a legal name) was going to consist of the House and Senate chambers, and the twenty-two-story office building.

History[edit]

Members of the Florida Senate gathered on the capitol steps for a group portraitc. 1889
Citizens engaging in asnowball fighton the capitol steps during theGreat Blizzard of 1899
Former Senate chamber in the Old Capitol

Tallahassee was named Florida's capital in 1824, midway between the then-largest cities in the state,St. AugustineandPensacola.The first territorial government met in a log building. A capitol building was constructed in 1826 but never completely finished. It was torn down in 1839 to make room for the erection of the present structure, which was completed in 1845, just prior to Florida's entry into the United States as the 27th state. Several additions to the historic capitol have been made throughout the years.Frank Pierce Milburn[9]made the first expansion in 1902 by adding the classical style dome. In 1923,Henry Kluthoadditions included two new wings and a marble interior. Finally, large wings for the House and Senate chambers were added to the north and south ends of the building in 1936 and 1947, respectively.

Completion of the renovations to the Historic Capitol's Dome

The 1902 Capitol building was the last statehouse in which all of Florida's political business was housed under one roof. A decade later, theFlorida Supreme Courtmoved into its own building just west of the Capitol Complex, across S. Duval Street.[3]

The decision to build a new capitol[edit]

The 1960s were a time of political renewal in Florida that led to theConstitution of 1968and the end of thePork Chop Gang.The thrust of the renewal was to force conservative, north Florida politicians to cede power to the greatly expanded (in population and economic power) central and south Florida, until then seriously underrepresented in the legislature. As part of this discussion, the possible relocation of Florida's capital (convenient only to the north Floridians) closer to the state's center of population was considered.

A ballot question asked Florida voters to decide on the location of Florida's capital. Other major contenders wereOcala,Orlando,andJacksonville.Through the ballot process, the voters decided the capital would remain in Tallahassee.[citation needed]

The decision to preserve the Old Capitol[edit]

The architects who designed the New Capitol were given the starting assumption the Old Capitol — which had to remain in use until the New Capitol was completed — would be removed. Therefore, the design of the New Capitol in no way reflected the style of the old one. The site design, also, was prepared under the assumption the space occupied by the Old Capitol would be vacant. Since the preservation movement did not begin until after the New Capitol had been completed, and the demolition was being prepared for, it was too late to make any changes to either the New Capitol or the site.

The Historic Capitol was saved through citizens' action led by Secretary of StateBruce Smathersand then wife Nancy McDowell. The efforts were successful and the building was restored to its 1902 appearance, the final House and Senate chambers having been demolished (though there are no surviving drawings or photographs to inform restoration of the interior). Architectural highlights include the elaborate art glass dome, red and white striped awnings,[10]and a representation of the Florida State Seal over the entry columns.

In 2011, theFlorida Department of Management Services,in conjunction with MLD Architects,[11]began restoration of the Historic Capitol'scupola,which included new copper roofing, and Tallahassee's most photographed landmark[12]unveiled its new dome in April 2012.

The New Capitol[edit]

Architecture and layout[edit]

Florida Capitol buildings (Old Capitol in the foreground)

The Capitol Complex design was a joint venture of thearchitectural firmsofEdward Durell StoneofNew York CityandReynolds, Smith & HillsofJacksonville.It was built according to Stone's signature style of "Neoclassicism",with an ornate grill surrounding a white-columnedbox. The design symbolized the growth and development of Florida.

The Capitol is usually referred to as a twenty-two-story building with a height of 345 feet (105 m). However, including the three underground floors, it is a 25-story building (though the sixth floor is only accessible through the freight elevator). The Governor and the Cabinet members have their offices on the Plaza Level of the Capitol. Floors two through four of the base structure of the Capitol are used for the chambers of the Senate and House of Representatives; the offices of the Senate President, Secretary and Sergeant at Arms; the House Speaker, Clerk, and Sergeant at Arms; some legislative committee offices and meeting rooms; and Member offices.

The Legislative Chambers are on the fourth floor with their respective public viewing galleries on the fifth floor. The floors between the observation deck and the first five floors are executive and legislative offices. There is a cafeteria on the lower level, a snack bar on the tenth floor, and theFlorida Welcome Centerjust inside the west Plaza Level entrance. Florida Welcome Center staff conducts guided tours for groups of 15 or more and self-guided tours are available during business hours. The Senate office building and the House office building are each four stories high and on either end of the Capitol Complex. The bridges on the second and third floors allow people to walk between the Capitol and office buildings. These buildings contain primarily committee meeting rooms and legislative offices. The Knott Building was attached to the Capitol by a skywalk in 1999. The west front is known formally as Waller Park, forCurtis L. Waller,Judge of the United States Circuit Court of Appeals. In 2003, the dolphin statue "Stormsong" by Tallahassee artistHugh Nicholsonwas added within Waller Park's Florida Heritage Fountain.

Points of interest[edit]

Capitol grounds[edit]

Grounds of the Florida State Capitol

On the northeast corner of the Capitol Complex is the FloridaSri ChinmoyPeace State Marker.[13]East of the House Office Building is a replica of the Liberty Bell. The replica was a gift to the citizens of Florida as a symbol of the 1950United States Savings BondsIndependence Drive. Within the Capitol Courtyard is a memorial in remembrance of Dr.Martin Luther King Jr.,dedicated in 1984. South of the King Memorial is The FloridaFraternal Order of PoliceLaw Enforcement Memorial (dedicated in 2000). The memorial has the names of law enforcement officers killed in the line of duty. Outside of the Senate Office Building is a monument dedicated to Floridians who have received thePurple Heartmedal.

On the lawn of the Old Capitol sit two marbleobelisks.The northern one is the Leon County Civil War Memorial;[14]The memorial commemorates Floridian Confederate soldiers who fought in the U.S Civil War.

The Capitol Complex grounds are maintained by theFlorida Department of Management Services.

The Capitol[edit]

Florida State Capitol interior

The Plaza Level holds several items of note besides the offices of theGovernorand theCabinet.In the Rotunda, a copy of the State Seal cast in bronze is mounted on terra verde marble sits. This is not the current seal, but one in use when building was completed. It is surrounded by five smaller seals representing the nations and kingdoms that exerted sovereignty over all or parts of Florida (France,Spain,Great Britain,theConfederate States of America,and theUnited States).[when?]North of the Rotunda is the Florida Women's Hall of Fame and the Fallen Firefighters Wall of Honor. To the south are the Florida Artists Hall of Fame and a memorial for Florida'sMedal of Honorrecipients. Southwest of the Rotunda is the Heritage Chapel, an area designed to serve as a meditative space. Opposite to the Chapel is a plaque that states: "This plaque is dedicated to SenatorLee Weissenbornwhose valiant effort to move the Capitol to Orlando was the prime motivation for the construction of this building. "The west Plaza Level is the Florida Welcome Center and the" Images of the Sunshine State "murals by Florida artistJames Rosenquist.The Florida Welcome Center offers maps, brochures, including a self-guided tour pamphlet, and related information.

The public viewing galleries for theFlorida House of Representativesand theFlorida Senateare on the fifth floor. A series of murals of Florida's history by Christopher Still encircle the House chamber floor. Outside of the Senate galleries is the Five Flags Mural by Renee Faure depicting people from Florida history.

The Observation Deck is the top or twenty-second floor of the Capitol building. The deck is 307 feet (94 m) above the Plaza Level and 512 feet (156 m) above sea level. In the east wing is an art gallery featuring a rotating display of artwork by Florida resident artists and a series of bronze plaques on the inductees of the Florida Artists Hall of Fame. The southern side is the Freedom Shrine.

Florida Legislative Research Center & Museum[edit]

The capitol is home to theFlorida Legislative Research Center & Museum,which features exhibits about Florida's legislative history. The archives include art, historic photographs, documents and oral histories. The Gallery at the Historic Capitol features changing exhibits of photographs from the museum.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ab"Nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com".Nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com.Archivedfrom the original on 2014-01-27.Retrieved2013-12-23.
  2. ^"FLheritage.com".FLheritage.com.Archivedfrom the original on 2013-12-24.Retrieved2013-12-23.
  3. ^ab"Florida Historic Capitol Museum".Archivedfrom the original on 2016-06-23.Retrieved2012-01-31.
  4. ^"flhistoriccapitol.gov".Archivedfrom the original on 2014-06-29.Retrieved2009-07-07.
  5. ^"Florida Historic Capitol Museum".Archivedfrom the original on 2014-06-29.Retrieved2009-07-07.
  6. ^"Florida Architecture: 100 Years. 100 Places".Aiaflatop100.org.Archivedfrom the original on 2012-04-29.Retrieved2013-12-23.
  7. ^"Tech Notes",http://www.nps.gov/tps/how-to-preserve/tech-notes/Tech-Notes-Windows07.pdfArchived2016-12-10 at theWayback Machine,retrieved 9/20/2015.
  8. ^http://www.flhistoriccapitol.gov/Archived2014-06-29 at theWayback Machine,retrieved 9/20/2015.
  9. ^"Florida Memory • Architect Frank Milburn's original rendering for the 1902 additions of the Capitol - Tallahassee, Florida".Archivedfrom the original on 2020-07-15.Retrieved2020-07-03.
  10. ^These are discussed in a review of the engineering of the windows of the restored building, in aNational Park Servicepublication,Tech Notes,http://www.nps.gov/tps/how-to-preserve/tech-notes/Tech-Notes-Windows07.pdfArchived2016-12-10 at theWayback Machine,retrieved 9/20/2015.
  11. ^"The Historic Capital Reroof".7 October 2010.Archivedfrom the original on 2014-12-23.Retrieved2012-06-26.
  12. ^"Old Capitol's dome gets shine back with face-lift".
  13. ^"Sri Chinmoy Peace State Marker - Tallahassee".2013.Archivedfrom the original on 2013-11-13.Retrieved2013-11-12.
  14. ^"Leon County Civil War Monument Historical Marker".Archivedfrom the original on 2017-08-15.Retrieved2017-06-10.

External links[edit]

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